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Q1820794 Inglês

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    A number of writers in our field have criticized the concept of language teaching methods. Some say that methods are prescriptions for classroom behavior (Pennycook 1989); others that teachers do not think about methods when planning their lessons (Long 1991), and that methodological labels tell us little about what really occurs in classrooms (Katz 1996).

    A particular method can be imposed on teachers by others. However, we also know that teaching is more than following a recipe. Any method is going to be shaped by a teacher’s own understanding, beliefs, style, and level of experience. After all, teachers are professionals who can, in the best of all worlds, make their own decisions. They are informed by their own experience, the findings from research, and the wisdom of practice accumulated by the profession (see, for example, Kumaravadivelu 1994).

    Furthermore, a method is decontextualized. How a method is implemented in the classroom is going to be affected not only by who the teacher is, but also by who the students are, the institutional constraints and demands, and factors connected to the wider sociocultural context where the instruction takes place. In addition, decisions that teachers make are often affected by exigencies in the classroom rather than by methodological considerations. Saying that a particular method is practiced certainly does not give us the whole picture of what is happening in the classroom. Then, too, since a method is more abstract than a teaching activity, it is not surprising that teachers think in terms of activities rather than methodological choices when they plan their lessons.

    [...] Some language teaching methods share the view that language can best be learned when it is taught through communication, rather than for it; and second, that language acquisition can be enhanced by working not only on language, but also on the process of learning (learnng strategies, cooperative learning and multiple intelligences).


(LARSEN FREEMAN, D. Techniques and principles in language teaching. 2th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp. xi-xii. Adaptado)

Note that the text is predominantly written in the present tense. This can be explained by the fact that
Alternativas
Q1820793 Inglês

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    A number of writers in our field have criticized the concept of language teaching methods. Some say that methods are prescriptions for classroom behavior (Pennycook 1989); others that teachers do not think about methods when planning their lessons (Long 1991), and that methodological labels tell us little about what really occurs in classrooms (Katz 1996).

    A particular method can be imposed on teachers by others. However, we also know that teaching is more than following a recipe. Any method is going to be shaped by a teacher’s own understanding, beliefs, style, and level of experience. After all, teachers are professionals who can, in the best of all worlds, make their own decisions. They are informed by their own experience, the findings from research, and the wisdom of practice accumulated by the profession (see, for example, Kumaravadivelu 1994).

    Furthermore, a method is decontextualized. How a method is implemented in the classroom is going to be affected not only by who the teacher is, but also by who the students are, the institutional constraints and demands, and factors connected to the wider sociocultural context where the instruction takes place. In addition, decisions that teachers make are often affected by exigencies in the classroom rather than by methodological considerations. Saying that a particular method is practiced certainly does not give us the whole picture of what is happening in the classroom. Then, too, since a method is more abstract than a teaching activity, it is not surprising that teachers think in terms of activities rather than methodological choices when they plan their lessons.

    [...] Some language teaching methods share the view that language can best be learned when it is taught through communication, rather than for it; and second, that language acquisition can be enhanced by working not only on language, but also on the process of learning (learnng strategies, cooperative learning and multiple intelligences).


(LARSEN FREEMAN, D. Techniques and principles in language teaching. 2th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp. xi-xii. Adaptado)

The view that language can be best taught through communication rather than for it (par. 4) will be found in language courses that follow
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Q1820792 Inglês

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    A number of writers in our field have criticized the concept of language teaching methods. Some say that methods are prescriptions for classroom behavior (Pennycook 1989); others that teachers do not think about methods when planning their lessons (Long 1991), and that methodological labels tell us little about what really occurs in classrooms (Katz 1996).

    A particular method can be imposed on teachers by others. However, we also know that teaching is more than following a recipe. Any method is going to be shaped by a teacher’s own understanding, beliefs, style, and level of experience. After all, teachers are professionals who can, in the best of all worlds, make their own decisions. They are informed by their own experience, the findings from research, and the wisdom of practice accumulated by the profession (see, for example, Kumaravadivelu 1994).

    Furthermore, a method is decontextualized. How a method is implemented in the classroom is going to be affected not only by who the teacher is, but also by who the students are, the institutional constraints and demands, and factors connected to the wider sociocultural context where the instruction takes place. In addition, decisions that teachers make are often affected by exigencies in the classroom rather than by methodological considerations. Saying that a particular method is practiced certainly does not give us the whole picture of what is happening in the classroom. Then, too, since a method is more abstract than a teaching activity, it is not surprising that teachers think in terms of activities rather than methodological choices when they plan their lessons.

    [...] Some language teaching methods share the view that language can best be learned when it is taught through communication, rather than for it; and second, that language acquisition can be enhanced by working not only on language, but also on the process of learning (learnng strategies, cooperative learning and multiple intelligences).


(LARSEN FREEMAN, D. Techniques and principles in language teaching. 2th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp. xi-xii. Adaptado)

The discourse markers Furthermore and In addition, which introduce new sentences in the third paragraph, can be correctly replaced by
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Q1820791 Inglês

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    A number of writers in our field have criticized the concept of language teaching methods. Some say that methods are prescriptions for classroom behavior (Pennycook 1989); others that teachers do not think about methods when planning their lessons (Long 1991), and that methodological labels tell us little about what really occurs in classrooms (Katz 1996).

    A particular method can be imposed on teachers by others. However, we also know that teaching is more than following a recipe. Any method is going to be shaped by a teacher’s own understanding, beliefs, style, and level of experience. After all, teachers are professionals who can, in the best of all worlds, make their own decisions. They are informed by their own experience, the findings from research, and the wisdom of practice accumulated by the profession (see, for example, Kumaravadivelu 1994).

    Furthermore, a method is decontextualized. How a method is implemented in the classroom is going to be affected not only by who the teacher is, but also by who the students are, the institutional constraints and demands, and factors connected to the wider sociocultural context where the instruction takes place. In addition, decisions that teachers make are often affected by exigencies in the classroom rather than by methodological considerations. Saying that a particular method is practiced certainly does not give us the whole picture of what is happening in the classroom. Then, too, since a method is more abstract than a teaching activity, it is not surprising that teachers think in terms of activities rather than methodological choices when they plan their lessons.

    [...] Some language teaching methods share the view that language can best be learned when it is taught through communication, rather than for it; and second, that language acquisition can be enhanced by working not only on language, but also on the process of learning (learnng strategies, cooperative learning and multiple intelligences).


(LARSEN FREEMAN, D. Techniques and principles in language teaching. 2th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp. xi-xii. Adaptado)

The statement “They are informed by their own experience, the findings from research, and the wisdom of practice accumulated by the profession” (par 2) describes teachers who, in the exercise of their profession, are concerned about developing ownership of their own professional learning by drawing on
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Q1820790 Inglês
No trecho “because they may need to make “in-flight” changes in response to the actuality of the classroom.”, o verbo destacado traz a ideia de
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Q1820789 Inglês

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Because we all have different styles of teaching, and therefore planning, orientations about course planning and delivery should not be meant to be prescriptive. As Bailey (1996) points out, a lesson plan is like a road map “which describes where the teacher hopes to go in a lesson, presumably taking the students along”. It is the latter part of this quote that is important for teachers to remember, because they may need to make “in-flight” changes in response to the actuality of the classroom. As Bailey (1996) correctly points out, “In realizing lesson plans, part of a skilled teacher’s logic in use involves managing such departures to maximimize teaching and learning opportunities”. Clearly thought-out lesson plans will more likely maintain the attention of students and increase the likelihood that they will be interested.


(RICHARDS, Jack C.; RENANDYA, Willy A.(Ed.). Methodology in language teaching: an anthology of current practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 36. Adaptado) 

No trecho “It is the latter part of this quote that is important for teachers to remember”, the underlined word can be correctly replaced by
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Q1820788 Inglês

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Because we all have different styles of teaching, and therefore planning, orientations about course planning and delivery should not be meant to be prescriptive. As Bailey (1996) points out, a lesson plan is like a road map “which describes where the teacher hopes to go in a lesson, presumably taking the students along”. It is the latter part of this quote that is important for teachers to remember, because they may need to make “in-flight” changes in response to the actuality of the classroom. As Bailey (1996) correctly points out, “In realizing lesson plans, part of a skilled teacher’s logic in use involves managing such departures to maximimize teaching and learning opportunities”. Clearly thought-out lesson plans will more likely maintain the attention of students and increase the likelihood that they will be interested.


(RICHARDS, Jack C.; RENANDYA, Willy A.(Ed.). Methodology in language teaching: an anthology of current practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 36. Adaptado) 

When evaluating the effectiveness of their lesson plan, teachers following structuralist approaches would be particularly interested in finding the answer to the following question:
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Q1820787 Inglês

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Because we all have different styles of teaching, and therefore planning, orientations about course planning and delivery should not be meant to be prescriptive. As Bailey (1996) points out, a lesson plan is like a road map “which describes where the teacher hopes to go in a lesson, presumably taking the students along”. It is the latter part of this quote that is important for teachers to remember, because they may need to make “in-flight” changes in response to the actuality of the classroom. As Bailey (1996) correctly points out, “In realizing lesson plans, part of a skilled teacher’s logic in use involves managing such departures to maximimize teaching and learning opportunities”. Clearly thought-out lesson plans will more likely maintain the attention of students and increase the likelihood that they will be interested.


(RICHARDS, Jack C.; RENANDYA, Willy A.(Ed.). Methodology in language teaching: an anthology of current practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 36. Adaptado) 

The underlined phrase in “orientations about course planning and delivery should not be meant to be prescriptive” (line 3)
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Q1820786 Inglês

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Because we all have different styles of teaching, and therefore planning, orientations about course planning and delivery should not be meant to be prescriptive. As Bailey (1996) points out, a lesson plan is like a road map “which describes where the teacher hopes to go in a lesson, presumably taking the students along”. It is the latter part of this quote that is important for teachers to remember, because they may need to make “in-flight” changes in response to the actuality of the classroom. As Bailey (1996) correctly points out, “In realizing lesson plans, part of a skilled teacher’s logic in use involves managing such departures to maximimize teaching and learning opportunities”. Clearly thought-out lesson plans will more likely maintain the attention of students and increase the likelihood that they will be interested.


(RICHARDS, Jack C.; RENANDYA, Willy A.(Ed.). Methodology in language teaching: an anthology of current practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 36. Adaptado) 

The metaphor which permeates the excerpt underscores one desirable trait of lesson plans, namely,
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Q1820784 Pedagogia
Ao abordar o tema da avaliação, Jussara Hoffmann (s/d, p. 56) escreve:
“A avaliação, enquanto ____________, vai conceber o conhecimento como apropriação do saber pelo aluno e também pelo professor, como ação-reflexão-ação que se passa na sala de aula em direção a um saber aprimorado, enriquecido, carregado de significados, de compreensão. Dessa forma, a avaliação passa a exigir do professor uma relação epistemológica com o aluno – uma conexão entendida como reflexão aprofundada a respeito das formas como se dá a compreensão do educando sobre o objeto do conhecimento.”
Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna.
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Q1820783 Pedagogia
De acordo com Ilma Veiga, o currículo refere-se
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Q1820782 Pedagogia
No texto A Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Inclusão Escolar: a escola comum inclusiva, as autoras destacam que a elaboração do Projeto Político-Pedagógico (PPP) ganha força a partir da constatação de que a realidade escolar é dinâmica e depende de todos. Na perspectiva das autoras, as intenções da escola reunidas no PPP conferem-lhe o caráter
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Q1820781 Pedagogia
Com base no art. 16 do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, assinale a alternativa que apresenta um aspecto compreendido no princípio do direito à liberdade.

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Q1820780 Pedagogia
Ao tratar da moralidade e da ética no bojo dos temas transversais do cotidiano escolar, Telma Vinha afirma que é muito comum uma visão reducionista da teoria de Piaget, quando as escolas acham que a criança pode escolher qual a sanção será dada a outra criança. À luz do pensamento de Piaget, assinale a alternativa correta.
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Q1820779 Pedagogia
Nos termos do art. 206 da Constituição Federal, o ensino será ministrado, dentre outros, com base no princípio da liberdade de aprender, ensinar, pesquisar e divulgar o
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Q1820777 Pedagogia
Leia o excerto a seguir.
“Não adianta uma residência combater o mosquito da dengue se o vizinho não colabora. A poluição de um córrego vai afetar toda a população que vive rio abaixo.” (DOWBOR, 2007, p. 79)
Assinale a alternativa que traz uma afirmação correta de acordo com a perspectiva do autor em relação à educação.
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Q1820772 Geografia
Observe os conceitos:
I. estabelece(m)-se sobre áreas urbanizadas, causando elevação de temperatura e desconforto térmico; II. responsável(is) pelo agravamento da poluição atmosférica em virtude do papel de bloqueio que exerce(m); III. leva(m) ao colapso a rede de escoamento, produzindo extravasamento e danos em áreas extensas.
(José Bueno Conti e Sueli Ângelo Furlan. Geoecologia: o clima, os solos e a biota. IN: ROSS, J. L. S. Geografia do Brasil, 2001, p. 86-87. Adaptado)
Os conceitos apresentados nos itens I, II e III representam sequencialmente:
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Q1820768 História
Em 1983, lideranças políticas buscaram a aprovação de uma emenda constitucional que reestabelecesse o voto popular nas eleições para a presidência da República. A emenda estava formalizada no Congresso Nacional desde março daquele ano. Foi iniciativa de um deputado quase desconhecido – Dante de Oliveira, do PMDB de Mato Grosso. Tinha quinze linhas e alta probabilidade de ser arquivada, mas foi pinçada pela Executiva Nacional do PMDB. A Emenda Dante de Oliveira, como ficou conhecida, levou à formação de uma frente suprapartidária.
(Lilia Moritz Schwartz e Heloísa Murgel Starling, Brasil: uma biografia. Texto adaptado)
Em abril de 1984, a Emenda Dante de Oliveira foi
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Q1820765 História
Bem nas primeiras linhas da sua História geral das guerras angolas (1681), Cadornega, o pai da historiografia angolista, menciona o “resgate de peças que servem de utilidade ao comércio, e com estes resgates se evitam não haver tantos açougues de carne humana, e instruídos na Fé de Nosso Senhor Jesus Cristo indo batizados e catequizados se embarcam para as partes do Brasil ou para outras que têm uso católico”.
(Luiz Felipe de Alencastro, O trato dos viventes: formação do Brasil no Atlântico Sul. Texto adaptado)
Na sua manifestação, Cadornega parece
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Q1820762 Português

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Mesa farta


    A alimentação, além de necessidade biológica, é um complexo sistema simbólico de significados sociais. Em “A Divina Comédia”, Dante* definiu a fome como o pior desastre. Ele sabia do que falava, pois viu a Europa ser varrida pela Peste Negra no século 14. O desespero levava pessoas a comer de tudo, muitas morrendo com a boca cheia de capim. Outro crucial evento histórico, a Revolução Francesa, teria sido detonado pela falta de comida.
    Nos séculos 16 e 17, os livros trazem justificativas médicas para o consumo de certos alimentos. É o caso das frutas. Antes servidas como “entradas” para acalmar o estômago, quando misturadas ao açúcar passam a sobremesas. É o momento em que o açúcar, anteriormente consumido como remédio, invade a Europa por força das exportações portuguesas. De especiaria, ele passa a aditivo de três bebidas que vão estourar na Europa: o chocolate, o café e o chá.
    O café, por exemplo, era recomendado pelo médico de dom João V, rei de Portugal, por sua capacidade de “confortar a memória e alegrar o ânimo”. Os cafés se multiplicaram e se tornaram lugares onde se bebia numa verdadeira liturgia: em silêncio, entre pessoas cultas, jogando damas ou cartas.
    A Europa dos séculos 16 ao 19 consumiu café, chá e chocolate acompanhados de bolos e outros doces, o que impulsionou o consumo de açúcar. Nascia, assim, a noção de gosto na culinária. Um saber sobre a cozinha se formalizava e livros especializados batiam os 300 mil exemplares.
    O comer tornou-se menos encher o estômago e mais escolher segundo o gosto. Certos alimentos passaram de um nível a outro: a batata, primeiramente servida aos porcos, depois de alimentar massas de camponeses, ganhou status de alimento fino, graças às receitas do chef francês Parmentier.
    Antigamente, o comer acontecia em momentos regrados e reunia pessoas em torno da mesa, com grande carga simbólica. Hoje, comemos abundante e individualmente. Nessa dinâmica, o lugar da televisão (ou celular) exerce fundamental importância. Em muitas casas e restaurantes, as pessoas comem na frente da TV, ou seja, ingerindo comida sem investimento simbólico, sem prazer de estar junto na descoberta da refeição.
    Em todas as esferas da vida, encontramos metáforas alimentares: em relação ao sexo, falamos na doçura do amor, em lua de mel e, em relação aos textos e aos livros, dizemos que podem ser saboreados, digeridos. Vale lembrar que saber e sabor são palavras derivadas do mesmo radical: sapere, ter gosto.

(Mary Del Priore. Aventuras na História. Julho de 2014. Adaptado)

* Dante Alighieri, escritor italiano.

Considere o texto.
Café, chocolate e chá tornaram-se bebidas muito apreciadas quando ____________ o açúcar. Já as frutas, alguns estudiosos ____________, até então, apenas um remédio; porém, associadas ao açúcar, passaram a saborosas sobremesas.
De acordo com a colocação dos pronomes e com o emprego do sinal indicativo de crase determinados pela norma-padrão, as lacunas desse texto devem ser preenchidas, respectivamente, por:
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Respostas
1661: E
1662: C
1663: B
1664: B
1665: D
1666: A
1667: D
1668: E
1669: C
1670: B
1671: B
1672: A
1673: E
1674: D
1675: C
1676: E
1677: A
1678: B
1679: D
1680: B