Questões de Vestibular UFPR 2010 para Vestibular, Prova 1
Foram encontradas 80 questões
Q1263235
Não definido
Com relação ao Estado Novo, de 1937 a 1945, é correto afirmar:
Q1263236
Não definido
No final dos anos 1960 e início de 1970, a sociedade brasileira experimentou os “anos de chumbo” da ditadura civilmilitar, em especial após o silêncio imposto pelo Ato Institucional no
5, de 1968. No campo cultural, considere as
seguintes afirmativas:
1. A repressão civil-militar fez com que o conflito ideológico da Guerra Fria se esgotasse no Brasil. 2. Houve investimentos massivos nos meios de comunicação de massa, visando a eficácia da propaganda política do regime. 3. Uma das reações à repressão foi a explosão do movimento de consciência negra no Brasil. 4. A censura e a consolidação de novos meios de comunicação de massa provocaram a criação de novos espaços e estilos culturais, como a Tropicália.
Assinale a alternativa correta.
1. A repressão civil-militar fez com que o conflito ideológico da Guerra Fria se esgotasse no Brasil. 2. Houve investimentos massivos nos meios de comunicação de massa, visando a eficácia da propaganda política do regime. 3. Uma das reações à repressão foi a explosão do movimento de consciência negra no Brasil. 4. A censura e a consolidação de novos meios de comunicação de massa provocaram a criação de novos espaços e estilos culturais, como a Tropicália.
Assinale a alternativa correta.
Q1263237
Não definido
“Temos a tendência de pressupor que todas as mudanças que decorreram de um movimento de independência foram para o
melhor. Raramente, por exemplo, consideramos um movimento de independência como uma regressão, um triunfo do
despotismo sobre a liberdade, de um regime imposto sobre um regime representativo. Apesar disso, no caso da
independência do Brasil, essas acusações foram na época imputadas ao novo regime”.
(Adaptado de MAXWELL, K. “Por que o Brasil foi diferente? O contexto da independência”. In: MOTTA, C. G. (org.). Viagem incompleta: a
experiência brasileira. São Paulo: Editora Senac, 2000, p 181.)
Qual dos eventos citados a seguir gerou as acusações mencionadas no texto?
Qual dos eventos citados a seguir gerou as acusações mencionadas no texto?
Q1263238
Não definido
Em 1914, o astrônomo americano Vesto Slipher, analisando o espectro da luz de várias galáxias, constatou que a
grande maioria delas estava se afastando da Via Láctea. Em 1931, o astrônomo Edwin Hubble, fazendo um estudo
mais detalhado, comprovou os resultados de Slipher e ainda chegou a uma relação entre a distância (x) e a
velocidade de afastamento ou recessão (v) das galáxias em relação à Via Láctea, isto é, x = H0-1v. Nessa relação,
conhecida com a Lei de Hubble, H0 é determinado experimentalmente e igual a 75 km/(s.Mpc). Com o auxílio dessas
informações e supondo uma velocidade constante para a recessão das galáxias, é possível calcular a idade do
Universo, isto é, o tempo transcorrido desde o Big Bang (Grande Explosão) até hoje. Considerando 1 pc = 3 × 1016 m,
assinale a alternativa correta para a idade do Universo em horas.
Q1263239
Não definido
No dia 20 de abril de 2010, houve uma explosão numa plataforma petrolífera da British Petroleum, no Golfo do
México, provocando o vazamento de petróleo que se espalhou pelo litoral. O poço está localizado a 1500 m abaixo do
nível do mar, o que dificultou os trabalhos de reparação. Suponha a densidade da água do mar com valor constante e
igual a 1,02 g/cm3
e considere a pressão atmosférica igual a 1,00 × 105
Pa. Com base nesses dados, calcule a pressão
na profundidade em que se encontra o poço e assinale a alternativa correta que fornece em quantas vezes essa
pressão é múltipla da pressão atmosférica.
Q1263240
Não definido
No último campeonato mundial de futebol, ocorrido na África do Sul, a bola utilizada nas partidas, apelidada de
Jabulani, foi alvo de críticas por parte de jogadores e comentaristas. Mas como a bola era a mesma em todos os
jogos, seus efeitos positivos e negativos afetaram todas as seleções. Com relação ao movimento de bolas de futebol
em jogos, considere as seguintes afirmativas:
1. Durante seu movimento no ar, após um chute para o alto, uma bola está sob a ação de três forças: a força peso, a força de atrito com o ar e a força de impulso devido ao chute. 2. Em estádios localizados a grandes altitudes em relação ao nível do mar, a atmosfera é mais rarefeita, e uma bola, ao ser chutada, percorrerá uma distância maior em comparação a um mesmo chute no nível do mar. 3. Em dias chuvosos, ao atingir o gramado encharcado, a bola tem sua velocidade aumentada. 4. Uma bola de futebol, ao ser chutada obliquamente em relação ao solo, executa um movimento aproximadamente parabólico, porém, caso nessa região haja vácuo, ela descreverá um movimento retilíneo.
Assinale a alternativa correta.
1. Durante seu movimento no ar, após um chute para o alto, uma bola está sob a ação de três forças: a força peso, a força de atrito com o ar e a força de impulso devido ao chute. 2. Em estádios localizados a grandes altitudes em relação ao nível do mar, a atmosfera é mais rarefeita, e uma bola, ao ser chutada, percorrerá uma distância maior em comparação a um mesmo chute no nível do mar. 3. Em dias chuvosos, ao atingir o gramado encharcado, a bola tem sua velocidade aumentada. 4. Uma bola de futebol, ao ser chutada obliquamente em relação ao solo, executa um movimento aproximadamente parabólico, porém, caso nessa região haja vácuo, ela descreverá um movimento retilíneo.
Assinale a alternativa correta.
Q1263241
Não definido
Um esporte muito popular em paises do Hemisfério Norte é o “curling”, em que pedras de granito polido são
lançadas sobre uma pista horizontal de gelo. Esse esporte lembra o nosso popular jogo de bocha. Considere que um
jogador tenha arremessado uma dessas pedras de modo que ela percorreu 45 m em linha reta antes de parar, sem a
intervenção de nenhum jogador. Considerando que a massa da pedra é igual a 20 kg e o coeficiente de atrito entre o
gelo e o granito é de 0,02, assinale a alternativa que dá a estimativa correta para o tempo que a pedra leva para parar.
Q1263242
Não definido
Uma fila de carros, igualmente espaçados, de tamanhos e massas iguais faz a travessia de uma ponte com
velocidades iguais e constantes, conforme mostra a figura abaixo. Cada vez que um carro entra na ponte, o impacto
de seu peso provoca nela uma perturbação em forma de um pulso de onda. Esse pulso se propaga com velocidade
de módulo 10 m/s no sentido de A para B. Como resultado, a ponte oscila, formando uma onda estacionária com 3
ventres e 4 nós. Considerando que o fluxo de carros produza na ponte uma oscilação de 1 Hz, assinale a alternativa
correta para o comprimento da ponte.
Q1263243
Não definido
Um pesquisador produziu um novo material e, para
investigar possíveis aplicações tecnológicas, estudou o
comportamento elétrico de um objeto cilíndrico feito com
esse material. Aplicaram-se diversos valores de diferenças
de potencial ∆V a esse objeto e mediu-se a corrente elétrica i
que circulou por ele. Foi obtido então o gráfico ao lado:
Com base nesse gráfico, considere as seguintes afirmativas:
1. O objeto apresenta comportamento ôhmico apenas para diferenças de potencial entre 0 V e 1 V. 2. Quando submetido a uma diferença de potencial de 4 V, a resistência elétrica do objeto vale R = 20 Ω. 3. Para diferenças de potencial entre 1 V e 3 V, a resistência elétrica do objeto é constante. 4. Quando aplicada uma diferença de potencial de 2 V, a potência elétrica dissipada pelo objeto é igual a 1 W.
Assinale a alternativa correta.
Com base nesse gráfico, considere as seguintes afirmativas:
1. O objeto apresenta comportamento ôhmico apenas para diferenças de potencial entre 0 V e 1 V. 2. Quando submetido a uma diferença de potencial de 4 V, a resistência elétrica do objeto vale R = 20 Ω. 3. Para diferenças de potencial entre 1 V e 3 V, a resistência elétrica do objeto é constante. 4. Quando aplicada uma diferença de potencial de 2 V, a potência elétrica dissipada pelo objeto é igual a 1 W.
Assinale a alternativa correta.
Q1263244
Não definido
Capacitores são dispositivos que podem armazenar energia quando há um
campo elétrico em seu interior, o qual é produzido por cargas elétricas
depositadas em suas placas. O circuito ao lado é formado por um capacitor
C de capacitância 2 µF e por duas fontes de fem, consideradas ideais, com
ε1 = 10 V e ε2 = 15 V. Assinale a alternativa correta para a energia elétrica
armazenada no capacitor C.
Q1263245
Não definido
Na segunda década do século XIX, Hans Christian Oersted demonstrou que um fio percorrido por uma corrente
elétrica era capaz de causar uma perturbação na agulha de uma bússola. Mais tarde, André Marie Ampère obteve
uma relação matemática para a intensidade do campo magnético produzido por uma corrente elétrica que circula em
um fio condutor retilíneo. Ele mostrou que a intensidade do campo magnético depende da intensidade da corrente
elétrica e da distância ao fio condutor. Com relação a esse fenômeno, assinale a alternativa correta.
Q1263246
Não definido
Ao incidir sobre um prisma de vidro, um feixe de luz branca é
decomposto em várias cores. Esse fenômeno acontece
porque as ondas eletromagnéticas de diferentes
comprimentos de onda se propagam no vidro com diferentes
velocidades, de modo que o índice de refração n tem valor
diferente para cada comprimento de onda. O estudo das
propriedades óticas de um pedaço de vidro forneceu o
gráfico ao lado para o índice de refração em função do
comprimento de onda λ da luz. Suponha a velocidade da luz
no vácuo igual a 3,0 × 108
m/s. Com base nos conceitos de
ótica e nas informações do gráfico, assinale a alternativa
correta.
Q1263247
Não definido
Texto associado
Lucy’s Big Brother Reveals New Facets of her Species
First came Lucy. Then came Lucy’s baby, an infant of her species. Now comes Lucy’s “big brother”: the partial skeleton of a
large male of Australopithecus afarensis, unveiled this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The roughly
40% complete skeleton has been nicknamed Kadanuumuu, which means “big man” in the Afar language of the Afar Depression of
Ethiopia, where it was found. “It was huge – a big man, with long legs”, says lead author Yohannes Haile-Selassie, a
palaeoanthropologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio.
Dated to 3.6 million years ago, the new skeleton is almost half a million years older than Lucy and the second oldest
skeleton found of a possible human ancestor. It had long legs and a torso and a pelvis more like those of a modern human than an
African ape, showing that fully upright walking was in place at this early date, Haile-Selassie says. Although headless, the skeleton
also preserves parts not found before in Lucy’s species. “It is important because it provides the ribs and scapula”, says
palaeoanthropologist Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, Columbia.
In 2005, a sharp-eyed member of Haile-Selassie’s team, Alemayehu Asfaw, spotted a fragment of lower arm bone on the
ground at Woranso-Mille, about 48 kilometers north of Lucy’s grave at Hadar. Over the next 4 years, the team unearthed the
shoulder blade, collarbone, ribs, and neck vertebra, the first time those bones were found together in an A. afarensis adult. The
team also found a pelvis, an arm, and leg bones. Although they never found the skull or teeth, which are typically used to assign
species, the skeleton’s age and similarity to Lucy suggest that it belongs to her species, says co-author Owen Lovejoy of Kent State
University in Ohio.
The robust male stood between 1.5 and 1.7 meters tall, about 30% larger than Lucy. Isolated bones of other individuals
suggest that some males were even larger, so the new skeleton doesn’t settle a long-standing debate over just how much sexual
dimorphism there was in A. afarensis, Lovejoy says. The shoulder blade looks more like that of a gorilla and a modern human than
that of a chimpanzee. The curvature of the second rib suggests a wide rib cage at the top and a barrel shape overall, similar to that
of modern humans and distinct from the more funnel-shaped rib cage of a chimpanzee, the authors say.
(Science Magazine, 25 June 2010.)
Are the statements true (T) or false (F), according to the text?
( ) The new skeleton was really Lucy’s brother. ( ) The new skeleton is almost 100% complete. ( ) The new skeleton is larger than that of Lucy. ( ) The new skeleton is similar to a chimpanzee. ( ) The team spent four years excavating for bones.
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.
( ) The new skeleton was really Lucy’s brother. ( ) The new skeleton is almost 100% complete. ( ) The new skeleton is larger than that of Lucy. ( ) The new skeleton is similar to a chimpanzee. ( ) The team spent four years excavating for bones.
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.
Q1263248
Não definido
Texto associado
Lucy’s Big Brother Reveals New Facets of her Species
First came Lucy. Then came Lucy’s baby, an infant of her species. Now comes Lucy’s “big brother”: the partial skeleton of a
large male of Australopithecus afarensis, unveiled this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The roughly
40% complete skeleton has been nicknamed Kadanuumuu, which means “big man” in the Afar language of the Afar Depression of
Ethiopia, where it was found. “It was huge – a big man, with long legs”, says lead author Yohannes Haile-Selassie, a
palaeoanthropologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio.
Dated to 3.6 million years ago, the new skeleton is almost half a million years older than Lucy and the second oldest
skeleton found of a possible human ancestor. It had long legs and a torso and a pelvis more like those of a modern human than an
African ape, showing that fully upright walking was in place at this early date, Haile-Selassie says. Although headless, the skeleton
also preserves parts not found before in Lucy’s species. “It is important because it provides the ribs and scapula”, says
palaeoanthropologist Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, Columbia.
In 2005, a sharp-eyed member of Haile-Selassie’s team, Alemayehu Asfaw, spotted a fragment of lower arm bone on the
ground at Woranso-Mille, about 48 kilometers north of Lucy’s grave at Hadar. Over the next 4 years, the team unearthed the
shoulder blade, collarbone, ribs, and neck vertebra, the first time those bones were found together in an A. afarensis adult. The
team also found a pelvis, an arm, and leg bones. Although they never found the skull or teeth, which are typically used to assign
species, the skeleton’s age and similarity to Lucy suggest that it belongs to her species, says co-author Owen Lovejoy of Kent State
University in Ohio.
The robust male stood between 1.5 and 1.7 meters tall, about 30% larger than Lucy. Isolated bones of other individuals
suggest that some males were even larger, so the new skeleton doesn’t settle a long-standing debate over just how much sexual
dimorphism there was in A. afarensis, Lovejoy says. The shoulder blade looks more like that of a gorilla and a modern human than
that of a chimpanzee. The curvature of the second rib suggests a wide rib cage at the top and a barrel shape overall, similar to that
of modern humans and distinct from the more funnel-shaped rib cage of a chimpanzee, the authors say.
(Science Magazine, 25 June 2010.)
Where was the skeleton found?
Q1263249
Não definido
Texto associado
Lucy’s Big Brother Reveals New Facets of her Species
First came Lucy. Then came Lucy’s baby, an infant of her species. Now comes Lucy’s “big brother”: the partial skeleton of a
large male of Australopithecus afarensis, unveiled this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The roughly
40% complete skeleton has been nicknamed Kadanuumuu, which means “big man” in the Afar language of the Afar Depression of
Ethiopia, where it was found. “It was huge – a big man, with long legs”, says lead author Yohannes Haile-Selassie, a
palaeoanthropologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio.
Dated to 3.6 million years ago, the new skeleton is almost half a million years older than Lucy and the second oldest
skeleton found of a possible human ancestor. It had long legs and a torso and a pelvis more like those of a modern human than an
African ape, showing that fully upright walking was in place at this early date, Haile-Selassie says. Although headless, the skeleton
also preserves parts not found before in Lucy’s species. “It is important because it provides the ribs and scapula”, says
palaeoanthropologist Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, Columbia.
In 2005, a sharp-eyed member of Haile-Selassie’s team, Alemayehu Asfaw, spotted a fragment of lower arm bone on the
ground at Woranso-Mille, about 48 kilometers north of Lucy’s grave at Hadar. Over the next 4 years, the team unearthed the
shoulder blade, collarbone, ribs, and neck vertebra, the first time those bones were found together in an A. afarensis adult. The
team also found a pelvis, an arm, and leg bones. Although they never found the skull or teeth, which are typically used to assign
species, the skeleton’s age and similarity to Lucy suggest that it belongs to her species, says co-author Owen Lovejoy of Kent State
University in Ohio.
The robust male stood between 1.5 and 1.7 meters tall, about 30% larger than Lucy. Isolated bones of other individuals
suggest that some males were even larger, so the new skeleton doesn’t settle a long-standing debate over just how much sexual
dimorphism there was in A. afarensis, Lovejoy says. The shoulder blade looks more like that of a gorilla and a modern human than
that of a chimpanzee. The curvature of the second rib suggests a wide rib cage at the top and a barrel shape overall, similar to that
of modern humans and distinct from the more funnel-shaped rib cage of a chimpanzee, the authors say.
(Science Magazine, 25 June 2010.)
Why do palaeoanthropologists believe the skeleton belongs to the species A. afarensis?
Q1263250
Não definido
Texto associado
Lucy’s Big Brother Reveals New Facets of her Species
First came Lucy. Then came Lucy’s baby, an infant of her species. Now comes Lucy’s “big brother”: the partial skeleton of a
large male of Australopithecus afarensis, unveiled this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The roughly
40% complete skeleton has been nicknamed Kadanuumuu, which means “big man” in the Afar language of the Afar Depression of
Ethiopia, where it was found. “It was huge – a big man, with long legs”, says lead author Yohannes Haile-Selassie, a
palaeoanthropologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio.
Dated to 3.6 million years ago, the new skeleton is almost half a million years older than Lucy and the second oldest
skeleton found of a possible human ancestor. It had long legs and a torso and a pelvis more like those of a modern human than an
African ape, showing that fully upright walking was in place at this early date, Haile-Selassie says. Although headless, the skeleton
also preserves parts not found before in Lucy’s species. “It is important because it provides the ribs and scapula”, says
palaeoanthropologist Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, Columbia.
In 2005, a sharp-eyed member of Haile-Selassie’s team, Alemayehu Asfaw, spotted a fragment of lower arm bone on the
ground at Woranso-Mille, about 48 kilometers north of Lucy’s grave at Hadar. Over the next 4 years, the team unearthed the
shoulder blade, collarbone, ribs, and neck vertebra, the first time those bones were found together in an A. afarensis adult. The
team also found a pelvis, an arm, and leg bones. Although they never found the skull or teeth, which are typically used to assign
species, the skeleton’s age and similarity to Lucy suggest that it belongs to her species, says co-author Owen Lovejoy of Kent State
University in Ohio.
The robust male stood between 1.5 and 1.7 meters tall, about 30% larger than Lucy. Isolated bones of other individuals
suggest that some males were even larger, so the new skeleton doesn’t settle a long-standing debate over just how much sexual
dimorphism there was in A. afarensis, Lovejoy says. The shoulder blade looks more like that of a gorilla and a modern human than
that of a chimpanzee. The curvature of the second rib suggests a wide rib cage at the top and a barrel shape overall, similar to that
of modern humans and distinct from the more funnel-shaped rib cage of a chimpanzee, the authors say.
(Science Magazine, 25 June 2010.)
Why do palaeoanthropologists believe the skeleton may be a human ancestor?
Q1263251
Não definido
Texto associado
Germans make wonderful beer. Yet the productivity of the German beer industry is only 43 percent that of the U.S. beer
industry. Meanwhile, the German metalworking and steel industries are equal in productivity to their American counterparts. Since
the Germans are evidently capable of organizing industries well, why can’t they do so when it comes to beer?
It turns out that the German beer industry suffers from small-scale production. There are a thousand tiny beer companies in
Germany, shielded from competition with one another because each German brewery has virtually a local monopoly, and they are
also shielded from competition with imports. The United States has 67 major beer breweries, producing 23 billion liters of beer per
year. All of Germany’s 1,000 breweries combined produce only half as much. Thus the average U.S. brewery produces 31 times
more beer than the average German brewery.
This fact results from local tastes and German government policies. German beer drinkers are fiercely loyal to their local
brand, so there are no national brands in Germany analogous to our Budweiser, Miller, or Coors. Instead, most German beer is
consumed within 30 miles of the factory where it is brewed. Therefore, the German beer industry cannot profit from economies of
scale. In the beer business, as in other businesses, production costs decrease greatly with scale. The bigger the refrigerating unit
for making beer, and the longer the assembly line for filling bottles with beer, the lower the cost of manufacturing beer. Those tiny
German beer companies are relatively inefficient. There’s no competition; there are just a thousand local monopolies.
The local beer loyalties of individual German drinkers are reinforced by German laws that make it hard for foreign beers to
compete in the German market. The German government has so-called beer purity laws that specify exactly what can go into beer.
Not surprisingly, those government purity specifications are based on what German breweries put into beer, and not what
American, French, and Swedish breweries like to put into beer. Because of those laws, not much foreign beer gets exported to
Germany, and because of inefficiency and high prices much less of that wonderful German beer than you would otherwise expect
gets sold abroad. (Before you object that German Löwenbräu beer is widely available in the United States, please read the label on
the next bottle of Löwenbräu that you drink here: it’s not produced in Germany but in North America, under license, in big factories
with North American productivities and efficiencies of scale).
(Diamond, J. ,2005. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton.)
Are the statements true (T) or false (F), according to the text?
( ) The United States produces less beer than Germany. ( ) The German steel industry is better organized than the German beer industry. ( ) The German metalworking industry is more productive than the American metalworking industry. ( ) In Germany there are more factories producing beer than in the United States. ( ) 43% of the beer sold in the United States is produced in Germany.
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.
( ) The United States produces less beer than Germany. ( ) The German steel industry is better organized than the German beer industry. ( ) The German metalworking industry is more productive than the American metalworking industry. ( ) In Germany there are more factories producing beer than in the United States. ( ) 43% of the beer sold in the United States is produced in Germany.
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom.
Q1263252
Não definido
Texto associado
Germans make wonderful beer. Yet the productivity of the German beer industry is only 43 percent that of the U.S. beer
industry. Meanwhile, the German metalworking and steel industries are equal in productivity to their American counterparts. Since
the Germans are evidently capable of organizing industries well, why can’t they do so when it comes to beer?
It turns out that the German beer industry suffers from small-scale production. There are a thousand tiny beer companies in
Germany, shielded from competition with one another because each German brewery has virtually a local monopoly, and they are
also shielded from competition with imports. The United States has 67 major beer breweries, producing 23 billion liters of beer per
year. All of Germany’s 1,000 breweries combined produce only half as much. Thus the average U.S. brewery produces 31 times
more beer than the average German brewery.
This fact results from local tastes and German government policies. German beer drinkers are fiercely loyal to their local
brand, so there are no national brands in Germany analogous to our Budweiser, Miller, or Coors. Instead, most German beer is
consumed within 30 miles of the factory where it is brewed. Therefore, the German beer industry cannot profit from economies of
scale. In the beer business, as in other businesses, production costs decrease greatly with scale. The bigger the refrigerating unit
for making beer, and the longer the assembly line for filling bottles with beer, the lower the cost of manufacturing beer. Those tiny
German beer companies are relatively inefficient. There’s no competition; there are just a thousand local monopolies.
The local beer loyalties of individual German drinkers are reinforced by German laws that make it hard for foreign beers to
compete in the German market. The German government has so-called beer purity laws that specify exactly what can go into beer.
Not surprisingly, those government purity specifications are based on what German breweries put into beer, and not what
American, French, and Swedish breweries like to put into beer. Because of those laws, not much foreign beer gets exported to
Germany, and because of inefficiency and high prices much less of that wonderful German beer than you would otherwise expect
gets sold abroad. (Before you object that German Löwenbräu beer is widely available in the United States, please read the label on
the next bottle of Löwenbräu that you drink here: it’s not produced in Germany but in North America, under license, in big factories
with North American productivities and efficiencies of scale).
(Diamond, J. ,2005. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton.)
Which of these statements DOES NOT CORRESPOND to information given in the text?
Q1263253
Não definido
Texto associado
Germans make wonderful beer. Yet the productivity of the German beer industry is only 43 percent that of the U.S. beer
industry. Meanwhile, the German metalworking and steel industries are equal in productivity to their American counterparts. Since
the Germans are evidently capable of organizing industries well, why can’t they do so when it comes to beer?
It turns out that the German beer industry suffers from small-scale production. There are a thousand tiny beer companies in
Germany, shielded from competition with one another because each German brewery has virtually a local monopoly, and they are
also shielded from competition with imports. The United States has 67 major beer breweries, producing 23 billion liters of beer per
year. All of Germany’s 1,000 breweries combined produce only half as much. Thus the average U.S. brewery produces 31 times
more beer than the average German brewery.
This fact results from local tastes and German government policies. German beer drinkers are fiercely loyal to their local
brand, so there are no national brands in Germany analogous to our Budweiser, Miller, or Coors. Instead, most German beer is
consumed within 30 miles of the factory where it is brewed. Therefore, the German beer industry cannot profit from economies of
scale. In the beer business, as in other businesses, production costs decrease greatly with scale. The bigger the refrigerating unit
for making beer, and the longer the assembly line for filling bottles with beer, the lower the cost of manufacturing beer. Those tiny
German beer companies are relatively inefficient. There’s no competition; there are just a thousand local monopolies.
The local beer loyalties of individual German drinkers are reinforced by German laws that make it hard for foreign beers to
compete in the German market. The German government has so-called beer purity laws that specify exactly what can go into beer.
Not surprisingly, those government purity specifications are based on what German breweries put into beer, and not what
American, French, and Swedish breweries like to put into beer. Because of those laws, not much foreign beer gets exported to
Germany, and because of inefficiency and high prices much less of that wonderful German beer than you would otherwise expect
gets sold abroad. (Before you object that German Löwenbräu beer is widely available in the United States, please read the label on
the next bottle of Löwenbräu that you drink here: it’s not produced in Germany but in North America, under license, in big factories
with North American productivities and efficiencies of scale).
(Diamond, J. ,2005. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton.)
How does Germany protect its beer industry, according to the text?
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Germans make wonderful beer. Yet the productivity of the German beer industry is only 43 percent that of the U.S. beer
industry. Meanwhile, the German metalworking and steel industries are equal in productivity to their American counterparts. Since
the Germans are evidently capable of organizing industries well, why can’t they do so when it comes to beer?
It turns out that the German beer industry suffers from small-scale production. There are a thousand tiny beer companies in
Germany, shielded from competition with one another because each German brewery has virtually a local monopoly, and they are
also shielded from competition with imports. The United States has 67 major beer breweries, producing 23 billion liters of beer per
year. All of Germany’s 1,000 breweries combined produce only half as much. Thus the average U.S. brewery produces 31 times
more beer than the average German brewery.
This fact results from local tastes and German government policies. German beer drinkers are fiercely loyal to their local
brand, so there are no national brands in Germany analogous to our Budweiser, Miller, or Coors. Instead, most German beer is
consumed within 30 miles of the factory where it is brewed. Therefore, the German beer industry cannot profit from economies of
scale. In the beer business, as in other businesses, production costs decrease greatly with scale. The bigger the refrigerating unit
for making beer, and the longer the assembly line for filling bottles with beer, the lower the cost of manufacturing beer. Those tiny
German beer companies are relatively inefficient. There’s no competition; there are just a thousand local monopolies.
The local beer loyalties of individual German drinkers are reinforced by German laws that make it hard for foreign beers to
compete in the German market. The German government has so-called beer purity laws that specify exactly what can go into beer.
Not surprisingly, those government purity specifications are based on what German breweries put into beer, and not what
American, French, and Swedish breweries like to put into beer. Because of those laws, not much foreign beer gets exported to
Germany, and because of inefficiency and high prices much less of that wonderful German beer than you would otherwise expect
gets sold abroad. (Before you object that German Löwenbräu beer is widely available in the United States, please read the label on
the next bottle of Löwenbräu that you drink here: it’s not produced in Germany but in North America, under license, in big factories
with North American productivities and efficiencies of scale).
(Diamond, J. ,2005. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton.)
According to the text, why does Germany export so little beer to the U.S.?
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