Questões de Concurso Comentadas para decea

          Repliee is more than a humanoid robot ? it is an
     honest-to-goodness android, so lifelike that it seems like
     a real person. It has moist lips, glossy hair and vivid
     eyes that blink slowly. Seated on a stool with hands
 5    folded primly on its lap at the 2005 World Exposition in
     Japan's Aichi prefecture, it wore a bright pink blazer and
     gray slacks. For a mesmerizing few seconds from several
     meters away, Repliee was virtually indistinguishable from
     an ordinary woman in her 30s. In fact, it was a copy of
 10    one.
          Japan is proud of the most advanced humanoids in
     the world, which are expected to eventually be used as
     the workforce diminishes among the decreasing and aging
     population. But why build a robot with pigmented silicone
 15    skin, smooth gestures and even makeup? To Repliee's
     creator, Hiroshi Ishiguro, Director of Osaka University's
     Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, the answer is simple:
     "Android science."
          Besides the justification for making robots
 20    anthropomorphic and bipedal so they can work in human
     environments with architectural features such as stairs,
     Ishiguro believes that people respond better to very
     humanlike automatons. Androids can thus elicit the most
     natural communication. "Appearance is very important
 25    to have better interpersonal relationships with a robot,"
     says the 42-year-old Ishiguro. "Robots are information
     media, especially humanoid robots. Their main role in
     our future is to interact naturally with people."
          Mild colorblindness forced Ishiguro to abandon his
 30    aspirations of a career as an oil painter. Drawn to
     computer and robot vision instead, he built a guide robot
     for the blind as an undergraduate at the University of
     Yamanashi. A fan of the android character Data from the
     Star Trek franchise, he sees robots as the ideal vehicle
 35    to understand more about ourselves.
          To imitate human looks and behavior successfully,
     Ishiguro combines robotics with cognitive science. In turn,
     cognitive science research can use the robot to study
     human perception, communication and other faculties.
 40    This novel cross-fertilization is what Ishiguro describes
     as android science. In a 2005 paper, he and his
     collaborators explained it thus: "To make the android
     humanlike, we must investigate human activity from the
     standpoint of cognitive science, behavioral science and
 45    neuroscience, and to evaluate human activity, we need
     to implement processes that support it in the android."
          One key strategy in Ishiguro's approach is to model
     his artificial creations on real people. He began research
     four years ago with his then four-year-old daughter,
 50    casting a rudimentary android from her body, but its
     mechanisms resulted in strange, unnatural motion.
          Humanlike robots run the risk of compromising
     people's comfort zones. Because the android's
     appearance is very similar to that of a human, any subtle
 55    differences in motion and responses will make it seem
     strange. Repliee, though, is so lifelike that it has
     overcome the creepiness factor, partly because of the
     natural way it moves.
          Ishiguro wants his next android, a male, to be as
 60    authentic as possible. The model? Himself. The scientist
     thinks having a robot clone could ease his busy schedule:
     he could dispatch it to classes and meetings and then
     teleconference through it. "My question has always been,
     Why are we living, and what is human?" he says. An
 65    Ishiguro made of circuitry and silicone might soon be
     answering his own questions.

adapted from www.scientificamerican.com - May 2006

Texto II
A nuvem como guia

          Quando eu era criança, morava na Penha. Em
     minha casa, havia quintal. Deitado na grama, eu via
     estrelas, cometas, asteróides: via até a ponta das
     barbas brancas de Deus. Em dia de lua cheia, via até
5     seu sorriso, encimando o bigode branco. As estrelas
     eram tantas que pareciam confetes e lantejoulas, em noite
     de terça-feira gorda. Brilhavam forte, com brilho que hoje
     já não se vê: a luz foi soterrada no céu sombrio pela
     poluição galopante, estufa onde nos esturricaremos todos
10     como torresmos, sem remissão, se os países poluentes
     continuarem sua obra sufocante.
          Na Praia das Morenas, no fim da minha rua,
     tropeçando em siris e caranguejos - naquele tempo
     havia até água-viva na Baía de Guanabara; hoje, nem
15     morta! - eu via barcos de pescadores e peixes
     contorcionistas, mordendo as redes, como borboletas em
     teias de aranha - que ainda existiam naqueles tempos,
     aranhas e borboletas.
          Criança, eu pensava: como seria possível aos
20     pescadores velejar tão longe da areia, perder-se da
     nossa vista, perder-se no mar onde só havia vento em
     ritmos tonitruantes, onde as ondas eram todas iguais,
     sem traços distintivos, feitas da mesma água e mesma
     espuma e, encharcados de tempestades, encontrar o
25     caminho de volta?
          Meu pai explicava: os pescadores olhavam as
     estrelas, guias seguras, honestas, que indicavam o
     caminho de suas choupanas, na praia. Eu olhava o céu
     e via que as estrelas se moviam, e me afligia: talvez
30     enganassem os pescadores. Meu pai esclarecia: os
     pescadores haviam aprendido os movimentos estelares,
     e as estrelas tinham hábitos inabaláveis, confiáveis, eram
     sérias, seguiam sempre os mesmos caminhos seguros.
    
BOAL, Augusto. (adaptado).