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Q2917217
Português Interpretação de Textos , Sintaxe , Orações subordinadas adverbiais: Causal, Comparativa, Consecutiva, Concessiva, Condicional... , Noções Gerais de Compreensão e Interpretação de Texto
Ano: 2008 Banca: IPAD Órgão: Prefeitura de Recife - PE Prova: IPAD - 2008 - Prefeitura de Recife - PE - Agente Operacional |
Q2917217 Português

Texto 1

O cativeiro

O Zoológico de Sapucaia do Sul abrigou um dia um macaco chamado Alemão. Em um domingo de sol, Alemão conseguiu abrir o cadeado e escapou. Ele tinha o largo horizonte do mundo à sua espera. Tinha as árvores do bosque ao alcance de seus dedos. Tinha o vento sussurrando promessas em seus ouvidos. Alemão tinha tudo isso. Ele passara a vida tentando abrir aquele cadeado. Quando conseguiu, virou as costas. Em vez de mergulhar na liberdade, desconhecida e sem garantias, Alemão caminhou até o restaurante lotado de visitantes. Pegou uma cerveja e ficou bebericando no balcão. Os humanos fugiram apavorados.

Por que fugiram?

O macaco havia virado homem.

O perturbador desta história real não é a semelhança entre o homem e o macaco. Tudo isso é tão velho quanto Darwin. O aterrador é que, como homem, o macaco virou as costas para a liberdade. E foi ao bar beber uma.

(...) BRUM, Eliane. A vida que ninguém vê. Porto Alegre: Arquipélago, 2006. p. 54. (fragmento)

Em “Tudo isso é tão velho quanto Darwin”, está explicitada uma relação de:

Alternativas
Q2916890
Português Pontuação , Uso da Vírgula , Uso do ponto, do ponto de exclamação e do ponto de interrogação ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FEPESE Órgão: UFFS Prova: FEPESE - 2012 - UFFS - Revisor de Texto |
Q2916890 Português

Analise com atenção as frases abaixo.

1. Os escritores aterrorizados, acreditam firmemente que existe uma conspiração de revisores contra eles.

2. Os escritores, aterrorizados, acreditam firmemente que existe uma conspiração de revisores contra eles.

3. Aterrorizados, os escritores acreditam firmemente que existe uma conspiração de revisores contra eles.

4. Os escritores, aterrorizados, acreditam firmemente que existe, uma conspiração de revisores contra eles.

5. Aterrorizados os escritores, acreditam firmemente que existe uma conspiração de revisores contra eles.

Assinale a alternativa em que todas frases corretamente pontuadas.

Alternativas
Q2914046
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FADESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA Prova: FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914046 Inglês

THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.


A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings

Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener. Sustainable error free communication is rare, and in most human interactions there is some degree of miscommunication.
The message sent from speaker to listener contains a wide array of features, such as words, grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice, emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language, and the interpretation requires the listener to attend to all of these features, while at the same time constructing an understanding of the speaker's intentions, emotions, politeness, seriousness, character, beliefs, priorities, motivations, and style of communicating. In addition, the listener must also evaluate whether the utterance is a question or a statement and how and to what extent a statement matters to the speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each of the components of the communication provides one or more kind of information. Words convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body language communicates "requests versus commands, the stages of greeting, and turn-taking" (Schneller 1988, p. 154).
Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures. For example, in some countries it is polite to refuse the first few offers of refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their U.S. host or hostess never presented a third offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In understanding communication, a listener must pay attention not just to what is said and when, but also to how many times something is said, under what circumstances, and by whom. Given all this complexity, the reason human communication can often succeed is because people learn how to communicate and understand through interacting with one another throughout their lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that culture and socialization are critical determinants of communication and interpretation. "The entire inference process, from observation through categorization is a function of one's socialization" Detweiler (1975). Socialization influences how input will be received, and how perceptions will be organized conceptually and associated with memories.

The importance of culture to communication

Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation. The interpretation of communicative intent is not predictable on the basis of referential meaning alone. Matters of context, social presuppositions, knowledge of the world, and individual background all play an important role in interpretation (Gumperz, 1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can have difficulty with cross-cultural translations. There may not be corresponding words or equivalent concepts in both cultures, jokes and implications may be overlooked, and literal translations can present a host of difficulties. Some language pairs are very difficult to translate, while others, usually in more similar languages, are much easier (Sechrest, Fay and Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental difficulties can be traced to the underlying linguistic commonalities between the languages, there may be a more elusive cultural and ecological basis for difficulty in translation. It would be interesting to test how much of the variance in communication could be accounted for by the ease with which the languages in question could be translated into one another.
Although it may facilitate cross-cultural translations, similarity of languages and cultures also increases the likelihood that communicators will erroneously assume similarity of meanings. This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general, cross-cultural miscommunication can be thought to derive from the mistaken belief that emics are etics, that words and deeds mean the same thing across cultures, and this miscalculation is perhaps more likely when cultures are similar in surface attributes but different in important underlying ways. In this case miscommunication may occur instead of non-communication.

(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html )

The knowledge the speaker must have to compensate for breakdowns in communication due to limiting conditions in actual communication is labeled by Canale and Swain (1980) as

Alternativas
Q2914043
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FADESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA Prova: FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914043 Inglês

THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.


A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings

Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener. Sustainable error free communication is rare, and in most human interactions there is some degree of miscommunication.
The message sent from speaker to listener contains a wide array of features, such as words, grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice, emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language, and the interpretation requires the listener to attend to all of these features, while at the same time constructing an understanding of the speaker's intentions, emotions, politeness, seriousness, character, beliefs, priorities, motivations, and style of communicating. In addition, the listener must also evaluate whether the utterance is a question or a statement and how and to what extent a statement matters to the speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each of the components of the communication provides one or more kind of information. Words convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body language communicates "requests versus commands, the stages of greeting, and turn-taking" (Schneller 1988, p. 154).
Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures. For example, in some countries it is polite to refuse the first few offers of refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their U.S. host or hostess never presented a third offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In understanding communication, a listener must pay attention not just to what is said and when, but also to how many times something is said, under what circumstances, and by whom. Given all this complexity, the reason human communication can often succeed is because people learn how to communicate and understand through interacting with one another throughout their lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that culture and socialization are critical determinants of communication and interpretation. "The entire inference process, from observation through categorization is a function of one's socialization" Detweiler (1975). Socialization influences how input will be received, and how perceptions will be organized conceptually and associated with memories.

The importance of culture to communication

Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation. The interpretation of communicative intent is not predictable on the basis of referential meaning alone. Matters of context, social presuppositions, knowledge of the world, and individual background all play an important role in interpretation (Gumperz, 1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can have difficulty with cross-cultural translations. There may not be corresponding words or equivalent concepts in both cultures, jokes and implications may be overlooked, and literal translations can present a host of difficulties. Some language pairs are very difficult to translate, while others, usually in more similar languages, are much easier (Sechrest, Fay and Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental difficulties can be traced to the underlying linguistic commonalities between the languages, there may be a more elusive cultural and ecological basis for difficulty in translation. It would be interesting to test how much of the variance in communication could be accounted for by the ease with which the languages in question could be translated into one another.
Although it may facilitate cross-cultural translations, similarity of languages and cultures also increases the likelihood that communicators will erroneously assume similarity of meanings. This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general, cross-cultural miscommunication can be thought to derive from the mistaken belief that emics are etics, that words and deeds mean the same thing across cultures, and this miscalculation is perhaps more likely when cultures are similar in surface attributes but different in important underlying ways. In this case miscommunication may occur instead of non-communication.

(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html )

According to Oxford (1989, p. 172), “Background knowledge of the new culture often helps learners understand better what is heard or read in the new language.” Such knowledge is usually promoted by learning strategies referred by the author as

Alternativas
Q2914041
Inglês Aspectos linguísticos | Linguistic aspects , Pronúncia e Som | Pronunciation and Sound ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FADESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA Prova: FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914041 Inglês

THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.


A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings

Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener. Sustainable error free communication is rare, and in most human interactions there is some degree of miscommunication.
The message sent from speaker to listener contains a wide array of features, such as words, grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice, emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language, and the interpretation requires the listener to attend to all of these features, while at the same time constructing an understanding of the speaker's intentions, emotions, politeness, seriousness, character, beliefs, priorities, motivations, and style of communicating. In addition, the listener must also evaluate whether the utterance is a question or a statement and how and to what extent a statement matters to the speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each of the components of the communication provides one or more kind of information. Words convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body language communicates "requests versus commands, the stages of greeting, and turn-taking" (Schneller 1988, p. 154).
Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures. For example, in some countries it is polite to refuse the first few offers of refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their U.S. host or hostess never presented a third offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In understanding communication, a listener must pay attention not just to what is said and when, but also to how many times something is said, under what circumstances, and by whom. Given all this complexity, the reason human communication can often succeed is because people learn how to communicate and understand through interacting with one another throughout their lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that culture and socialization are critical determinants of communication and interpretation. "The entire inference process, from observation through categorization is a function of one's socialization" Detweiler (1975). Socialization influences how input will be received, and how perceptions will be organized conceptually and associated with memories.

The importance of culture to communication

Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation. The interpretation of communicative intent is not predictable on the basis of referential meaning alone. Matters of context, social presuppositions, knowledge of the world, and individual background all play an important role in interpretation (Gumperz, 1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can have difficulty with cross-cultural translations. There may not be corresponding words or equivalent concepts in both cultures, jokes and implications may be overlooked, and literal translations can present a host of difficulties. Some language pairs are very difficult to translate, while others, usually in more similar languages, are much easier (Sechrest, Fay and Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental difficulties can be traced to the underlying linguistic commonalities between the languages, there may be a more elusive cultural and ecological basis for difficulty in translation. It would be interesting to test how much of the variance in communication could be accounted for by the ease with which the languages in question could be translated into one another.
Although it may facilitate cross-cultural translations, similarity of languages and cultures also increases the likelihood that communicators will erroneously assume similarity of meanings. This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general, cross-cultural miscommunication can be thought to derive from the mistaken belief that emics are etics, that words and deeds mean the same thing across cultures, and this miscalculation is perhaps more likely when cultures are similar in surface attributes but different in important underlying ways. In this case miscommunication may occur instead of non-communication.

(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html )

The {-s} plural morpheme in the underlined word in “Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation” has the same pronunciation of the one in the underlined word in alternative

Alternativas
Q2914022
Inglês Verbos | Verbs , Infinitivo e gerúndio | Infinitive and gerund ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FADESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA Prova: FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914022 Inglês

THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.


A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings

Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener. Sustainable error free communication is rare, and in most human interactions there is some degree of miscommunication.
The message sent from speaker to listener contains a wide array of features, such as words, grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice, emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language, and the interpretation requires the listener to attend to all of these features, while at the same time constructing an understanding of the speaker's intentions, emotions, politeness, seriousness, character, beliefs, priorities, motivations, and style of communicating. In addition, the listener must also evaluate whether the utterance is a question or a statement and how and to what extent a statement matters to the speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each of the components of the communication provides one or more kind of information. Words convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body language communicates "requests versus commands, the stages of greeting, and turn-taking" (Schneller 1988, p. 154).
Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures. For example, in some countries it is polite to refuse the first few offers of refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their U.S. host or hostess never presented a third offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In understanding communication, a listener must pay attention not just to what is said and when, but also to how many times something is said, under what circumstances, and by whom. Given all this complexity, the reason human communication can often succeed is because people learn how to communicate and understand through interacting with one another throughout their lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that culture and socialization are critical determinants of communication and interpretation. "The entire inference process, from observation through categorization is a function of one's socialization" Detweiler (1975). Socialization influences how input will be received, and how perceptions will be organized conceptually and associated with memories.

The importance of culture to communication

Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation. The interpretation of communicative intent is not predictable on the basis of referential meaning alone. Matters of context, social presuppositions, knowledge of the world, and individual background all play an important role in interpretation (Gumperz, 1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can have difficulty with cross-cultural translations. There may not be corresponding words or equivalent concepts in both cultures, jokes and implications may be overlooked, and literal translations can present a host of difficulties. Some language pairs are very difficult to translate, while others, usually in more similar languages, are much easier (Sechrest, Fay and Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental difficulties can be traced to the underlying linguistic commonalities between the languages, there may be a more elusive cultural and ecological basis for difficulty in translation. It would be interesting to test how much of the variance in communication could be accounted for by the ease with which the languages in question could be translated into one another.
Although it may facilitate cross-cultural translations, similarity of languages and cultures also increases the likelihood that communicators will erroneously assume similarity of meanings. This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general, cross-cultural miscommunication can be thought to derive from the mistaken belief that emics are etics, that words and deeds mean the same thing across cultures, and this miscalculation is perhaps more likely when cultures are similar in surface attributes but different in important underlying ways. In this case miscommunication may occur instead of non-communication.

(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html )

The inflectional {-ing} morpheme is found in the underlined word in alternative

Alternativas
Q2914007
Inglês Artigos | Articles ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FADESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA Prova: FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2914007 Inglês

THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.


A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings

Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener. Sustainable error free communication is rare, and in most human interactions there is some degree of miscommunication.
The message sent from speaker to listener contains a wide array of features, such as words, grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice, emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language, and the interpretation requires the listener to attend to all of these features, while at the same time constructing an understanding of the speaker's intentions, emotions, politeness, seriousness, character, beliefs, priorities, motivations, and style of communicating. In addition, the listener must also evaluate whether the utterance is a question or a statement and how and to what extent a statement matters to the speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each of the components of the communication provides one or more kind of information. Words convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body language communicates "requests versus commands, the stages of greeting, and turn-taking" (Schneller 1988, p. 154).
Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures. For example, in some countries it is polite to refuse the first few offers of refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their U.S. host or hostess never presented a third offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In understanding communication, a listener must pay attention not just to what is said and when, but also to how many times something is said, under what circumstances, and by whom. Given all this complexity, the reason human communication can often succeed is because people learn how to communicate and understand through interacting with one another throughout their lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that culture and socialization are critical determinants of communication and interpretation. "The entire inference process, from observation through categorization is a function of one's socialization" Detweiler (1975). Socialization influences how input will be received, and how perceptions will be organized conceptually and associated with memories.

The importance of culture to communication

Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation. The interpretation of communicative intent is not predictable on the basis of referential meaning alone. Matters of context, social presuppositions, knowledge of the world, and individual background all play an important role in interpretation (Gumperz, 1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can have difficulty with cross-cultural translations. There may not be corresponding words or equivalent concepts in both cultures, jokes and implications may be overlooked, and literal translations can present a host of difficulties. Some language pairs are very difficult to translate, while others, usually in more similar languages, are much easier (Sechrest, Fay and Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental difficulties can be traced to the underlying linguistic commonalities between the languages, there may be a more elusive cultural and ecological basis for difficulty in translation. It would be interesting to test how much of the variance in communication could be accounted for by the ease with which the languages in question could be translated into one another.
Although it may facilitate cross-cultural translations, similarity of languages and cultures also increases the likelihood that communicators will erroneously assume similarity of meanings. This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general, cross-cultural miscommunication can be thought to derive from the mistaken belief that emics are etics, that words and deeds mean the same thing across cultures, and this miscalculation is perhaps more likely when cultures are similar in surface attributes but different in important underlying ways. In this case miscommunication may occur instead of non-communication.

(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html )

Check the alternative in which the underlined utterance has the same grammatical function of the underlined one in “Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener”.

Alternativas
Q2913999
Inglês Pronomes | Pronouns , Pronome objetivo | Objective pronoun ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FADESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA Prova: FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2913999 Inglês

THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.


A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings

Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener. Sustainable error free communication is rare, and in most human interactions there is some degree of miscommunication.
The message sent from speaker to listener contains a wide array of features, such as words, grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice, emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language, and the interpretation requires the listener to attend to all of these features, while at the same time constructing an understanding of the speaker's intentions, emotions, politeness, seriousness, character, beliefs, priorities, motivations, and style of communicating. In addition, the listener must also evaluate whether the utterance is a question or a statement and how and to what extent a statement matters to the speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each of the components of the communication provides one or more kind of information. Words convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body language communicates "requests versus commands, the stages of greeting, and turn-taking" (Schneller 1988, p. 154).
Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures. For example, in some countries it is polite to refuse the first few offers of refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their U.S. host or hostess never presented a third offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In understanding communication, a listener must pay attention not just to what is said and when, but also to how many times something is said, under what circumstances, and by whom. Given all this complexity, the reason human communication can often succeed is because people learn how to communicate and understand through interacting with one another throughout their lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that culture and socialization are critical determinants of communication and interpretation. "The entire inference process, from observation through categorization is a function of one's socialization" Detweiler (1975). Socialization influences how input will be received, and how perceptions will be organized conceptually and associated with memories.

The importance of culture to communication

Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation. The interpretation of communicative intent is not predictable on the basis of referential meaning alone. Matters of context, social presuppositions, knowledge of the world, and individual background all play an important role in interpretation (Gumperz, 1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can have difficulty with cross-cultural translations. There may not be corresponding words or equivalent concepts in both cultures, jokes and implications may be overlooked, and literal translations can present a host of difficulties. Some language pairs are very difficult to translate, while others, usually in more similar languages, are much easier (Sechrest, Fay and Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental difficulties can be traced to the underlying linguistic commonalities between the languages, there may be a more elusive cultural and ecological basis for difficulty in translation. It would be interesting to test how much of the variance in communication could be accounted for by the ease with which the languages in question could be translated into one another.
Although it may facilitate cross-cultural translations, similarity of languages and cultures also increases the likelihood that communicators will erroneously assume similarity of meanings. This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general, cross-cultural miscommunication can be thought to derive from the mistaken belief that emics are etics, that words and deeds mean the same thing across cultures, and this miscalculation is perhaps more likely when cultures are similar in surface attributes but different in important underlying ways. In this case miscommunication may occur instead of non-communication.

(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html )

The pronoun them in “This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message” refers to

Alternativas
Q2913987
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2012 Banca: FADESP Órgão: Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA Prova: FADESP - 2012 - Prefeitura de Alenquer - PA - Professor - Língua Inglesa |
Q2913987 Inglês

THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.


A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings

Successful communication between human beings, either within a culture or between cultures, requires that the message and meaning intended by the speaker is correctly received and interpreted by the listener. Sustainable error free communication is rare, and in most human interactions there is some degree of miscommunication.
The message sent from speaker to listener contains a wide array of features, such as words, grammar, syntax, idioms, tone of voice, emphasis, speed, emotion, and body language, and the interpretation requires the listener to attend to all of these features, while at the same time constructing an understanding of the speaker's intentions, emotions, politeness, seriousness, character, beliefs, priorities, motivations, and style of communicating. In addition, the listener must also evaluate whether the utterance is a question or a statement and how and to what extent a statement matters to the speaker (Maltz and Borker, 1982).
Each of the components of the communication provides one or more kind of information. Words convey abstract logic, tone of voice conveys attitudes, emotions and emphases, and body language communicates "requests versus commands, the stages of greeting, and turn-taking" (Schneller 1988, p. 154).
Even assuming that words and body language were perfectly understood, there is more information necessary to successfully communicate across cultures. For example, in some countries it is polite to refuse the first few offers of refreshment: "Many foreign guests have gone hungry because their U.S. host or hostess never presented a third offer" (Samovar and Porter 1988, p. 326). In understanding communication, a listener must pay attention not just to what is said and when, but also to how many times something is said, under what circumstances, and by whom. Given all this complexity, the reason human communication can often succeed is because people learn how to communicate and understand through interacting with one another throughout their lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that culture and socialization are critical determinants of communication and interpretation. "The entire inference process, from observation through categorization is a function of one's socialization" Detweiler (1975). Socialization influences how input will be received, and how perceptions will be organized conceptually and associated with memories.

The importance of culture to communication

Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation. The interpretation of communicative intent is not predictable on the basis of referential meaning alone. Matters of context, social presuppositions, knowledge of the world, and individual background all play an important role in interpretation (Gumperz, 1978b).
Even knowledgeable translators can have difficulty with cross-cultural translations. There may not be corresponding words or equivalent concepts in both cultures, jokes and implications may be overlooked, and literal translations can present a host of difficulties. Some language pairs are very difficult to translate, while others, usually in more similar languages, are much easier (Sechrest, Fay and Zaidi 1988).
While some of the incremental difficulties can be traced to the underlying linguistic commonalities between the languages, there may be a more elusive cultural and ecological basis for difficulty in translation. It would be interesting to test how much of the variance in communication could be accounted for by the ease with which the languages in question could be translated into one another.
Although it may facilitate cross-cultural translations, similarity of languages and cultures also increases the likelihood that communicators will erroneously assume similarity of meanings. This may make them more likely to misunderstand speech and behavior without being aware that they may have misinterpreted the speaker's message.
In general, cross-cultural miscommunication can be thought to derive from the mistaken belief that emics are etics, that words and deeds mean the same thing across cultures, and this miscalculation is perhaps more likely when cultures are similar in surface attributes but different in important underlying ways. In this case miscommunication may occur instead of non-communication.

(http://www.dattnerconsulting.com/cross.html )

According to the text A Framework for Understanding Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings, human communication

Alternativas
Q2913487
Português Morfologia , Estrutura das Palavras: Radical, Desinência, Prefixo e Sufixo ,
Ano: 2006 Banca: FJPF Órgão: CONAB Provas: FJPF - 2006 - CONAB - Analista - O&M | FJPF - 2006 - CONAB - Engenheiro Agrônomo | FJPF - 2006 - CONAB - Analista de Recursos Humanos |
Q2913487 Português
O par de vocábulos derivados cujos sufixos acrescentam às formas primitivas noções inteiramente diversas é:
Alternativas
Q2912712
Português Sintaxe , Análise sintática , Vocativo e Termos Acessórios da Oração: Adjunto Adnominal, Diferença entre Adjunto Adnominal e Complemento Nominal, Adjunto Adverbial e Aposto ,
Ano: 2011 Banca: FUMARC Órgão: Câmara Municipal de Presidente Olegário - MG Provas: FUMARC - 2011 - Câmara Municipal de Presidente Olegário - MG - Secretária | FUMARC - 2011 - Câmara Municipal de Presidente Olegário - MG - Assistente Administrativo |
Q2912712 Português

HISTÓRIA E CULTURA DE PRESIDENTE OLEGÁRIO

O calendário de eventos da cidade de Presidente Olegário conta com algumas festas, religiosas e profanas. O evento de maior tradição é a Festa de Nossa Senhora da Abadia de Andrequicé, localidade situada cerca de 60 km da sede; esta festa acontece no mês de agosto, e a comemoração propriamente dita tem lugar no dia 15 deste mês. É importante lembrar que a Romaria de Andrequicé (festa irmã da Romaria de Água Suja), tem origens no final do século XIX, quando da doação do terreno e início das celebrações e peregrinações em homenagem à Nossa Senhora da Abadia.

Nos dias hodiernos, a romaria conta com a presença de romeiros de diferentes partes do Estado de Minas Gerais e de filhos da terra residentes em outros estados e distritos. Ainda no âmbito das festas religiosas, durante o mês de janeiro, o município conta com uma gama de Folias de Reis, realizadas em diferentes localidades rurais e no distrito sede. Em janeiro acontece também a Festa em Louvor a São Sebastião, que tem lugar na localidade de Pissarrão. Até bem pouco tempo, contávamos ainda com a Congada em Louvor a Nossa Senhora do Rosário, festa bonita e interessante por sua natureza e constituição mas que, por motivos outros, deixou de acontecer nesta cidade gloriosa e triste pelo esquecimento de algumas tradições.

Outra tradição que malgradamente caiu no ocaso foi a bela Contradança dos Godinhos, folguedo iniciado em princípios do século XX pela família que dá nome à dança e que transita entre o sagrado e o profano, constituindo um joguete em que homens constituem pares nos quais a outra parte é um homem vestido de mulher (talvez em protesto ao arraigado patriarcalismo católico cristão do estado das Gerais), dançando ao som de uma sanfona, baixos e um violão e ciceroneados por um palhaço. É interessante notar que a profanação está justamente no vestir-se de mulher e questionar os tabus estabelecidos pelos costumes civeis e religiosos e a sagração, ou seja, a manteneção do sagrado nos símbolos sagrados do catolicismo estampados nas vestimentas dos participantes. A tradição, infelizmente, vem se perdendo, em parte por falta de investimentos de recursos públicos, através das secretarias de cultura, em parte pelo crescente afastamento das gerações hodiernas em manifestações culturais tradicionais, de forma que há apenas uma pessoa que ainda detém parte do conhecimento desta Contradança.

Outra interessante Festa, que vem perdendo, infelizmente, suas forças ao longo dos anos, é a Festa da Produção, durante a qual o município, através da Prefeitura Municipal e do Sindicado dos Produtores Rurais, expõe, discute e negocia os produtos agropecuários da cidade, além de promover shows musicais no parque de exposições e atrações culturais em diferentes pontos da cidade. Infelizmente, como fora dito, esta festa também tem perdido suas forças, mas nada que não possa ser resolvido com força de vontade e investimentos efetivos nos setores de educação e cultura, principalmente.

No distrito da Galena também existe uma festa tradicional que é a Festa de Reis, em devoção aos Três Reis que visitaram o menino Jesus após o seu nascimento, ela acontece a partir do dia 25 de dezembro, quando começa a visita da folia nas casas e nas fazendas e no dia 05 de janeiro (dia dos Santos Reis) o dia da Festa, quando todos se reunem para rezar e comemorar o dia dos Santos Reis.

(Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre)

Em todas as alternativas, a circunstância expressa pelo termo ou expressão destacada foi corretamente identificada, EXCETO em

Alternativas
Q2912445
Português Morfologia , Formação das Palavras: Composição, Derivação, Hibridismo, Onomatopeia e Abreviação ,
Ano: 2010 Banca: FUNCAB Órgão: IDAF-ES Prova: FUNCAB - 2010 - IDAF-ES - Técnico em Agropecuária |
Q2912445 Português

Leia o texto abaixo e responda às questões propostas.


Fala, amendoeira


Este ofício de rabiscar sobre as coisas do tempo exige que prestemos alguma atenção à natureza – essa natureza que não presta atenção em nós. Abrindo a janela matinal, o cronista reparou no firmamento, que seria de uma safira impecável se não houvesse a longa barra de névoa a toldar a linha entre céu e chão – névoa baixa e seca, hostil aos aviões. Pousou a vista, depois, nas árvores que algum remoto prefeito deu à rua, e que ainda ninguém se lembrou de arrancar, talvez porque haja outras destruições mais urgentes. Estavam todas verdes menos uma. Uma que, precisamente, lá está plantada em frente à porta, companheira mais chegada de um homem e sua vida, espécie de anjo vegetal proposto ao seu destino.

Essa árvore de certo modo incorporada aos bens pessoais, alguns fios elétricos lhe atravessam a fronde, sem que a molestem, e a luz crua do projetor, a dois passos, a impediria talvez de dormir, se ela fosse mais nova. Às terças, pela manhã, o feirante nela encosta sua barraca, e, ao entardecer, cada dia, garotos procuram subir-lhe o tronco. Nenhum desses incômodos lhe afeta a placidez de árvore madura e magra, que já viu muita chuva, muito cortejo de casamento, muitos enterros, e serve há longos anos à necessidade de sombra que têm os amantes de rua, e mesmo a outras precisões mais humildes de cãezinhos transeuntes.

Todas estavam ainda verdes, mas essa ostentava algumas folhas amarelas e outras já estriadas de vermelho, numa gradação fantasista que chegava mesmo até o marrom – cor final de decomposição, depois da qual as folhas caem. Pequenas amêndoas atestavam o seu esforço, e também elas se preparavam para ganhar coloração dourada e, por sua vez, completado o ciclo, tombar sobre o meio-fio, se não as colhe algum moleque apreciador do seu azedinho. E como o cronista lhe perguntasse – fala, amendoeira – por que fugia ao rito de suas irmãs, adotando vestes assim particulares, a árvore pareceu explicar-lhe:

– Não vês? Começo a outonear. É 21 de março, data em que as folhinhas assinalam o equinócio do outono. Cumpro meu dever de árvore, embora minhas irmãs não respeitem as estações.

– E vais outoneando sozinha?

– Na medida do possível. Anda tudo muito desorganizado, e, como deves notar, trago comigo um resto de verão, uma antecipação de primavera e mesmo, se reparares bem neste ventinho que me fustiga pela madrugada, uma suspeita de inverno.

– Somos todos assim.

– Os homens, não. Em ti, por exemplo, o outono é manifesto e exclusivo. Acho-te bem outonal, meu filho, e teu trabalho é exatamente o que os autores chamam de outonada: são frutos colhidos numa hora da vida que já não é clara, mas ainda não se dilui em treva. Repara que o outono é mais estação da alma que da natureza.

– Não me entristeças

– Não, querido, sou tua árvore da guarda e simbolizo teu outono pessoal. Quero apenas que te outonizes com paciência e doçura. O dardo de luz fere menos, a chuva dá às frutas seu definitivo sabor. As folhas caem, é certo, e os cabelos também, mas há alguma coisa de gracioso em tudo isso: parábolas, ritmos, tons suaves... Outoniza-te com dignidade, meu velho.

(Carlos Drummond de Andrade)


O substantivo meio-fio foi formado pelo processo de:

Alternativas
Q2911793
Espanhol Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de Lectura ,
Ano: 2010 Banca: FUNIVERSA Órgão: SEPLAG-DF Prova: FUNIVERSA - 2010 - SEPLAG-DF - Professor - Língua Espanhola |
Q2911793 Espanhol

Texto VII, para responder las preguntas de 46 a 50.

1 Masculinidad y feminidad, juventud y senectud, son dos parejas de potencias antagónicas. Vienen a ser como estilos

diversos del vivir. Y como todos coexisten en cualquier instante de la historia, se produce entre ellos una colisión, un forcejeo

en que intenta cada cual arrastrar en su sentido, íntegra, la existencia humana. Para comprender bien una época es preciso

4 determinar la ecuación dinámica que en ella dan esas cuatro potencias. Es sobremanera interesante perseguir en los siglos

los desplazamientos del poder hacia una u otra de esas potencias. Entonces se advierte lo que de antemano debía

presumirse: que, siendo rítmica toda vida, lo es también la histórica, y que los ritmos fundamentales son precisamente los

7 biológicos; es decir, que hay épocas en que predominan lo masculino y otras señoreadas por los instintos de la feminidad, que

hay tiempos de jóvenes y tiempos de viejos.

Idem, ibidem.

Considerando su forma y estilo la función central del texto es

Alternativas
Q2911792
Espanhol Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de Lectura , Vocabulário | Vocabulario , Significação Contextual de Palavras e Expressões | Significacción Contextual de Palabras y Expresiones ,
Ano: 2010 Banca: FUNIVERSA Órgão: SEPLAG-DF Prova: FUNIVERSA - 2010 - SEPLAG-DF - Professor - Língua Espanhola |
Q2911792 Espanhol

Texto VII, para responder las preguntas de 46 a 50.

1 Masculinidad y feminidad, juventud y senectud, son dos parejas de potencias antagónicas. Vienen a ser como estilos

diversos del vivir. Y como todos coexisten en cualquier instante de la historia, se produce entre ellos una colisión, un forcejeo

en que intenta cada cual arrastrar en su sentido, íntegra, la existencia humana. Para comprender bien una época es preciso

4 determinar la ecuación dinámica que en ella dan esas cuatro potencias. Es sobremanera interesante perseguir en los siglos

los desplazamientos del poder hacia una u otra de esas potencias. Entonces se advierte lo que de antemano debía

presumirse: que, siendo rítmica toda vida, lo es también la histórica, y que los ritmos fundamentales son precisamente los

7 biológicos; es decir, que hay épocas en que predominan lo masculino y otras señoreadas por los instintos de la feminidad, que

hay tiempos de jóvenes y tiempos de viejos.

Idem, ibidem.

El vocablo “Entonces” (línea 5) equivale a

Alternativas
Q2911774
Espanhol Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de Lectura , Vocabulário | Vocabulario , Sinônimos | Sinónimo ,
Ano: 2010 Banca: FUNIVERSA Órgão: SEPLAG-DF Prova: FUNIVERSA - 2010 - SEPLAG-DF - Professor - Língua Espanhola |
Q2911774 Espanhol

Texto VII, para responder las preguntas de 46 a 50.

1 Masculinidad y feminidad, juventud y senectud, son dos parejas de potencias antagónicas. Vienen a ser como estilos

diversos del vivir. Y como todos coexisten en cualquier instante de la historia, se produce entre ellos una colisión, un forcejeo

en que intenta cada cual arrastrar en su sentido, íntegra, la existencia humana. Para comprender bien una época es preciso

4 determinar la ecuación dinámica que en ella dan esas cuatro potencias. Es sobremanera interesante perseguir en los siglos

los desplazamientos del poder hacia una u otra de esas potencias. Entonces se advierte lo que de antemano debía

presumirse: que, siendo rítmica toda vida, lo es también la histórica, y que los ritmos fundamentales son precisamente los

7 biológicos; es decir, que hay épocas en que predominan lo masculino y otras señoreadas por los instintos de la feminidad, que

hay tiempos de jóvenes y tiempos de viejos.

Idem, ibidem.

El sinónimo del vocablo “forcejeo” (línea 2) es

Alternativas
Q2911769
Espanhol Vocabulário | Vocabulario , Preposições | Prepocisiones , Significação Contextual de Palavras e Expressões | Significacción Contextual de Palabras y Expresiones ,
Ano: 2010 Banca: FUNIVERSA Órgão: SEPLAG-DF Prova: FUNIVERSA - 2010 - SEPLAG-DF - Professor - Língua Espanhola |
Q2911769 Espanhol

Texto VII, para responder las preguntas de 46 a 50.

1 Masculinidad y feminidad, juventud y senectud, son dos parejas de potencias antagónicas. Vienen a ser como estilos

diversos del vivir. Y como todos coexisten en cualquier instante de la historia, se produce entre ellos una colisión, un forcejeo

en que intenta cada cual arrastrar en su sentido, íntegra, la existencia humana. Para comprender bien una época es preciso

4 determinar la ecuación dinámica que en ella dan esas cuatro potencias. Es sobremanera interesante perseguir en los siglos

los desplazamientos del poder hacia una u otra de esas potencias. Entonces se advierte lo que de antemano debía

presumirse: que, siendo rítmica toda vida, lo es también la histórica, y que los ritmos fundamentales son precisamente los

7 biológicos; es decir, que hay épocas en que predominan lo masculino y otras señoreadas por los instintos de la feminidad, que

hay tiempos de jóvenes y tiempos de viejos.

Idem, ibidem.

La expresión “Vienen a ser” (línea 1) puede ser sustituida, sin producir alteraciones semánticas o gramaticales, por

Alternativas
Q2911768
Espanhol Acentuação | El Acento y la Tilde ,
Ano: 2010 Banca: FUNIVERSA Órgão: SEPLAG-DF Prova: FUNIVERSA - 2010 - SEPLAG-DF - Professor - Língua Espanhola |
Q2911768 Espanhol

Texto VII, para responder las preguntas de 46 a 50.

1 Masculinidad y feminidad, juventud y senectud, son dos parejas de potencias antagónicas. Vienen a ser como estilos

diversos del vivir. Y como todos coexisten en cualquier instante de la historia, se produce entre ellos una colisión, un forcejeo

en que intenta cada cual arrastrar en su sentido, íntegra, la existencia humana. Para comprender bien una época es preciso

4 determinar la ecuación dinámica que en ella dan esas cuatro potencias. Es sobremanera interesante perseguir en los siglos

los desplazamientos del poder hacia una u otra de esas potencias. Entonces se advierte lo que de antemano debía

presumirse: que, siendo rítmica toda vida, lo es también la histórica, y que los ritmos fundamentales son precisamente los

7 biológicos; es decir, que hay épocas en que predominan lo masculino y otras señoreadas por los instintos de la feminidad, que

hay tiempos de jóvenes y tiempos de viejos.

Idem, ibidem.

El vocablo “antagónicas” (línea 1) se acentúa por

Alternativas
Q2911766
Espanhol Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de Lectura ,
Ano: 2010 Banca: FUNIVERSA Órgão: SEPLAG-DF Prova: FUNIVERSA - 2010 - SEPLAG-DF - Professor - Língua Espanhola |
Q2911766 Espanhol

Texto VI, para responder las preguntas de 38 a 45.

1 Pensando así, había de parecerme sobremanera

verosímil que en los más profundos y amplios fenómenos

históricos aparezca, más o menos claro, el decisivo influjo de

4 las diferencias biológicas más elementales. La vida es

masculina o femenina, es joven o es vieja. ¿Cómo se puede

pensar que estos módulos elementalísimos y divergentes de

7 la vitalidad no sean gigantescos poderes plásticos de la

historia? Fue, a mi juicio, uno de los descubrimientos

sociológicos más importantes el que se hizo, va para treinta

10 años, cuando se advirtió que la organización social más

primitiva no es sino la impronta en la masa colectiva de esas

grandes categorías vitales: sexos y edades. La estructura

13 más primitiva de la sociedad se reduce a dividir los individuos

que la integran en hombres y mujeres, y cada una de estas

clases sexuales en niños, jóvenes y viejos, en clases de

16 edad. Las formas biológicas mismas fueron, por decirlo así,

las primeras instituciones.

Idem, ibidem.

Según el texto la estructura mas primitiva de la sociedad esta compuesta por

Alternativas
Q2911764
Espanhol Interpretação de Texto | Comprensión de Lectura ,
Ano: 2010 Banca: FUNIVERSA Órgão: SEPLAG-DF Prova: FUNIVERSA - 2010 - SEPLAG-DF - Professor - Língua Espanhola |
Q2911764 Espanhol

Texto VI, para responder las preguntas de 38 a 45.

1 Pensando así, había de parecerme sobremanera

verosímil que en los más profundos y amplios fenómenos

históricos aparezca, más o menos claro, el decisivo influjo de

4 las diferencias biológicas más elementales. La vida es

masculina o femenina, es joven o es vieja. ¿Cómo se puede

pensar que estos módulos elementalísimos y divergentes de

7 la vitalidad no sean gigantescos poderes plásticos de la

historia? Fue, a mi juicio, uno de los descubrimientos

sociológicos más importantes el que se hizo, va para treinta

10 años, cuando se advirtió que la organización social más

primitiva no es sino la impronta en la masa colectiva de esas

grandes categorías vitales: sexos y edades. La estructura

13 más primitiva de la sociedad se reduce a dividir los individuos

que la integran en hombres y mujeres, y cada una de estas

clases sexuales en niños, jóvenes y viejos, en clases de

16 edad. Las formas biológicas mismas fueron, por decirlo así,

las primeras instituciones.

Idem, ibidem.

La oración “¿Cómo se puede pensar que estos módulos elementalísimos y divergentes de la vitalidad no sean gigantescos poderes plásticos de la historia?” (líneas de 5 a 8)

Alternativas
Q2911762
Espanhol Pronomes | Pronombres , Pronome Relativo | Pronombres Relativos, Exclamativos e Interrogativos ,
Ano: 2010 Banca: FUNIVERSA Órgão: SEPLAG-DF Prova: FUNIVERSA - 2010 - SEPLAG-DF - Professor - Língua Espanhola |
Q2911762 Espanhol

Texto VI, para responder las preguntas de 38 a 45.

1 Pensando así, había de parecerme sobremanera

verosímil que en los más profundos y amplios fenómenos

históricos aparezca, más o menos claro, el decisivo influjo de

4 las diferencias biológicas más elementales. La vida es

masculina o femenina, es joven o es vieja. ¿Cómo se puede

pensar que estos módulos elementalísimos y divergentes de

7 la vitalidad no sean gigantescos poderes plásticos de la

historia? Fue, a mi juicio, uno de los descubrimientos

sociológicos más importantes el que se hizo, va para treinta

10 años, cuando se advirtió que la organización social más

primitiva no es sino la impronta en la masa colectiva de esas

grandes categorías vitales: sexos y edades. La estructura

13 más primitiva de la sociedad se reduce a dividir los individuos

que la integran en hombres y mujeres, y cada una de estas

clases sexuales en niños, jóvenes y viejos, en clases de

16 edad. Las formas biológicas mismas fueron, por decirlo así,

las primeras instituciones.

Idem, ibidem.

La función gramatical del elemento “que” en la oración “que la integran” (línea 14) es la de

Alternativas
Respostas
1561: D
1562: A
1563: D
1564: B
1565: D
1566: B
1567: C
1568: B
1569: C
1570: E
1571: D
1572: E
1573: A
1574: D
1575: A
1576: D
1577: B
1578: E
1579: C
1580: D
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