Questões Militares Comentadas sobre vocabulário | vocabulary em inglês

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Unmanned Vessel Plans Need Improvement, Agency Says

By Geoff Ziezulewicz

  While the U.S. Navy is steaming full speed ahead in developing unmanned surface and undersea drones to augment the fleet of the future, the information technology and the artificial intelligence that will drive these platforms remain a work in progress. The sea service needs to better map out its efforts, according to a recent government watchdog report.

  Navy shipbuilding plans call for spending more than $4 billion on such drones over the next five years, but that plan “does not account for the full costs to develop and operate these systems,” a Government Accountability Office report found. 

   Replacing crews requires IT and Al capabilities that the Navy has just begun to examine.

  GAO's audit, which began in October 2020, found that the Navy is “only beginning to assess (unmanned systems”) effects on existing shipbuilding plans.”

  “While the Navy has outlined a plan to spend $4.3 billion on uncrewed maritime systems in its shipbuilding plan, we found that this understates the costs associated with these systems because it does not account for all costs - specifically operations and sustainment, and the digital infrastructure necessary to enable them," the report states.

  Funding unmanned development could also come under pressure from competing shipbuilding demands. The report found that the Navy has yet to stand up criteria for evaluating prototypes or developing better schedules for such prototype efforts. 

  The Navy is looking to introduce several unmanned systems into the fleet in the coming decades, according to GAO, and while some software will be unique to each platform, the Navy also wants to have a lot of common digital infrastructure among these vehicles.

  This digital infrastructure would involve Al capabilities built over time to better help the platforms communicate, sense their surroundings and manage reams of data, the report states.

  Navy officials told GAO that the sea service needs a host of technologies, including simulation software, software for autonomy and mission planning, large datasets for machine learning, as well as commercial tech and software that can be quickly bought and melded into Navy systems.

  Among its recommendations, the report states that the Navy should provide Congress with a cost estimate for the full scope of work that will be required to make unmanned systems part of the fleet, while developing an approach to refine this estimate in the next shipbuilding plan.  

  The service should also establish an “uncrewed maritime systems portfolio” and offer more detail about how it intends to reach its unmanned objectives.

(Adapted from Navy Times. May 2022, p. 15.https://www .navytimes.com/)  

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        While plastic refuse littering beaches and oceans draws high-profile attention, the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) Assessment of agricultural plastics and their sustainability: a call for action suggests that the land we use to grow our food is contaminated with even larger quantities of plastic pollutants. “Soils are one of the main receptors of agricultural plastics and are known to contain larger quantities of microplastics than oceans”, FAO Deputy Director-General Maria Helena Semedo said in the report’s foreword.

        According to data collated by FAO experts, agricultural value chains each year use 12.5 million tonnes of plastic products while another 37.3 million are used in food packaging. Crop production and livestock accounted for 10.2 million tonnes per year collectively, followed by fisheries and aquaculture with 2.1 million, and forestry with 0.2 million tonnes. Asia was estimated to be the largest user of plastics in agricultural production, accounting for almost half of global usage. Moreover, without viable alternatives, plastic demand in agriculture is only set to increase. As the demand for agricultural plastic continues surge, Ms. Semedo underscored the need to better monitor the quantities that “leak into the environment from agriculture”.

        Since their widespread introduction in the 1950s, plastics have become ubiquitous. In agriculture, plastic products greatly help productivity, such as in covering soil to reduce weeds; nets to protect and boost plant growth, extend cropping seasons and increase yields; and tree guards, which protect young plants and trees from animals and help provide a growth-enhancing microclimate. However, of the estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastics produced before 2015, almost 80 per cent had never been properly disposed of. While the effects of large plastic items on marine fauna have been well documented, the impacts unleashed during their disintegration potentially affect entire ecosystems.

(https://news.un.org, 07.12.2021. Adaptado.)

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Camping

On Sunday morning, Tom and his family went camping. They camped near the lake. Their tent was shaped like an igloo. It was made of a thin cloth. Tom helped clean up. They ate a tasty meal of barbecued chicken and corn. When it got dark they made a fire. They told stories and sang songs.

English Created Resources.

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Read the conversation between Carol and Neil. 

Neil: What do you do on New Year’s Day?

Carol: Well, we sometimes go downtown. They have fireworks. It’s really pretty. Other people invite friends to their house and they have a party.

Neil: Do you give presents to your friends and family?

Carol: No, we never give presents on New Year’s.

Neil: Do you have a meal with your family?

Carol: No, we do that on Christmas. On New Year’s we just party! 

From the Book World English 1A

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The best way to boost self-esteem 

Working hard to accomplish great things is a healthy way to pump your ego? Not necessarily, according to researchers at the University of Michigan. In their survey of 642 college freshmen, those who measured their self-worth against objective standards, such as getting good grades, were actually more stressed - and received no higher marks - than those who based how they felt themselves of their relationships with others. That’s not to say that you shouldn’t work hard; just don’t make it all about you. “Instead of focusing on whether you’re succeeding, ask yourself, ‘What am I contributing to society? How will people benefit from what I’m doing?’” suggests lead researcher Jennifer Crocker, Ph.D. “This takes the pressure off you and guarantees that your work will always feel meaningful.” 

From the book Inglês Doorway, Wilson Liberato.

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TEXT V

There are no excuses for racism. 

Racism take$ many forms and can happen 1 __ many places. lt includes prejudice, discrimination ar hatred directed at someone because of their colour, ethnicity or national origin.

People often associate racism with acts of abuse or harassment. However, it doesn't need to involve violent or intimidating behaviour. Take racial name-calling and jokes. Or consider situations when people may be excluded from groups or activities because of where they come 2 _______.

Racism can be revealed through people's actions as well as their altitudes. !t can also be reflected in systems and institutions. But sometímes it may not be revealed at ali. Not ali racism is obvious. For examp!e, someone may look 3 _______ a list of job applicants and decide not to interview people with certain surnames.

Racism is more than just words, beliefs and actions. lt includes ali the barriers that prevent people from enjoying dignity and equality because of their race. 

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TEXT IV

Generation Z News - Latest Characteristics, Research, and Facts 

Generation Z (aka Gen Z, iGen, or centennials}, refers to the generation that was born between 1996-2010, following millennials. This generation has been raised on the internet and social media, with some the oldest finishing college by 2020 and entering the workforce. Generation Z is the youngest, most ethnically-diverse, and largest generation in American history, comprising 27% of the US population. Pew Research recently defined Gen Z as anyone born after 1997. Gen Z 1______ up with technology, the internet, and social media, which sometimes causes them to be stereotyped as techaddicted, anti-social, or "social justice warriors." The average Gen Z got their first smart phone just before their twelfth birthday. They communicate primarily through social media and texts, and spend as much time on their phones as older generations do watching television. The majority of Gen Zs prefer streaming services to traditional cable, as well as getting snackable content they can get on their phones and computers. Gen Z is the most ethnically diverse and largest generation in American history, and eclipses all other generations before it in embracing diversity and inclusion.

Adapted from https:/twww.businessinsider.com/generation-z

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Text III

Causes and Effects of Climate Change

Glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, cloud forests are dying, and wildlife is scrambling to keep pace. lt has become clear that humans have caused most of the past century's warming by releasing heat-trapping gases as we power our modem tives. Called greenhouse gases, their leveis are higher now than at any time in the last 800,000 years. 

We often call the result global warming, but it is causing a set of changes to the Earth's climate, or long-term weather patterns, that varies from place to place. While many people think of global warming and climate change as synonyms, scientists use "climate change" when describing the complex shífts now affecting our planet's weather and climate systems - in part because some areas actually get cooler in the short term.

Climate change encampasses not only rising average temperatures but also extreme weather events, shifting wildlife populations and habitats, rising seas, and a range of other impacts. Ali of those changes are emerging as humans continue to add heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, changing the rhythms of climate that ali living things have come to rely on. 

What will we do - what can we do - to slow this humancaused warming? How will we cape with the changes we ___ into motion? While we struggle to figure it ali out, the fate of the Earth as we know it - coasts, forests, farms, and snow-capped mountains - hangs in the balance.

By Christina Nunez Adapted from

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-warming-overview

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TEXT I

Like students throughout California (USA), students in the West Contra Costa Unified school district, in Richmond, have coped with distance learning instituted this year in response to the coronavirus pandemic. Today, we are bringing you these students' reflections on their current experiences with distance learning and being out of school - what worked and what didn't. Students' remarks have been edited in some instances for clarity. 

Nayeli Mercado, 15, sophomore, Richmond High

Before distance learning, my mental health was never great, but it was controllable. However, once quarantine started, I have felt way more mentally exhausted because I can't go out. Also, l've been really emotional. I get really sad over little things ar angry at things I shouldn't get angry about. I used to complain about school a lot but I kind of miss it now. I miss my friends, teachers, attending class. I miss school in general.

Alizei De Leon, 15, sophomore, Middle College High

I have about the sarne amount of homework, ar maybe a little less in this second year since some teachers are trying to make this easier. Additionally, I don't have to study as much for tests anymore since some teachers have cancelled ·tests for the rest of the year... I spend about three to four hours on homework per day unless l've already finished all my work that week. l'm getting through my classes, but I know that I will forget most of this information throughout the summer.

Ricardo Castillo, 17, senior, Richmond High

At first, when this distance learning started, I thought the work was going to be easier. But then, as time passed, everything just fel! apart. l'm behind in all of my classes and it's nearly impossible to catch up. I can't do the work on my own. I want to learn with my classmates. Distance learning changed a lot of things for me. I wasn't able to spend time with my friends and my last year of high school hasn't been what I expected at all. 

Yashika Joshi, 17, senior, Aspire College PrepAcademy

Distance learning has been difficult lt's been hard to manage, teaching yourself through assignments ... I try to do my work when everybody is asleep at night. lf I was at school, I would've learned much more due to a teacher paying more attention. Teachers are assigning work on a daily basis, with 45 minutes to hour-long assignments for each class, all due at the end of the week. The workload has increased a lot. Some teachers have reached out (checked in) but not often.

Dana Reyes, 18, seniar, Middle College High

My classes are all being taught virtually, through email, or through Google Classraom. I have pushed my selfdetermination to the max and l'm experiencing something very strange. I am still receiving the content but now I have to work twice as hard to understand the material. Sometimes, it is discouraging, and I get unmotivated, but I still try my best to finish early even though teachers and staff have been very flexible and understanding with due dates.

Mekayla Saechao, 16, junior, Richmond High

Distance learning for me so far has been difficult but manageable. Most of my classes consist of completing work that is posted on Google Classroom With a Zoom meeting every other week. I don't believe l'm learning as much as I would have in school because l'm not getting a lesson from my teachers every day. My teachers have helped a lot by answering questions about assignments quickly ... To tell you the truth, it is a lot to manage since l'm not physically at school, working with my classmates and teachers. But being at home in my comfort zone has helped me become more organized with my works. 

Monishlla Maharaj, 18, senior, Richmond High

Although I have assignments from almast all of my classes every day, almost back-to-back, I always feel like I can do the work whenever I want to... lt's like fighting with my brain daily to do the work ar not to do the wark. As much as I wouldn't want to do online learning, I know it benefits everyone by preventing them from getting sick from the virus. 

Sarahi Yupit, 16, sophomore, Richmond High

lt is hard to concentrate at home during distance learning because I don't feel motivated to do the work since there is nabody my age whereas at school, I feel motivated. lt seems like it's easier to do the tasks and stay on task. There are teachers who teach the actual material. They also motivate you to do your best.

Adapted from https://edsource.org/, posted on June 3