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Para a questão, considere a tirinha “Mocoronga vírus”.
(https://nanquim.com.br/category/tirinhas/. Acesso em 08.07.2020)
“… a compreensão de um texto é um processo que se caracteriza pela utilização de conhecimento prévio: o leitor utiliza na leitura o que ele já sabe, o conhecimento adquirido ao longo da vida. É mediante a interação de diversos níveis de conhecimento, como o conhecimento linguístico, o textual, o conhecimento de mundo, que o leitor consegue construir o sentido do texto. É porque o eleitor utiliza justamente diversos níveis de conhecimento que interagem entre si, a leitura é considerada um processo interativo. Pode-se dizer que sem o engajamento prévio do leitor não haverá compreensão”. (Kleiman, 2005, p. 13)
Na sequência dos quadrinhos, o conhecimento prévio considera que o leitor tenha, além de conhecimentos linguísticos, o conhecimento de todo um contexto. Assim, para a construção de sentido, é necessário que o leitor se utilize de informações
Conquistar o diploma universitário, arranjar emprego, sair da casa dos pais. É um desenrolar natural do ciclo da vida para aqueles jovens já com alguma renda. Certo? Não, muitos jovens preferem manter-se na casa dos pais. (Veja, 8 de julho de 2020, p. 62. Adaptado)
Koch e Elias (2011, p. 152-173) tratam da sequenciação textual, indicando “os diversos tipos de atividades realizadas pelo produtor para fazer o texto progredir, mantendo o fio discursivo”. Assim, de acordo com as autoras, a sequenciação desse texto caracteriza-se por
Conforme expõe Mauri no referido texto, nessa terceira vertente, o papel do ensino consiste em
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta uma afirmação correta sobre os ambientes escolares, segundo a referida obra.
• O Museu da Pessoa possibilita_____ qualquer indivíduo o registro de suas memórias. • Devido______ entrevistas realizadas por colaboradores da instituição, é possível encontrar histórias de muitas pessoas, de variadas idades e regiões do país. • A instituição_____ qual Karen Worcman estava vinculada realizava entrevistas com imigrantes no Rio de Janeiro.
Em conformidade com as considerações de Almeida (2006), no Dicionário de questões vernáculas, sobre o emprego do acento indicativo de crase, as lacunas dos enunciados devem ser preenchidas, respectivamente, com:
Leia os dois parágrafos a seguir para responder à questão.
An international student who majors in engineering drops by the engineering department office and asks the secretary, “Can you tell me where the English department is?” The secretary smiles and responds, “I don’t know, actually. It’s probably somewhere in the Humanities Building. Do you have a campus map?” The student turns around and leaves. The secretary is taken aback and feels slightly uncomfortable. She wonders why the student left so abruptly.
(...)
People who interact with ESL students have commented that some seem to express gratitude excessively for small considerations, even to the point of embarrassing the person they are speaking. Others seem downright rude because they do not say thank you when they are expected to.
(Celce-Murcia, M. 2001.)
Leia os dois parágrafos a seguir para responder à questão.
An international student who majors in engineering drops by the engineering department office and asks the secretary, “Can you tell me where the English department is?” The secretary smiles and responds, “I don’t know, actually. It’s probably somewhere in the Humanities Building. Do you have a campus map?” The student turns around and leaves. The secretary is taken aback and feels slightly uncomfortable. She wonders why the student left so abruptly.
(...)
People who interact with ESL students have commented that some seem to express gratitude excessively for small considerations, even to the point of embarrassing the person they are speaking. Others seem downright rude because they do not say thank you when they are expected to.
(Celce-Murcia, M. 2001.)
Leia os dois parágrafos a seguir para responder à questão.
An international student who majors in engineering drops by the engineering department office and asks the secretary, “Can you tell me where the English department is?” The secretary smiles and responds, “I don’t know, actually. It’s probably somewhere in the Humanities Building. Do you have a campus map?” The student turns around and leaves. The secretary is taken aback and feels slightly uncomfortable. She wonders why the student left so abruptly.
(...)
People who interact with ESL students have commented that some seem to express gratitude excessively for small considerations, even to the point of embarrassing the person they are speaking. Others seem downright rude because they do not say thank you when they are expected to.
(Celce-Murcia, M. 2001.)
Read the following extract to answer question.
Innovation in the language teaching field in the late 1980s and 1990s has been stimulated by a special concern for the language learning process. New methods propose that language learning is best served when students are interacting – completing a task or learning content or resolving real-life issues – where linguistic structures are not taught one by one, but where attention to linguistic form is given as necessary. These views of language learning have been informed by research in second language acquisition. Also giving learning a special focus are methodological innovations of the late 1980s and 1990s. These include teaching learning strategies, using cooperative learning, and planning lessons in such a way that different intelligences are addressed.
(Larsen-Freeman, D. 2000)
Read the following extract to answer question.
Innovation in the language teaching field in the late 1980s and 1990s has been stimulated by a special concern for the language learning process. New methods propose that language learning is best served when students are interacting – completing a task or learning content or resolving real-life issues – where linguistic structures are not taught one by one, but where attention to linguistic form is given as necessary. These views of language learning have been informed by research in second language acquisition. Also giving learning a special focus are methodological innovations of the late 1980s and 1990s. These include teaching learning strategies, using cooperative learning, and planning lessons in such a way that different intelligences are addressed.
(Larsen-Freeman, D. 2000)
Read the following extract to answer question.
Innovation in the language teaching field in the late 1980s and 1990s has been stimulated by a special concern for the language learning process. New methods propose that language learning is best served when students are interacting – completing a task or learning content or resolving real-life issues – where linguistic structures are not taught one by one, but where attention to linguistic form is given as necessary. These views of language learning have been informed by research in second language acquisition. Also giving learning a special focus are methodological innovations of the late 1980s and 1990s. These include teaching learning strategies, using cooperative learning, and planning lessons in such a way that different intelligences are addressed.
(Larsen-Freeman, D. 2000)
Read the following extract to answer question.
Innovation in the language teaching field in the late 1980s and 1990s has been stimulated by a special concern for the language learning process. New methods propose that language learning is best served when students are interacting – completing a task or learning content or resolving real-life issues – where linguistic structures are not taught one by one, but where attention to linguistic form is given as necessary. These views of language learning have been informed by research in second language acquisition. Also giving learning a special focus are methodological innovations of the late 1980s and 1990s. These include teaching learning strategies, using cooperative learning, and planning lessons in such a way that different intelligences are addressed.
(Larsen-Freeman, D. 2000)
Read the following extract to answer question.
Innovation in the language teaching field in the late 1980s and 1990s has been stimulated by a special concern for the language learning process. New methods propose that language learning is best served when students are interacting – completing a task or learning content or resolving real-life issues – where linguistic structures are not taught one by one, but where attention to linguistic form is given as necessary. These views of language learning have been informed by research in second language acquisition. Also giving learning a special focus are methodological innovations of the late 1980s and 1990s. These include teaching learning strategies, using cooperative learning, and planning lessons in such a way that different intelligences are addressed.
(Larsen-Freeman, D. 2000)
Read the text below and answer the question.
Thought-in-Action Links
It is important to recognize that methods link thoughts and actions, because teaching is not entirely about one or the other. As a teacher of language, you have thoughts about your subject matter – what language is, what culture is – and about your students – who they are as learners and how it is they learn. You also have thoughts about yourself as a teacher and what you can do to help your students to learn. Many of your thoughts have been formed by your own experience as a language learner. With this awareness, you are able to examine why you do what you do and perhaps choose to think about or do things differently.
As an example, let us relate an anecdote about a teacher with whom Diane Larsen-Freeman was working some time ago. From her study of methods in Stevick (1980), Heather (not her real name) became interested in how to work with teacher control and student initiative in her teaching. She determined that during her student teaching internship, she would exercise less control of the lesson in order to encourage her students to take more initiative, and have them impose the questions in the classroom, since so often it is the teacher who asks all the questions, not the students.
However, she felt that the students were not taking the initiative, but she could not see what was wrong. When Diane Larsen Freeman, who was her supervisor, visited her class, she observed the following:
HEATHER: Juan, ask Anna what she is wearing.
JÜAN: What are you wearing?
ANNA: I am wearing a dress.
HEATHER: Anna, ask Muriel what she is writing.
ANNA: What are you writing?
MÜRIEL: I am writing a letter.
This pattern continued for some time. It was clear to see that Heather had successfully avoided the common problem of the teacher asking all the questions in the class. The teacher was not asking the questions – the students were. However, Heather had not achieved her goal of encouraging student initiative.
(Larsen-Freeman, D. 2000. Adaptado)
Read the text below and answer the question.
Thought-in-Action Links
It is important to recognize that methods link thoughts and actions, because teaching is not entirely about one or the other. As a teacher of language, you have thoughts about your subject matter – what language is, what culture is – and about your students – who they are as learners and how it is they learn. You also have thoughts about yourself as a teacher and what you can do to help your students to learn. Many of your thoughts have been formed by your own experience as a language learner. With this awareness, you are able to examine why you do what you do and perhaps choose to think about or do things differently.
As an example, let us relate an anecdote about a teacher with whom Diane Larsen-Freeman was working some time ago. From her study of methods in Stevick (1980), Heather (not her real name) became interested in how to work with teacher control and student initiative in her teaching. She determined that during her student teaching internship, she would exercise less control of the lesson in order to encourage her students to take more initiative, and have them impose the questions in the classroom, since so often it is the teacher who asks all the questions, not the students.
However, she felt that the students were not taking the initiative, but she could not see what was wrong. When Diane Larsen Freeman, who was her supervisor, visited her class, she observed the following:
HEATHER: Juan, ask Anna what she is wearing.
JÜAN: What are you wearing?
ANNA: I am wearing a dress.
HEATHER: Anna, ask Muriel what she is writing.
ANNA: What are you writing?
MÜRIEL: I am writing a letter.
This pattern continued for some time. It was clear to see that Heather had successfully avoided the common problem of the teacher asking all the questions in the class. The teacher was not asking the questions – the students were. However, Heather had not achieved her goal of encouraging student initiative.
(Larsen-Freeman, D. 2000. Adaptado)
Read the text below and answer the question.
Thought-in-Action Links
It is important to recognize that methods link thoughts and actions, because teaching is not entirely about one or the other. As a teacher of language, you have thoughts about your subject matter – what language is, what culture is – and about your students – who they are as learners and how it is they learn. You also have thoughts about yourself as a teacher and what you can do to help your students to learn. Many of your thoughts have been formed by your own experience as a language learner. With this awareness, you are able to examine why you do what you do and perhaps choose to think about or do things differently.
As an example, let us relate an anecdote about a teacher with whom Diane Larsen-Freeman was working some time ago. From her study of methods in Stevick (1980), Heather (not her real name) became interested in how to work with teacher control and student initiative in her teaching. She determined that during her student teaching internship, she would exercise less control of the lesson in order to encourage her students to take more initiative, and have them impose the questions in the classroom, since so often it is the teacher who asks all the questions, not the students.
However, she felt that the students were not taking the initiative, but she could not see what was wrong. When Diane Larsen Freeman, who was her supervisor, visited her class, she observed the following:
HEATHER: Juan, ask Anna what she is wearing.
JÜAN: What are you wearing?
ANNA: I am wearing a dress.
HEATHER: Anna, ask Muriel what she is writing.
ANNA: What are you writing?
MÜRIEL: I am writing a letter.
This pattern continued for some time. It was clear to see that Heather had successfully avoided the common problem of the teacher asking all the questions in the class. The teacher was not asking the questions – the students were. However, Heather had not achieved her goal of encouraging student initiative.
(Larsen-Freeman, D. 2000. Adaptado)
Leia o texto.
Design relates to the thinking underlying materials. This will involve the consideration of areas such as the apparent aim of materials (such as the development of ‘general English’, English for Specific Purposes (ESP), or specific skills), how the tasks, language and content in the materials are selected and sequenced, and the nature and focus of the content in the materials.
(Andrew Littlejohn. “The analysis of language teaching materials: inside the Trojan House”. IN: B. Tomlinson (ed). Material Development in Language Teaching. Adaptado)
Materials designed for ESP courses should
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
A ‘dificuldade’ de um texto não se mede pelo tipo de oração ou complexidade sintática que ele contém. Não há texto fácil ou difícil do ponto de vista linguístico, simplesmente. Na sala de aula, o sucesso de um texto como parte de uma atividade depende do que se vai fazer com ele.
Um texto autêntico oferece mais oportunidades para o aluno e o professor tomarem contato com o inglês “de verdade”, aquele usado em comunicação real, no mundo real. Um texto real possui todos os defeitos e as virtudes da vida real: é complexo, rico, imprevisível, interessante e arriscado. As sequências de palavras de um texto autêntico ecoam nas vozes dos milhões de falantes de inglês no mundo. Um texto artificial, por sua vez, ecoa apenas parcialmente e não exibe o encanto e o desafio do texto autêntico.
(Tony B. Sardinha. “The book is not on the table: autenticidade e idiomaticidade do texto para ensino de inglês na perspectiva da linguística de corpus”. IN: Maria Cristina Damianovic (org). Material Didático: Elaboração e Avaliação. Adaptado)
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