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Q2925962
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2009 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: Prefeitura de Teresina - PI Prova: CESPE - 2009 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Inglês |
Q2925962 Inglês

This text refers to questions from 30 through 34


Choosing an ecodestination


1 Imagine visiting an uncrowded, beautifully preserved

coastline or rain forest. A local guide is ready and able to

explain the natural wonders before you. Imagine relaxing

4 among local people who are genuinely happy to meet you and

share their world. This vision is no fantasy. Vacations for

environmentally and culturally aware travelers are available

7 in many locations around the world.

In Brazil, an ecoresort on the coast of Bahia helps to

save the Atlantic rain forest, one of the most endangered on

10 earth. Visitors can explore the forest with “mini guides”, local

children who take great pride in the beauty of their forest.

Visitors can also spend time at a sea turtle breeding facility

13 next to the resort. Here they can learn how villagers protect

the nesting sea turtles every night on the beach in front of the

tourists’ hotel.

16 Off the coast of Western Samoa — a Pacific island

known for its unique culture and exotic scenery — lies a very

special small island. On this island, local villagers still fish in

19 the early morning hours and weave their nets during the day.

Villagers warmly welcome visitors by preparing meals of

fresh, local seafood. Later, guests are invited to take part in a

22 ceremonial dance on the beach under the stars. After the

ceremony, guests retire to a locally owned hotel and enjoy the

sounds of the South Sea.


Jack C. Richards e Samuela Eckstut-Didier. In: Strategic Reading 1, Cambridge University Press (adapted).

According to the text, we can say that, on the coast of Bahia and off the coast of Western Samoa, local people

Alternativas
Q2925961
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2009 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: Prefeitura de Teresina - PI Prova: CESPE - 2009 - Prefeitura de Teresina - PI - Professor - Inglês |
Q2925961 Inglês

This text refers to questions from 30 through 34


Choosing an ecodestination


1 Imagine visiting an uncrowded, beautifully preserved

coastline or rain forest. A local guide is ready and able to

explain the natural wonders before you. Imagine relaxing

4 among local people who are genuinely happy to meet you and

share their world. This vision is no fantasy. Vacations for

environmentally and culturally aware travelers are available

7 in many locations around the world.

In Brazil, an ecoresort on the coast of Bahia helps to

save the Atlantic rain forest, one of the most endangered on

10 earth. Visitors can explore the forest with “mini guides”, local

children who take great pride in the beauty of their forest.

Visitors can also spend time at a sea turtle breeding facility

13 next to the resort. Here they can learn how villagers protect

the nesting sea turtles every night on the beach in front of the

tourists’ hotel.

16 Off the coast of Western Samoa — a Pacific island

known for its unique culture and exotic scenery — lies a very

special small island. On this island, local villagers still fish in

19 the early morning hours and weave their nets during the day.

Villagers warmly welcome visitors by preparing meals of

fresh, local seafood. Later, guests are invited to take part in a

22 ceremonial dance on the beach under the stars. After the

ceremony, guests retire to a locally owned hotel and enjoy the

sounds of the South Sea.


Jack C. Richards e Samuela Eckstut-Didier. In: Strategic Reading 1, Cambridge University Press (adapted).

It is correct to infer from the text that "environmentally and culturally aware travelers" (l.6) are those people who

Alternativas
Q2914046
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FADESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA Prova: FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914046 Inglês

THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.


A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings

Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener. Sustainable error free communication is rare, and in most human interactions there is some degree of miscommunication.
The message sent from speaker to listener contains a wide array of features, such as words, grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice, emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language, and the interpretation requires the listener to attend to all of these features, while at the same time constructing an understanding of the speaker's intentions, emotions, politeness, seriousness, character, beliefs, priorities, motivations, and style of communicating. In addition, the listener must also evaluate whether the utterance is a question or a statement and how and to what extent a statement matters to the speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each of the components of the communication provides one or more kind of information. Words convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body language communicates "requests versus commands, the stages of greeting, and turn-taking" (Schneller 1988, p. 154).
Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures. For example, in some countries it is polite to refuse the first few offers of refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their U.S. host or hostess never presented a third offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In understanding communication, a listener must pay attention not just to what is said and when, but also to how many times something is said, under what circumstances, and by whom. Given all this complexity, the reason human communication can often succeed is because people learn how to communicate and understand through interacting with one another throughout their lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that culture and socialization are critical determinants of communication and interpretation. "The entire inference process, from observation through categorization is a function of one's socialization" Detweiler (1975). Socialization influences how input will be received, and how perceptions will be organized conceptually and associated with memories.

The importance of culture to communication

Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation. The interpretation of communicative intent is not predictable on the basis of referential meaning alone. Matters of context, social presuppositions, knowledge of the world, and individual background all play an important role in interpretation (Gumperz, 1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can have difficulty with cross-cultural translations. There may not be corresponding words or equivalent concepts in both cultures, jokes and implications may be overlooked, and literal translations can present a host of difficulties. Some language pairs are very difficult to translate, while others, usually in more similar languages, are much easier (Sechrest, Fay and Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental difficulties can be traced to the underlying linguistic commonalities between the languages, there may be a more elusive cultural and ecological basis for difficulty in translation. It would be interesting to test how much of the variance in communication could be accounted for by the ease with which the languages in question could be translated into one another.
Although it may facilitate cross-cultural translations, similarity of languages and cultures also increases the likelihood that communicators will erroneously assume similarity of meanings. This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general, cross-cultural miscommunication can be thought to derive from the mistaken belief that emics are etics, that words and deeds mean the same thing across cultures, and this miscalculation is perhaps more likely when cultures are similar in surface attributes but different in important underlying ways. In this case miscommunication may occur instead of non-communication.

(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html )

The knowledge the speaker must have to compensate for breakdowns in communication due to limiting conditions in actual communication is labeled by Canale and Swain (1980) as

Alternativas
Q2914043
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FADESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA Prova: FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914043 Inglês

THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.


A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings

Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener. Sustainable error free communication is rare, and in most human interactions there is some degree of miscommunication.
The message sent from speaker to listener contains a wide array of features, such as words, grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice, emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language, and the interpretation requires the listener to attend to all of these features, while at the same time constructing an understanding of the speaker's intentions, emotions, politeness, seriousness, character, beliefs, priorities, motivations, and style of communicating. In addition, the listener must also evaluate whether the utterance is a question or a statement and how and to what extent a statement matters to the speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each of the components of the communication provides one or more kind of information. Words convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body language communicates "requests versus commands, the stages of greeting, and turn-taking" (Schneller 1988, p. 154).
Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures. For example, in some countries it is polite to refuse the first few offers of refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their U.S. host or hostess never presented a third offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In understanding communication, a listener must pay attention not just to what is said and when, but also to how many times something is said, under what circumstances, and by whom. Given all this complexity, the reason human communication can often succeed is because people learn how to communicate and understand through interacting with one another throughout their lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that culture and socialization are critical determinants of communication and interpretation. "The entire inference process, from observation through categorization is a function of one's socialization" Detweiler (1975). Socialization influences how input will be received, and how perceptions will be organized conceptually and associated with memories.

The importance of culture to communication

Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation. The interpretation of communicative intent is not predictable on the basis of referential meaning alone. Matters of context, social presuppositions, knowledge of the world, and individual background all play an important role in interpretation (Gumperz, 1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can have difficulty with cross-cultural translations. There may not be corresponding words or equivalent concepts in both cultures, jokes and implications may be overlooked, and literal translations can present a host of difficulties. Some language pairs are very difficult to translate, while others, usually in more similar languages, are much easier (Sechrest, Fay and Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental difficulties can be traced to the underlying linguistic commonalities between the languages, there may be a more elusive cultural and ecological basis for difficulty in translation. It would be interesting to test how much of the variance in communication could be accounted for by the ease with which the languages in question could be translated into one another.
Although it may facilitate cross-cultural translations, similarity of languages and cultures also increases the likelihood that communicators will erroneously assume similarity of meanings. This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general, cross-cultural miscommunication can be thought to derive from the mistaken belief that emics are etics, that words and deeds mean the same thing across cultures, and this miscalculation is perhaps more likely when cultures are similar in surface attributes but different in important underlying ways. In this case miscommunication may occur instead of non-communication.

(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html )

According to Oxford (1989, p. 172), “Background knowledge of the new culture often helps learners understand better what is heard or read in the new language.” Such knowledge is usually promoted by learning strategies referred by the author as

Alternativas
Q2914041
Inglês Aspectos linguísticos | Linguistic aspects , Pronúncia e Som | Pronunciation and Sound ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FADESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA Prova: FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914041 Inglês

THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.


A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings

Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener. Sustainable error free communication is rare, and in most human interactions there is some degree of miscommunication.
The message sent from speaker to listener contains a wide array of features, such as words, grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice, emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language, and the interpretation requires the listener to attend to all of these features, while at the same time constructing an understanding of the speaker's intentions, emotions, politeness, seriousness, character, beliefs, priorities, motivations, and style of communicating. In addition, the listener must also evaluate whether the utterance is a question or a statement and how and to what extent a statement matters to the speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each of the components of the communication provides one or more kind of information. Words convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body language communicates "requests versus commands, the stages of greeting, and turn-taking" (Schneller 1988, p. 154).
Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures. For example, in some countries it is polite to refuse the first few offers of refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their U.S. host or hostess never presented a third offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In understanding communication, a listener must pay attention not just to what is said and when, but also to how many times something is said, under what circumstances, and by whom. Given all this complexity, the reason human communication can often succeed is because people learn how to communicate and understand through interacting with one another throughout their lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that culture and socialization are critical determinants of communication and interpretation. "The entire inference process, from observation through categorization is a function of one's socialization" Detweiler (1975). Socialization influences how input will be received, and how perceptions will be organized conceptually and associated with memories.

The importance of culture to communication

Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation. The interpretation of communicative intent is not predictable on the basis of referential meaning alone. Matters of context, social presuppositions, knowledge of the world, and individual background all play an important role in interpretation (Gumperz, 1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can have difficulty with cross-cultural translations. There may not be corresponding words or equivalent concepts in both cultures, jokes and implications may be overlooked, and literal translations can present a host of difficulties. Some language pairs are very difficult to translate, while others, usually in more similar languages, are much easier (Sechrest, Fay and Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental difficulties can be traced to the underlying linguistic commonalities between the languages, there may be a more elusive cultural and ecological basis for difficulty in translation. It would be interesting to test how much of the variance in communication could be accounted for by the ease with which the languages in question could be translated into one another.
Although it may facilitate cross-cultural translations, similarity of languages and cultures also increases the likelihood that communicators will erroneously assume similarity of meanings. This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general, cross-cultural miscommunication can be thought to derive from the mistaken belief that emics are etics, that words and deeds mean the same thing across cultures, and this miscalculation is perhaps more likely when cultures are similar in surface attributes but different in important underlying ways. In this case miscommunication may occur instead of non-communication.

(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html )

The {-s} plural morpheme in the underlined word in “Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation” has the same pronunciation of the one in the underlined word in alternative

Alternativas
Respostas
66: D
67: B
68: D
69: B
70: D
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