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In the text, the word “whether” underlined and in bold type can be replaced without losing its meaning by:

In the text, the underlined and in bold type word “this” refers, among other things, to the act of:

Based on the text, it is correct to say that Matthew Bonn:

According to the text, it is correct to say that in the province of Nova Scotia:

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The relationship of fire with the evolutionary history of vegetation in Brazil
Brazil's biomes and ecosystems differ in their response and vulnerability to fire. Ecosystems characterized by the dominance of grasses – grasslands and savannas – coevolved with fire, and their plants and animals show several adaptations and synergies with fire; therefore, they are considered as fire-dependent from an ecological perspective. The opposite is true for the country's tropical forests that are not fire-adapted and do not easily burn, unless when suffering extreme drought or degradation that can make them more vulnerable to fire. When these forests do burn, fire can cause severe negative effects on their biodiversity, and thus they are considered as fire-sensitive. Natural fire regimes have been modified by human activities – usually related to land use practices or due to climate extremes linked to global warming and to climate change – and often towards higher frequency and extent, as well as altered seasons. Such altered fire regimes usually bring negative effects, not only on biodiversity but also on ecosystem processes and services for human populations. However, in the case of most protected areas, fire has been banished even though the ecosystem is firedependent, what will also lead to important ecological changes and often to a rather rapid loss of their natural characteristics. The trade-offs among the distinct effects of fire on the environment, from biodiversity to ecosystem services, must be considered in all discussions about the fire issue.
    Since colonial times a “Zero Fire” policy prevailed in Brazil, even in fire-dependent ecosystems. Only from the 1970's on, other perspectives on fire have slowly developed, as fire became a subject of scientific studies. By then, negative effects of fire exclusion in fire-dependent ecosystems, such as loss of biodiversity and fuel buildup that would lead to catastrophic fires, have been documented. From 2008 on, an Integrated Fire Management Strategy (IFM) was developed and has been increasingly applied in federal protected areas. Besides controlling fuel and decreasing the risk of wildfire, this strategy allows for the integration of traditional fire management practices of local people or at least sets a framework to find joint solutions in the case of conflicts. Despite successes, IFM is yet not widely implemented across the country, and remains restricted to a relatively small number of protected areas, mainly in the firedependent Cerrado. For private land, no general fire management strategy exists. Fires are used for different purposes: in the context of land clearing for future agricultural use (deforestation fires), to manage agricultural or grazing systems, or as part of slash-and-burn systems (swidden cultivation) often practiced by subsistence farmers. While fire may be legally used for agricultural purposes (requiring authorization), a great part of the current fires is illegal, especially when associated with deforestation and suppression of native vegetation. In some cases, policy has been able to reduce the use of fire when alternatives exist, e.g., in sugarcane plantations in the southeastern region. In other types of land management, however, fire remains a cheap and, at the moment, often the only feasible alternative for smallholders exist, but support is needed for their implementation and to allow market access to local producers who change their land management. A clear general strategy to deal with fire on private land – allowing its controlled use when it is overall beneficial, and avoiding it where negative effects overwhelm – still needs to be developed.
(Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation Volume 19, Issue 3, July–September 2021, Pages 233-255. Adapted.)
Choose the sequence matching text and assertions’ analysis. ( ) A long rain lack might be able to prompt the susceptibility to fire in rain forests. ( ) Fire’s negative effects overwhelm in smallholders’ lands due to livelihood tilling. ( ) A “Zero Fire” police had been in action since colonial times, but it changed round about the 1970’s. ( ) The fire-dependent Cerrado remains the focus of Integrated Fire Management Strategy (IFM) on private and protected areas alike. ( ) It is clear that a general strategy to deal with fire on private and public lands still needs to be averted, if the aim is to allow fire controlled use.