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Ano: 2013
Banca:
Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
Órgão:
MACKENZIE
Prova:
Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie - 2013 - MACKENZIE - vestibular |
Q1347200
Inglês
Texto associado
Behind the Meaning of the Pope’s Names
The new pope’s choice of ‘Francis’ hints at the direction of his reign.
The new pope’s choice of ‘Francis’ hints at the direction of his reign.
Enter Pope Francis. The first Jesuit pope. The first from Latin
America. It is, indeed, a historic moment for the papacy. Those who waited
for a leader from the new Catholic world will no doubt be __( I )__ by
the choice, but his new status as the leader of a global church requires
a different persona and a new mode of action. The new pope speaks not
only for Argentina, Latin America, and the Jesuits, but also for the entire
Roman Catholic world.
The first Jesuit pope. The first from Latin America. (Enrique Marcarian/Reuters)
The first Jesuit pope. The first from Latin America. (Enrique Marcarian/Reuters)
It is precisely for this reason that cardinals shed their names along
with their brightly __( II )__ vestments. Historically, the tradition of
selecting a new papal name dates back to the sixth century, when Pope
John II swapped his awkwardly __( III )__ name Mercurius for the solidly
Christian John. At the same time the selection of religious names is more
than an opportunity to symbolically cast aside individual identity. Papal
names chart a course for the future by summoning up the past. The new
pope assumes either the mantle of religious heroes and leaders from days
gone by or the virtues of the Innocents and the Piuses. The selection of
the name both forges a new identity and signals how the pope wishes to
be seen and remembered. It is, in essence, not only the answer to the
__( IV )__ question “Who do you want to be when you grow up?” but
also a way of preemptively writing one’s own reviews.
Traditionally popes have been __( V )__ of reaching too high, of appearing too self-congratulatory. The office of the pope is built, literally and metaphorically, on the legacy of St. Peter, the apostle of Christ, whose remains lie beneath the papal seat in the Vatican. But there has been no Pope Peter II. Thus far, no pope has had the audacity to present himself as standing in continuity with the favored disciple of Jesus. Nor would Pope Francis have been able to select the name of the founder of his own order. A Pope Ignatius—after Jesuit founder Ignatius of Loyola—would have appeared self-serving.
At first blush, Pope Francis’s selection of a previously __( VI )__ papal name—he is no 23rd anything—marks a break with the past and augurs well for those looking for a move away from deeply entrenched institutionalism. The new pope symbolically clears the deck for a new period of Catholic history. For a church desperately in need of an administrative makeover, it creates a nominally blank slate for the pale-garbed pontiff.
Traditionally popes have been __( V )__ of reaching too high, of appearing too self-congratulatory. The office of the pope is built, literally and metaphorically, on the legacy of St. Peter, the apostle of Christ, whose remains lie beneath the papal seat in the Vatican. But there has been no Pope Peter II. Thus far, no pope has had the audacity to present himself as standing in continuity with the favored disciple of Jesus. Nor would Pope Francis have been able to select the name of the founder of his own order. A Pope Ignatius—after Jesuit founder Ignatius of Loyola—would have appeared self-serving.
At first blush, Pope Francis’s selection of a previously __( VI )__ papal name—he is no 23rd anything—marks a break with the past and augurs well for those looking for a move away from deeply entrenched institutionalism. The new pope symbolically clears the deck for a new period of Catholic history. For a church desperately in need of an administrative makeover, it creates a nominally blank slate for the pale-garbed pontiff.
Newsweek
The adjectives that properly fill in blanks I, II, III, IV, V and VI, in the text, are
Ano: 2017
Banca:
INEP
Órgão:
IF Sul Rio-Grandense
Prova:
INEP - 2017 - IF Sul Rio-Grandense - Vestibular Segundo Semestre - Língua Inglesa |
Q1343066
Inglês
Texto associado
INSTRUÇÃO: a questão deve ser respondida com base no texto a seguir.
Considerando as informações dadas no texto
e as regras gramaticais para a formação dos
graus comparativo e superlativo dos
adjetivos em inglês, escolha a alternativa
correta.
Q1339085
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Social life in youth may impact health decades later
Robert Preidt
August 6, 2015
Having good social connections at age 20 can lead to improved well-being later in life, a new study suggests. Previous research has shown that people with poor social links are at increased risk for early death. “In fact, having few social connections is equivalent to tobacco use, and [the risk is] higher than for those who drink excessive amounts of alcohol, or who suffer from obesity,” study author Cheryl Carmichael, who conducted the study while a doctoral candidate at the University of Rochester in New York, said in a university news release.
The study included 133 people who enrolled when they were 20-year-old college students in the 1970s. The participants kept track of their daily social interactions at ages 20 and 30. At age 50, they completed an online survey about the quality of their social lives and emotional well-being, including questions about loneliness and depression, and their relationships with close friends.
The findings showed that frequent social interactions at age 20 and good-quality relationships – defined as intimate and satisfying – at age 30 were associated with higher levels of well-being at age 50. The study findings were published in a recent issue of the journal Psychology and Aging.
A high number of social interactions at age 20 are beneficial later in life because they help young adults determine who they are, the researchers said. “It’s often around this age that we meet people from diverse backgrounds, with opinions and values that are different from our own, and we learn how to best manage those differences,” said Carmichael, now an assistant professor of psychology at Brooklyn College. “Considering everything else that goes on in life over those 30 years – marriage, raising a family and building a career – it is extraordinary that there appears to be a relationship between the kinds of interactions college students and young adults have and their emotional health later in life,” she concluded.
(www.nlm.nih.gov)
No trecho do quarto parágrafo “because they help young
adults”, o termo em destaque pode ser corretamente substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por
Q1335936
Inglês
Texto associado
Pseudoscientific claims that music helps plants grow have been made for decades, despite evidence that is shaky at best. Yet new research suggests some flora may be capable of sensing sounds, such as the gurgle of water through a pipe or the buzzing of insects.
In a recent study, Monica Gagliano, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues placed pea seedlings in pots shaped like an upside-down Y. One arm of each pot was placed in either a tray of water or a coiled plastic tube through which water flowed; the other arm had dry soil. The roots grew toward the arm of the pipe with the fluid, regardless of whether it was easily accessible or hidden inside the tubing. “They just knew the water was there, even if the only thing to detect was the sound of it flowing inside the pipe,” Gagliano says. Yet when the seedlings were given a choice between the water tube and some moistened soil, their roots favored the latter. She hypothesizes that these plants use sound waves to detect water at a distance but follow moisture gradients to home in on their target when it is closer.
The research, reported earlier this year in Oecologia, is not the first to suggest flora can detect and interpret sounds. A 2014 study showed the rock cress Arabidopsis can distinguish between caterpillar chewing sounds and wind vibrations – the plant produced more chemical toxins after “hearing” a recording of feeding insects. “We tend to underestimate plants because their responses are usually less visible to us. But leaves turn out to be extremely sensitive vibration detectors,” says lead study author Heidi M. Appel, an environmental scientist now at the University of Toledo.
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Can plants hear?
Flora may be able to detect the
sounds of flowing water or munching insects
Pseudoscientific claims that music helps plants grow have been made for decades, despite evidence that is shaky at best. Yet new research suggests some flora may be capable of sensing sounds, such as the gurgle of water through a pipe or the buzzing of insects.
In a recent study, Monica Gagliano, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues placed pea seedlings in pots shaped like an upside-down Y. One arm of each pot was placed in either a tray of water or a coiled plastic tube through which water flowed; the other arm had dry soil. The roots grew toward the arm of the pipe with the fluid, regardless of whether it was easily accessible or hidden inside the tubing. “They just knew the water was there, even if the only thing to detect was the sound of it flowing inside the pipe,” Gagliano says. Yet when the seedlings were given a choice between the water tube and some moistened soil, their roots favored the latter. She hypothesizes that these plants use sound waves to detect water at a distance but follow moisture gradients to home in on their target when it is closer.
The research, reported earlier this year in Oecologia, is not the first to suggest flora can detect and interpret sounds. A 2014 study showed the rock cress Arabidopsis can distinguish between caterpillar chewing sounds and wind vibrations – the plant produced more chemical toxins after “hearing” a recording of feeding insects. “We tend to underestimate plants because their responses are usually less visible to us. But leaves turn out to be extremely sensitive vibration detectors,” says lead study author Heidi M. Appel, an environmental scientist now at the University of Toledo.
(Marta Zaraska. www.scientificamerican.com, 17.05.2017.)
No trecho do terceiro parágrafo “The research, reported
earlier”, o termo em destaque indica
Q1300891
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
Artificial intelligence and the future of medicine
Washington University researchers are working to develop artificial intelligence (AI) systems for health care, which
have the potential to transform the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, helping to ensure that patients get the
right treatment at the right time.
In health care, artificial intelligence relies on the power of computers to sift through and make sense of reams of
electronic data about patients—such as their ages, medical histories, health status, test results, medical images,
DNA sequences, and many other sources of health information. AI excels at the complex identification of patterns
in these reams of data, and it can do this at a scale and speed beyond human capacity. The hope is that this
technology can be harnessed to help doctors and patients make better health-care decisions.
Where are the first places we will start to see AI entering medical practice?
One of the first applications of AI in patient care that we currently see is in imaging, to help improve the diagnosis
of cancer or heart problems, for example. There are many types of imaging tests —X-rays, CT scans, MRIs and
echocardiograms. But the underlying commonality in all those imaging methods is huge amounts of high-quality
data. For AI to work well, it's best to have very complete data sets—no missing numbers, so to speak—and digital
images provide that. Plus, the human eye is often blind to some of the patterns that could be present in these
images—subtle changes in breast tissue over several years of mammograms, for example. There has been some
interesting work done in recognizing early patterns of cancer or early patterns of heart failure that even a highly
trained physician would not see.
In many ways, we already have very simple forms of AI in the clinic now. We've had tools for a long time that
identify abnormal rhythms in an EKG, for example. An abnormal heartbeat pattern triggers an alert to draw a
clinician's attention. This is a computer trying to replicate a human being understanding that data and saying,
"This doesn't look normal, you may need to address this problem." Now, we have the capacity to analyze much
larger and more complex sources of data, such as the entire electronic health record and perhaps even data
pulled from daily life, as more people track their sleep patterns or pulse rates with wearable devices, for example.
What effect will this have on how doctors practice medicine?
It's important to emphasize that these tools are never going to replace clinicians. These technologies will provide
assistance, helping care providers see important signals in massive amounts of data that would otherwise remain
hidden. But at the same time, there are levels of understanding that computers still can't and may never replicate.
To take a treatment recommendation from an AI, even an excellent recommendation, and decide if it's right for the
patient is inherently a human decision-making process. What are the patient's preferences? What are the patient's
values? What does this mean for the patient's life and for his or her family? That's never going to be an AI
function. As these AI systems slowly emerge, we may start to see the roles of physicians changing—in my
opinion, in better ways. Doctors' roles may shift from being data collectors and analyzers to being interpreters and
councilors for patients as they try to navigate their health.
Right now, the challenges we need to address as we try to bring AI into medical practice include improving the quality of the data that we feed into AI systems, developing ways to evaluate whether an AI system is actually better than standard of care, ensuring patient privacy and making sure not only that AI doesn't disrupt clinical work flow but in fact improves it. But if doctors do their jobs right and build these systems well, much of what we have described will become so ingrained in the system, people won't even refer to it separately as informatics or AI. It will just be medicine.
Right now, the challenges we need to address as we try to bring AI into medical practice include improving the quality of the data that we feed into AI systems, developing ways to evaluate whether an AI system is actually better than standard of care, ensuring patient privacy and making sure not only that AI doesn't disrupt clinical work flow but in fact improves it. But if doctors do their jobs right and build these systems well, much of what we have described will become so ingrained in the system, people won't even refer to it separately as informatics or AI. It will just be medicine.
Disponível em: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-12-artificial-intelligence-future-medicine.html. Acesso em: 02 maio 2019.
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