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Text
The Psychology of Computer Games
These days, everyone is playing computer games: whether on their PC, games console, or smartphone.
In the busy modern world, we rarely have total control of our lives. .....(1)..... . Some computer games provide an antidote to this because they let players create and control the whole world. One example is Civilization, where players build a modern society from nothing. In earlier versions of the game, creator Sid Meier introduced a crisis. Some games included a moment where the player’s civilization collapses. The players then had to overcome these new difficulties to rebuild their civilization again from the beginning. In reality, the majority of players simply ignored the collapse. Most people just returned to an older version of the game. They had saved it for this purpose. People like computer games because it gives them total control.
In most computer games, you only learn one skill at a time. .....(2)..... . Once you have mastered this skill, you progress to the next level. Unlike real life, computer games give you plenty of time to learn. You aren’t immediately asked to do something too difficult. Users have control of the situation and that is very motivating.
This learning needs to work for everyone. In the game World of Warcraft, a player operates an avatar .................. himself or herself in an online fantasy world. The beginning of the game is easy, and .................. getting over the first challenges quickly, this gives players a feeling of achievement. However, the game is enormous. People who persevere with difficult tasks will learn a lot of new skills and explore areas that are inaccessible .................. beginners. Both beginners and experts can become immersed .................. a huge artificial world.
Most games are repetitive, and games designers need to find ways to stop people from becoming distracted and giving up. There are two ways of doing this. The first is the random reward where players win a surprise prize. .....(3)...... . In the real world, most people don’t notice when we do good things, but games are different.
Furthermore, games use clever AI (artificial intelligence). If you are inexperienced and play a soccer computer game against the computer, the computer could always win. Using AI, the computer adjusts its level of ability to equal the player. This means the human opponent always has a chance to win, and it keeps players interested in the game.
Winning isn’t everything, however. In computer games, failure is fun if the final screen shows an entertaining end for the character. Some players lose a game just to see what happens.
.....(4)..... . The virtual world is both more entertaining and less stressful than reality.
Many criticize computer games as just a waste of time. In fact, computer games are one of the greatest learning tools ever invented. Look at their uses in other fields. Flight simulators teach pilots how to cope with many difficult situations, which would be impossible any other way. A flight simulator is just a more sophisticated form of a computer game.
Mark the alternative which contains the correct meaning of the words.
Text
The Psychology of Computer Games
These days, everyone is playing computer games: whether on their PC, games console, or smartphone.
In the busy modern world, we rarely have total control of our lives. .....(1)..... . Some computer games provide an antidote to this because they let players create and control the whole world. One example is Civilization, where players build a modern society from nothing. In earlier versions of the game, creator Sid Meier introduced a crisis. Some games included a moment where the player’s civilization collapses. The players then had to overcome these new difficulties to rebuild their civilization again from the beginning. In reality, the majority of players simply ignored the collapse. Most people just returned to an older version of the game. They had saved it for this purpose. People like computer games because it gives them total control.
In most computer games, you only learn one skill at a time. .....(2)..... . Once you have mastered this skill, you progress to the next level. Unlike real life, computer games give you plenty of time to learn. You aren’t immediately asked to do something too difficult. Users have control of the situation and that is very motivating.
This learning needs to work for everyone. In the game World of Warcraft, a player operates an avatar .................. himself or herself in an online fantasy world. The beginning of the game is easy, and .................. getting over the first challenges quickly, this gives players a feeling of achievement. However, the game is enormous. People who persevere with difficult tasks will learn a lot of new skills and explore areas that are inaccessible .................. beginners. Both beginners and experts can become immersed .................. a huge artificial world.
Most games are repetitive, and games designers need to find ways to stop people from becoming distracted and giving up. There are two ways of doing this. The first is the random reward where players win a surprise prize. .....(3)...... . In the real world, most people don’t notice when we do good things, but games are different.
Furthermore, games use clever AI (artificial intelligence). If you are inexperienced and play a soccer computer game against the computer, the computer could always win. Using AI, the computer adjusts its level of ability to equal the player. This means the human opponent always has a chance to win, and it keeps players interested in the game.
Winning isn’t everything, however. In computer games, failure is fun if the final screen shows an entertaining end for the character. Some players lose a game just to see what happens.
.....(4)..... . The virtual world is both more entertaining and less stressful than reality.
Many criticize computer games as just a waste of time. In fact, computer games are one of the greatest learning tools ever invented. Look at their uses in other fields. Flight simulators teach pilots how to cope with many difficult situations, which would be impossible any other way. A flight simulator is just a more sophisticated form of a computer game.
From the way the article is written, we can infer that the author:
Text
The Psychology of Computer Games
These days, everyone is playing computer games: whether on their PC, games console, or smartphone.
In the busy modern world, we rarely have total control of our lives. .....(1)..... . Some computer games provide an antidote to this because they let players create and control the whole world. One example is Civilization, where players build a modern society from nothing. In earlier versions of the game, creator Sid Meier introduced a crisis. Some games included a moment where the player’s civilization collapses. The players then had to overcome these new difficulties to rebuild their civilization again from the beginning. In reality, the majority of players simply ignored the collapse. Most people just returned to an older version of the game. They had saved it for this purpose. People like computer games because it gives them total control.
In most computer games, you only learn one skill at a time. .....(2)..... . Once you have mastered this skill, you progress to the next level. Unlike real life, computer games give you plenty of time to learn. You aren’t immediately asked to do something too difficult. Users have control of the situation and that is very motivating.
This learning needs to work for everyone. In the game World of Warcraft, a player operates an avatar .................. himself or herself in an online fantasy world. The beginning of the game is easy, and .................. getting over the first challenges quickly, this gives players a feeling of achievement. However, the game is enormous. People who persevere with difficult tasks will learn a lot of new skills and explore areas that are inaccessible .................. beginners. Both beginners and experts can become immersed .................. a huge artificial world.
Most games are repetitive, and games designers need to find ways to stop people from becoming distracted and giving up. There are two ways of doing this. The first is the random reward where players win a surprise prize. .....(3)...... . In the real world, most people don’t notice when we do good things, but games are different.
Furthermore, games use clever AI (artificial intelligence). If you are inexperienced and play a soccer computer game against the computer, the computer could always win. Using AI, the computer adjusts its level of ability to equal the player. This means the human opponent always has a chance to win, and it keeps players interested in the game.
Winning isn’t everything, however. In computer games, failure is fun if the final screen shows an entertaining end for the character. Some players lose a game just to see what happens.
.....(4)..... . The virtual world is both more entertaining and less stressful than reality.
Many criticize computer games as just a waste of time. In fact, computer games are one of the greatest learning tools ever invented. Look at their uses in other fields. Flight simulators teach pilots how to cope with many difficult situations, which would be impossible any other way. A flight simulator is just a more sophisticated form of a computer game.
Read the statements below:
1. Computer games designers use AI in sports games.
2. AI is used to make sure the human player always wins.
3. Using AI, games get harder or easier, depending on the ability of the human player.
Choose the alternative which presents the correct sentences.
Text
The Psychology of Computer Games
These days, everyone is playing computer games: whether on their PC, games console, or smartphone.
In the busy modern world, we rarely have total control of our lives. .....(1)..... . Some computer games provide an antidote to this because they let players create and control the whole world. One example is Civilization, where players build a modern society from nothing. In earlier versions of the game, creator Sid Meier introduced a crisis. Some games included a moment where the player’s civilization collapses. The players then had to overcome these new difficulties to rebuild their civilization again from the beginning. In reality, the majority of players simply ignored the collapse. Most people just returned to an older version of the game. They had saved it for this purpose. People like computer games because it gives them total control.
In most computer games, you only learn one skill at a time. .....(2)..... . Once you have mastered this skill, you progress to the next level. Unlike real life, computer games give you plenty of time to learn. You aren’t immediately asked to do something too difficult. Users have control of the situation and that is very motivating.
This learning needs to work for everyone. In the game World of Warcraft, a player operates an avatar .................. himself or herself in an online fantasy world. The beginning of the game is easy, and .................. getting over the first challenges quickly, this gives players a feeling of achievement. However, the game is enormous. People who persevere with difficult tasks will learn a lot of new skills and explore areas that are inaccessible .................. beginners. Both beginners and experts can become immersed .................. a huge artificial world.
Most games are repetitive, and games designers need to find ways to stop people from becoming distracted and giving up. There are two ways of doing this. The first is the random reward where players win a surprise prize. .....(3)...... . In the real world, most people don’t notice when we do good things, but games are different.
Furthermore, games use clever AI (artificial intelligence). If you are inexperienced and play a soccer computer game against the computer, the computer could always win. Using AI, the computer adjusts its level of ability to equal the player. This means the human opponent always has a chance to win, and it keeps players interested in the game.
Winning isn’t everything, however. In computer games, failure is fun if the final screen shows an entertaining end for the character. Some players lose a game just to see what happens.
.....(4)..... . The virtual world is both more entertaining and less stressful than reality.
Many criticize computer games as just a waste of time. In fact, computer games are one of the greatest learning tools ever invented. Look at their uses in other fields. Flight simulators teach pilots how to cope with many difficult situations, which would be impossible any other way. A flight simulator is just a more sophisticated form of a computer game.
According to the article, losing a computer game:
Text
The Psychology of Computer Games
These days, everyone is playing computer games: whether on their PC, games console, or smartphone.
In the busy modern world, we rarely have total control of our lives. .....(1)..... . Some computer games provide an antidote to this because they let players create and control the whole world. One example is Civilization, where players build a modern society from nothing. In earlier versions of the game, creator Sid Meier introduced a crisis. Some games included a moment where the player’s civilization collapses. The players then had to overcome these new difficulties to rebuild their civilization again from the beginning. In reality, the majority of players simply ignored the collapse. Most people just returned to an older version of the game. They had saved it for this purpose. People like computer games because it gives them total control.
In most computer games, you only learn one skill at a time. .....(2)..... . Once you have mastered this skill, you progress to the next level. Unlike real life, computer games give you plenty of time to learn. You aren’t immediately asked to do something too difficult. Users have control of the situation and that is very motivating.
This learning needs to work for everyone. In the game World of Warcraft, a player operates an avatar .................. himself or herself in an online fantasy world. The beginning of the game is easy, and .................. getting over the first challenges quickly, this gives players a feeling of achievement. However, the game is enormous. People who persevere with difficult tasks will learn a lot of new skills and explore areas that are inaccessible .................. beginners. Both beginners and experts can become immersed .................. a huge artificial world.
Most games are repetitive, and games designers need to find ways to stop people from becoming distracted and giving up. There are two ways of doing this. The first is the random reward where players win a surprise prize. .....(3)...... . In the real world, most people don’t notice when we do good things, but games are different.
Furthermore, games use clever AI (artificial intelligence). If you are inexperienced and play a soccer computer game against the computer, the computer could always win. Using AI, the computer adjusts its level of ability to equal the player. This means the human opponent always has a chance to win, and it keeps players interested in the game.
Winning isn’t everything, however. In computer games, failure is fun if the final screen shows an entertaining end for the character. Some players lose a game just to see what happens.
.....(4)..... . The virtual world is both more entertaining and less stressful than reality.
Many criticize computer games as just a waste of time. In fact, computer games are one of the greatest learning tools ever invented. Look at their uses in other fields. Flight simulators teach pilots how to cope with many difficult situations, which would be impossible any other way. A flight simulator is just a more sophisticated form of a computer game.
Look at the extract from the article below.
Most people just returned to an older version of the game. They had saved it for this purpose.
If the extract were written with a relative clause, which of the following options would be correct?
Text
The Psychology of Computer Games
These days, everyone is playing computer games: whether on their PC, games console, or smartphone.
In the busy modern world, we rarely have total control of our lives. .....(1)..... . Some computer games provide an antidote to this because they let players create and control the whole world. One example is Civilization, where players build a modern society from nothing. In earlier versions of the game, creator Sid Meier introduced a crisis. Some games included a moment where the player’s civilization collapses. The players then had to overcome these new difficulties to rebuild their civilization again from the beginning. In reality, the majority of players simply ignored the collapse. Most people just returned to an older version of the game. They had saved it for this purpose. People like computer games because it gives them total control.
In most computer games, you only learn one skill at a time. .....(2)..... . Once you have mastered this skill, you progress to the next level. Unlike real life, computer games give you plenty of time to learn. You aren’t immediately asked to do something too difficult. Users have control of the situation and that is very motivating.
This learning needs to work for everyone. In the game World of Warcraft, a player operates an avatar .................. himself or herself in an online fantasy world. The beginning of the game is easy, and .................. getting over the first challenges quickly, this gives players a feeling of achievement. However, the game is enormous. People who persevere with difficult tasks will learn a lot of new skills and explore areas that are inaccessible .................. beginners. Both beginners and experts can become immersed .................. a huge artificial world.
Most games are repetitive, and games designers need to find ways to stop people from becoming distracted and giving up. There are two ways of doing this. The first is the random reward where players win a surprise prize. .....(3)...... . In the real world, most people don’t notice when we do good things, but games are different.
Furthermore, games use clever AI (artificial intelligence). If you are inexperienced and play a soccer computer game against the computer, the computer could always win. Using AI, the computer adjusts its level of ability to equal the player. This means the human opponent always has a chance to win, and it keeps players interested in the game.
Winning isn’t everything, however. In computer games, failure is fun if the final screen shows an entertaining end for the character. Some players lose a game just to see what happens.
.....(4)..... . The virtual world is both more entertaining and less stressful than reality.
Many criticize computer games as just a waste of time. In fact, computer games are one of the greatest learning tools ever invented. Look at their uses in other fields. Flight simulators teach pilots how to cope with many difficult situations, which would be impossible any other way. A flight simulator is just a more sophisticated form of a computer game.
The numbered spaces in the article can be filled with the following sentences:
( ) For example, in an adventure game, it might be how to climb or to operate a vehicle.
( ) In any case, the players usually get over the defeat in seconds.
( ) For example, in Nintendo’s Wii Sports, you get a star if you hit a particularly good golf shot.
( ) Bosses, teachers, parents, and the government tell us how to behave.
Choose the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.
Instruction: answer questions 51 to 58 based on the following text.
Eve Rodsky’s deck of cards could help you find domestic bliss
- Eve Rodsky was fed up. For years she, like many other women, had shouldered the burden
- of invisible labor at home. Rodsky, a Harvard-educated lawyer and organizational management
- specialist who advises families and charitable foundations, was tired of being the “she-fault”
- parent. So, she started a spreadsheet titled “Shit I do.” “After months and months of
- crowdsourcing this beautiful, giant spreadsheet, I sent this to my husband and said, ‘Can’t wait
- to discuss.'”
- Rodsky shared the spreadsheet on Facebook. Soon, she was receiving messages from
- strangers who had seen it, detailing the domestic indignities they faced. She wanted to channel
- that frustration into something productive, and then Rodsky realized she could apply
- organizational management principles to the home. When Sarah Harden, the CEO of the media
- and production company Hello Sunshine, met Rodsky, she realized Rodsky was onto something
- novel. “After 40 to 50 years of talking about the problems, she was working on a solution. [At
- Hello Sunshine], (...) We like to be on the problem-solving end of the conversation rather than
- wallowing” said Harden.
- The result is Rodsky’s book, Fair Play: A Game-Changing Solution for When You Have Too
- Much to Do (and More Life to Live), which came out in October. (Hello Sunshine inked a unique
- deal with Rodsky as a venture partner, which means the company helped sell the book to a
- publisher and will take a cut of its profits.) A key piece of Rodsky’s solution is gamifying the
- notion of fair play with a set of cards. “So this is based on a 100 card game. You’re holding cards
- that represent all that you do for your home and family.”
- The author believes the cards can help couples navigate their domestic balance by helping
- them to talk about home life (which most people don’t do) and take full ownership of the tasks
- (concept, planning, and execution). The ultimate goal of redistributing domestic work, according
- to Rodsky, is to free up time for what she calls “unicorn space” — the stuff that might feel like a
- luxury or pipe dream to most parents. “This is about making time for the things we actually care
- about — who we were before we had kids,” she said. “What are our passions and purpose,
- beyond being a parent and a partner and a worker? The more we spend time arguing about who
- does what, the less time we have for the things that truly matter.”
Adapted from: https://www.fastcompany.com/90425669/eve-rodskys-deck-of-cards-could-help-you-find-domestic-bliss
Consider the following excerpts from the text:
Why are there hyphens in these three sentences?
Instruction: answer questions 51 to 58 based on the following text.
Eve Rodsky’s deck of cards could help you find domestic bliss
- Eve Rodsky was fed up. For years she, like many other women, had shouldered the burden
- of invisible labor at home. Rodsky, a Harvard-educated lawyer and organizational management
- specialist who advises families and charitable foundations, was tired of being the “she-fault”
- parent. So, she started a spreadsheet titled “Shit I do.” “After months and months of
- crowdsourcing this beautiful, giant spreadsheet, I sent this to my husband and said, ‘Can’t wait
- to discuss.'”
- Rodsky shared the spreadsheet on Facebook. Soon, she was receiving messages from
- strangers who had seen it, detailing the domestic indignities they faced. She wanted to channel
- that frustration into something productive, and then Rodsky realized she could apply
- organizational management principles to the home. When Sarah Harden, the CEO of the media
- and production company Hello Sunshine, met Rodsky, she realized Rodsky was onto something
- novel. “After 40 to 50 years of talking about the problems, she was working on a solution. [At
- Hello Sunshine], (...) We like to be on the problem-solving end of the conversation rather than
- wallowing” said Harden.
- The result is Rodsky’s book, Fair Play: A Game-Changing Solution for When You Have Too
- Much to Do (and More Life to Live), which came out in October. (Hello Sunshine inked a unique
- deal with Rodsky as a venture partner, which means the company helped sell the book to a
- publisher and will take a cut of its profits.) A key piece of Rodsky’s solution is gamifying the
- notion of fair play with a set of cards. “So this is based on a 100 card game. You’re holding cards
- that represent all that you do for your home and family.”
- The author believes the cards can help couples navigate their domestic balance by helping
- them to talk about home life (which most people don’t do) and take full ownership of the tasks
- (concept, planning, and execution). The ultimate goal of redistributing domestic work, according
- to Rodsky, is to free up time for what she calls “unicorn space” — the stuff that might feel like a
- luxury or pipe dream to most parents. “This is about making time for the things we actually care
- about — who we were before we had kids,” she said. “What are our passions and purpose,
- beyond being a parent and a partner and a worker? The more we spend time arguing about who
- does what, the less time we have for the things that truly matter.”
Adapted from: https://www.fastcompany.com/90425669/eve-rodskys-deck-of-cards-could-help-you-find-domestic-bliss
After publishing her spreadsheet on the internet, Rodsky started to receive messages from other women she didn’t know, but who identified themselves with her story. What did she do next?
Instruction: answer questions 51 to 58 based on the following text.
Eve Rodsky’s deck of cards could help you find domestic bliss
- Eve Rodsky was fed up. For years she, like many other women, had shouldered the burden
- of invisible labor at home. Rodsky, a Harvard-educated lawyer and organizational management
- specialist who advises families and charitable foundations, was tired of being the “she-fault”
- parent. So, she started a spreadsheet titled “Shit I do.” “After months and months of
- crowdsourcing this beautiful, giant spreadsheet, I sent this to my husband and said, ‘Can’t wait
- to discuss.'”
- Rodsky shared the spreadsheet on Facebook. Soon, she was receiving messages from
- strangers who had seen it, detailing the domestic indignities they faced. She wanted to channel
- that frustration into something productive, and then Rodsky realized she could apply
- organizational management principles to the home. When Sarah Harden, the CEO of the media
- and production company Hello Sunshine, met Rodsky, she realized Rodsky was onto something
- novel. “After 40 to 50 years of talking about the problems, she was working on a solution. [At
- Hello Sunshine], (...) We like to be on the problem-solving end of the conversation rather than
- wallowing” said Harden.
- The result is Rodsky’s book, Fair Play: A Game-Changing Solution for When You Have Too
- Much to Do (and More Life to Live), which came out in October. (Hello Sunshine inked a unique
- deal with Rodsky as a venture partner, which means the company helped sell the book to a
- publisher and will take a cut of its profits.) A key piece of Rodsky’s solution is gamifying the
- notion of fair play with a set of cards. “So this is based on a 100 card game. You’re holding cards
- that represent all that you do for your home and family.”
- The author believes the cards can help couples navigate their domestic balance by helping
- them to talk about home life (which most people don’t do) and take full ownership of the tasks
- (concept, planning, and execution). The ultimate goal of redistributing domestic work, according
- to Rodsky, is to free up time for what she calls “unicorn space” — the stuff that might feel like a
- luxury or pipe dream to most parents. “This is about making time for the things we actually care
- about — who we were before we had kids,” she said. “What are our passions and purpose,
- beyond being a parent and a partner and a worker? The more we spend time arguing about who
- does what, the less time we have for the things that truly matter.”
Adapted from: https://www.fastcompany.com/90425669/eve-rodskys-deck-of-cards-could-help-you-find-domestic-bliss
Which is considered the main aspect of Rodsky’s strategy to balance the burden of chores?
Instruction: answer questions 51 to 58 based on the following text.
Eve Rodsky’s deck of cards could help you find domestic bliss
- Eve Rodsky was fed up. For years she, like many other women, had shouldered the burden
- of invisible labor at home. Rodsky, a Harvard-educated lawyer and organizational management
- specialist who advises families and charitable foundations, was tired of being the “she-fault”
- parent. So, she started a spreadsheet titled “Shit I do.” “After months and months of
- crowdsourcing this beautiful, giant spreadsheet, I sent this to my husband and said, ‘Can’t wait
- to discuss.'”
- Rodsky shared the spreadsheet on Facebook. Soon, she was receiving messages from
- strangers who had seen it, detailing the domestic indignities they faced. She wanted to channel
- that frustration into something productive, and then Rodsky realized she could apply
- organizational management principles to the home. When Sarah Harden, the CEO of the media
- and production company Hello Sunshine, met Rodsky, she realized Rodsky was onto something
- novel. “After 40 to 50 years of talking about the problems, she was working on a solution. [At
- Hello Sunshine], (...) We like to be on the problem-solving end of the conversation rather than
- wallowing” said Harden.
- The result is Rodsky’s book, Fair Play: A Game-Changing Solution for When You Have Too
- Much to Do (and More Life to Live), which came out in October. (Hello Sunshine inked a unique
- deal with Rodsky as a venture partner, which means the company helped sell the book to a
- publisher and will take a cut of its profits.) A key piece of Rodsky’s solution is gamifying the
- notion of fair play with a set of cards. “So this is based on a 100 card game. You’re holding cards
- that represent all that you do for your home and family.”
- The author believes the cards can help couples navigate their domestic balance by helping
- them to talk about home life (which most people don’t do) and take full ownership of the tasks
- (concept, planning, and execution). The ultimate goal of redistributing domestic work, according
- to Rodsky, is to free up time for what she calls “unicorn space” — the stuff that might feel like a
- luxury or pipe dream to most parents. “This is about making time for the things we actually care
- about — who we were before we had kids,” she said. “What are our passions and purpose,
- beyond being a parent and a partner and a worker? The more we spend time arguing about who
- does what, the less time we have for the things that truly matter.”
Adapted from: https://www.fastcompany.com/90425669/eve-rodskys-deck-of-cards-could-help-you-find-domestic-bliss
According to the article, what was the first step taken by Eve Rodsky in order to find an equitable way to divide up responsibilities at home?
Instruction: answer questions 36 to 39 based on the following text.
History of Halloween
01 Halloween is __ holiday celebrated each year on October 31st, and in 2022 it occurs on __
02 Monday. The tradition originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people used
03 to make __ fires and wear costumes to scare ghosts.
04 In the eighth century, Catholic Pope Gregory III decided November 1st should be __ day
05 to honor all saints and called it “All Saints’ Day”. Soon, All Saints’ Day incorporated some of the
06 traditions of Samhain. The evening before was known as All Hallows’ Eve (the evening of all
07 spirits), and later it became Halloween.
08 The festivity migrated from Ireland to America in the 19th century. Over time, Halloween
09 evolved into __ overjoyed day of activities like trick-or-treating, festive gatherings, and
10 costumes. It’s a community-centered holiday, with parades and town-wide Halloween parties.
(Available in: https://www.history.com/topics/halloween/history-of-halloween – text especially adapted for this test).
Which tradition from Samhain is still part of Halloween's modern celebrations?
Instruction: answer questions 36 to 39 based on the following text.
History of Halloween
01 Halloween is __ holiday celebrated each year on October 31st, and in 2022 it occurs on __
02 Monday. The tradition originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people used
03 to make __ fires and wear costumes to scare ghosts.
04 In the eighth century, Catholic Pope Gregory III decided November 1st should be __ day
05 to honor all saints and called it “All Saints’ Day”. Soon, All Saints’ Day incorporated some of the
06 traditions of Samhain. The evening before was known as All Hallows’ Eve (the evening of all
07 spirits), and later it became Halloween.
08 The festivity migrated from Ireland to America in the 19th century. Over time, Halloween
09 evolved into __ overjoyed day of activities like trick-or-treating, festive gatherings, and
10 costumes. It’s a community-centered holiday, with parades and town-wide Halloween parties.
(Available in: https://www.history.com/topics/halloween/history-of-halloween – text especially adapted for this test).
Analyse the following statements about the article and mark T, if true, or F, if false.
( ) Celtic people had a festival to honor spirits.
( ) The Catholic Church chose a date to celebrate all saints.
( ) Nowadays, Americans celebrate Halloween with parties and parades.
The correct order of filling the parentheses, from top to bottom, is:
A importância da compreensão oral no aprendizado de uma segunda língua torna-se, muitas vezes, superestimada em ambientes que se dedicam ao ensino e aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras.
Em relação ao tema “Compreensão: Leitura e Ausculta”, é correto afirmar que:
Para que o professor de Língua Inglesa seja comunicativo, ele precisa estar atento às necessidades de aprendizagem de seus alunos e apropriar-se da abordagem comunicativa que tem como objetivo:
Technology can be a powerful tool for transforming learning.
It is correct to say that Technology:
Write ( M ) for Method and ( A ) for Approach.
( ) Grammar-Translation
( ) Task-based
( ) Audio-Lingual
( ) The Silent Way
( ) The Natural
Choose the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.
The Communicative Language Teaching Approach, involves focusing on important functions.
Which are they?
The Rise of the “Bike Bus” Movement
01 On Earth Day* 2022, Sam Balto, a physical education teacher in Portland, convinced a few
02 dozen parents to send their kids to school on their bikes and posted the first in a series of videos
03 that turned his “bike bus” into a viral sensation. Balto has continued documenting his weekly
04 bike buses with joyous videos that show students rolling to school while he blasts music from an
05 eclectic collection of artists, including AC/DC, Metallica, and OneRepublic. Over time, these
06 boisterous bike buses have grown to more than 150 kids. “The more these kids practice riding
07 bikes, the more confident they become. And now they want to keep riding on non-bike bus days,
08 and even on rainy days!” said Balto.
09 Balto’s bike bus is much more than a fad. His TikTok and Twitter videos have raked in
10 millions of views, inspiring similar initiatives in New York, New Jersey, Florida, Utah, Ohio, and
11 Texas. Bike buses previously existed in European cities such as Barcelona and London, but new
12 ones in cities like Cape Town are now joining the trend. Nancy Pullen-Seufert, the director of the
13 National Center for Safe Routes to School, said biking and walking to school have myriad benefits,
14 including “improving air quality, improving safety for walkers and bicyclists, increasing physical
15 activity, and making it easier for school buses and others who can’t actively travel to school to
16 arrive to school on time.”
17 Balto has also triggered real political change by working with lawmakers to pass a so-called
18 “Bike Bus Bill”, that was signed into law by Oregon Governor Tina Kotek in August. “The bill
19 brings flexibility so school districts can now use student transportation funds, which were
20 previously only for school buses, to pay for crossing guards or adults to lead walking school buses
21 or bike buses. It’s awesome.” Balto said. And he is not the only bike bus leader driving positive
22 change in Oregon… Last year, Megan Ramey, who has been organizing a bike bus ___ 2020, was
23 named the Safe Routes to School Manager at Hood River County School District and since then,
24 she has secured nearly $11 million in funding to make it safer for kids to walk and bike to school.
25 “I feel like I'm in a cash-grabbing machine. We just got $7 million to create an off-road trail to
26 the high school. This means kids will be able to bike to high school on a green trail instead of a
27 car-centered road,” said Ramey.
28 Nearly 90% of kids walked to school in 1969. Half a century later, in 2017, that number
29 had fallen to just 10%. That year, a third of students took the school bus and more than half
30 were driven in a private vehicle. This has led to more pollution, with researchers finding that
31 toxic car fumes have an adverse effect on attention, reasoning, and academic performance
32 among school children. In New York, the Open Schools Program has helped increase biking and
33 walking in the 65 schools that restricted traffic during drop-off and pick-up times this year, said
34 Sabina Sethi Unni, who works at Open Plans, a non-profit that supports the shift to walkable
35 cities. “This program makes kids more comfortable with walking and biking at a young age. When
36 they get older, they will be cyclists instead of car users,” said Unni.
(Available in: https://www.distilled.earth/p/the-rise-of-the-bike-bus-movement – text especially adapted for this test).
*Earth Day: a day in April designated for promoting concern for the environment (Merriam-Webster).
Which of the following statements about the article is INCORRECT?
The Rise of the “Bike Bus” Movement
01 On Earth Day* 2022, Sam Balto, a physical education teacher in Portland, convinced a few
02 dozen parents to send their kids to school on their bikes and posted the first in a series of videos
03 that turned his “bike bus” into a viral sensation. Balto has continued documenting his weekly
04 bike buses with joyous videos that show students rolling to school while he blasts music from an
05 eclectic collection of artists, including AC/DC, Metallica, and OneRepublic. Over time, these
06 boisterous bike buses have grown to more than 150 kids. “The more these kids practice riding
07 bikes, the more confident they become. And now they want to keep riding on non-bike bus days,
08 and even on rainy days!” said Balto.
09 Balto’s bike bus is much more than a fad. His TikTok and Twitter videos have raked in
10 millions of views, inspiring similar initiatives in New York, New Jersey, Florida, Utah, Ohio, and
11 Texas. Bike buses previously existed in European cities such as Barcelona and London, but new
12 ones in cities like Cape Town are now joining the trend. Nancy Pullen-Seufert, the director of the
13 National Center for Safe Routes to School, said biking and walking to school have myriad benefits,
14 including “improving air quality, improving safety for walkers and bicyclists, increasing physical
15 activity, and making it easier for school buses and others who can’t actively travel to school to
16 arrive to school on time.”
17 Balto has also triggered real political change by working with lawmakers to pass a so-called
18 “Bike Bus Bill”, that was signed into law by Oregon Governor Tina Kotek in August. “The bill
19 brings flexibility so school districts can now use student transportation funds, which were
20 previously only for school buses, to pay for crossing guards or adults to lead walking school buses
21 or bike buses. It’s awesome.” Balto said. And he is not the only bike bus leader driving positive
22 change in Oregon… Last year, Megan Ramey, who has been organizing a bike bus ___ 2020, was
23 named the Safe Routes to School Manager at Hood River County School District and since then,
24 she has secured nearly $11 million in funding to make it safer for kids to walk and bike to school.
25 “I feel like I'm in a cash-grabbing machine. We just got $7 million to create an off-road trail to
26 the high school. This means kids will be able to bike to high school on a green trail instead of a
27 car-centered road,” said Ramey.
28 Nearly 90% of kids walked to school in 1969. Half a century later, in 2017, that number
29 had fallen to just 10%. That year, a third of students took the school bus and more than half
30 were driven in a private vehicle. This has led to more pollution, with researchers finding that
31 toxic car fumes have an adverse effect on attention, reasoning, and academic performance
32 among school children. In New York, the Open Schools Program has helped increase biking and
33 walking in the 65 schools that restricted traffic during drop-off and pick-up times this year, said
34 Sabina Sethi Unni, who works at Open Plans, a non-profit that supports the shift to walkable
35 cities. “This program makes kids more comfortable with walking and biking at a young age. When
36 they get older, they will be cyclists instead of car users,” said Unni.
(Available in: https://www.distilled.earth/p/the-rise-of-the-bike-bus-movement – text especially adapted for this test).
*Earth Day: a day in April designated for promoting concern for the environment (Merriam-Webster).
What is the main objective of the “Bike Bus” Movement?
Pollution
Thick black smoke curling out of smokestacks, horrible-tasting chemicals in your drinking water, pesticides in your food - these are examples of pollution. Pollution is any contamination of the environment which causes harm to the environment or the inhabitants of the environment. There are many kinds of pollution, and there are many pollutants. Some obvious kinds of pollution are pollution of the air, soil, and water. Some less obvious, or less salient kinds of pollution are radioactive, noise, light pollution, and green-house gasses.
Air pollution can be caused by particles, liquids, or gases that make the air harmful to breathe. There are two main types of air pollution: primary and secondary. Primary pollutants enter the air directly, like smoke from factories and car exhaust. Secondary pollutants are chemicals that mix together to pollute the air, like mixtures of emissions, or waste output, from vehicles and factory smoke that change to form more dangerous pollutants in the air and sunlight.
Soil pollution can be caused by pesticides, leakage..........................chemical tanks, oil spills, and other chemicals..........................get into the soil by dumping or accidental contamination. Soil pollution can also cause water pollution.............................underground water becomes contaminated by coming.............................contact with the polluted soil.
Water pollution can be caused by waste products, sewage, oil spills, and litter in streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Some scientists believe that water pollution is the largest cause of death and disease in the world, causing about 14,000 deaths in the world each day.
Radioactive pollution can be caused by leaks or spills of radioactive materials. These materials can come from medical sources, nuclear power plants, or laboratories which handle radioactive materials. Air, soil, and water can be polluted by radioactivity. It can cause damage to animals, both internally and externally, by eating, drinking, or touching it. It can cause birth defects and genetic problems. It can cause certain cancers and other deadly diseases.
Noise pollution can be caused by vehicle, aircraft, and industrial noise. It can also be caused by military or experimental sonar. Noise has health effects on people and animals. In people, it can cause high blood pressure, heart problems, sleep disturbances, and hearing problems. In animals, it can cause communication, reproductive, and navigation problems – they have difficulty finding their direction. Sonar has even caused whales to beach themselves because they respond to the sonar as if it were another whale.
Light pollution can be caused by advertising signs, stadium and city lighting, and other artificial lighting (like the light caused by night traffic). Artificial lighting has health effects on humans and animals. In people, it can cause high blood pressure and affect sleeping and waking rhythms and immunity. It might be a factor in some cancers, such as breast cancer. In animals, it can affect sleeping and waking rhythms, navigation, and reproduction.
In addition, greenhouse gases have caused a warming effect on the earth’s climate. The greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. They are naturally–occurring gases in the atmosphere, but human activity has increased their concentration in the atmosphere. For example, the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have risen due to the burning of fossil fuels. The effect is a rise in global temperatures. The higher temperatures cause the melting of glaciers, a rise in the water level of oceans, and the disruption of both land and marine life, including that of humans. Although carbon dioxide is necessary for plants to survive, it is also considered to be a kind of pollution because high levels of carbon dioxide have caused the oceans to become more acidic.
It is not possible for anyone to predict the exact timing and effects of global pollution and global climate change brought about by pollution. There is general agreement by scientists that the global climate will continue to change, that the intensity of weather effects will continue to increase, and that some species of animals will become extinct. There is also general agreement, or consensus, that humans need to take steps to reduce emissions of waste products and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, make adaptations to the changes that are occurring, and figure out ways of reversing the trends of pollution and global warming.
Choose the alternative that presents the main purpose of The Communicative language teaching (CLT) method of Language Teaching.
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