TEXT I
The teaching of English as a foreign language in the context of Brazilian regular schools: a retrospective and prospective view of
policies and practices.
(Ricardo Luiz Teixeira de Almeida).
(…) A brief overview of the recent history of ELT in Brazilian regular schools
During the 1970s, the so-called audiolingual method, based on behaviorist and structuralist assumptions, was still
considered the only scientific way of teaching a foreign language. Its emphasis on the oral skills and on the
exhaustive repetition of structural exercises seemed to work well in the contexts of private language institutes. Those
contexts were characterized by the gathering of small numbers of highly motivated students per class, a weekly
time-table superior in the number of hours to the one adopted in regular schools, and plenty of audiovisual
resources. Questionable in itself, both because of its results (which in time were revealed to be less efficient than
believed, especially in terms of fluency) and its theoretical assumptions, the method ended up being adopted by
regular schools due to its positive reputation at the time. The failure of the methodology in this context would soon
become evident, generating extreme frustration both amongst teachers and students.
From the 1980s on, with the spread of ideas connected to the so-called communicative approach and the growth of
English for Specific Purposes (ESP), the community of researchers and teachers interested in the context of regular
schools started reviewing the assumptions and logic of English Language Teaching (ELT). Recognizing that each
and every school discipline needs to justify its presence in the curriculum socially and educationally, this movement
identified the skill of reading as the most relevant one for the students attending the majority of Brazilian regular
schools. This understanding was achieved by considering not only the possibility of real use outside school, but also
the role this approach could play in the achievement of other educational goals, such as the improvement of student's
reading abilities in Portuguese as a mother tongue (MOITA LOPES, 1996)*. This movement reached its climax with
the publication of the Brazilian National Curricular Parameters (PCN) for the teaching of foreign languages at basic
education level by the end of the 1990s. The document recommended the focus on the teaching of reading within a
view of language as discourse. However, it did not close the door on the teaching of any other skill, as long as the
context made it possible and relevant.
It is important at this point to clarify a few things about the emergence of this educational policy. First of all, it was
not formulated apart from the community of teachers and researchers and then imposed upon them. On the contrary,
great names in Brazilian Applied Linguistics, such as Luiz Paulo da Moita Lopes and Maria Antonieta Celani
among others, were involved in the formulation of the Parameters. Even more important than that, a lot of teachers,
individually or collectively, with or without supervision, were already trying the focus on reading as an alternative to
the failure of previous practices before the Parameters were elaborated. Two well-known examples are those from
Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In São Paulo, The Catholic University (PUCSP)
became a national center for foreign language teacher education, through the development of a Brazilian ESP
project focusing on reading (CELANI, 2005)**. In Rio de Janeiro, a discussion conducted by the city educational
authorities and the teachers in public schools (concerning the contents and methodology of each school discipline),
during the administrations of Saturnino Braga and Marcelo Alencar, led to the proposition that the focus on reading
for foreign language teaching reflected the will of most teachers who participated in the discussion.
Another important characteristic of the Parameters that should not be overlooked is their emphasis on teacher's
autonomy. This emphasis can be seen clearly in the fact that no content or method is imposed upon the teachers.
What one can find are suggestions and relevant information for teachers to make their own decisions, taking into
consideration the context within which they work. In other words, the Parameters do not force any teacher to limit
their focus on the teaching of reading, if they believe they can go further than that.
In spite of all these positive points, since their publication, it is possible to identify a strong resistance to the focus on
reading on the part of many teachers. The reasons for this resistance will be discussed in the following sections of
this paper. […] (p.333-334)
*MOITA LOPES, Luiz Paulo da. Oficina de Lingüística Aplicada: a natureza social e educacional dos processos de ensino / aprendizagem de línguas. Campinas:
Mercado de Letras, 1996.
**CELANI, M. A. Introduction. In: CELANI, M. A. et al. ESPin Brazil: 25 years of evolution and reflection. Campinas-SP: Mercado de Letras, São Paulo: Educ, 2005.
p. 13-26.
(Adapted from: Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada. vol.12. nº.2. Belo Horizonte. Apr./June 2012, p. 331-348. Available at:
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-63982012000200006 Accessed on April 15 , 2019)