Questões Militares

                      Prison without guards or weapons in Brazil

      Tatiane Correia de Lima is a 26-year-old mother of two who is serving a 12-year sentence in Brazil. The South American country has the world’s fourth largest prison population and its jails regularly come under the spotlight for their poor conditions, with chronic overcrowding and gang violence provoking deadly riots.

      Lima had just been moved from a prison in the mainstream penitential system to a facility run ______(1) the Association for the Protection and Assistance to Convicts (APAC) in the town of Itaúna, in Minas Gerais state. Unlike in the mainstream system, “which steals your femininity”, as Lima puts it, at the APAC jail she is allowed to wear her own clothes and have a mirror, make-up and hair dye. But the difference between the regimes is far more than skin-deep.

      The APAC system has been gaining growing recognition as a safer, cheaper and more humane answer to the country’s prison crisis. All APAC prisoners must have passed through the mainstream system and must show remorse and be willing to follow the strict regime of work and study which is part of the system’s philosophy. There are no guards or weapons and visitors are greeted by an inmate who unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail.

      Inmates are known as recuperandos (recovering people), reflecting the APAC focus ______(2) restorative justice and rehabilitation. They must study and work, sometimes in collaboration with the local community. If they do not - or if they try to abscond - they risk being returned to the mainstream system. There have been physical fights but never a murder at an APAC jail.

                          Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-44056946

                      Prison without guards or weapons in Brazil

      Tatiane Correia de Lima is a 26-year-old mother of two who is serving a 12-year sentence in Brazil. The South American country has the world’s fourth largest prison population and its jails regularly come under the spotlight for their poor conditions, with chronic overcrowding and gang violence provoking deadly riots.

      Lima had just been moved from a prison in the mainstream penitential system to a facility run ______(1) the Association for the Protection and Assistance to Convicts (APAC) in the town of Itaúna, in Minas Gerais state. Unlike in the mainstream system, “which steals your femininity”, as Lima puts it, at the APAC jail she is allowed to wear her own clothes and have a mirror, make-up and hair dye. But the difference between the regimes is far more than skin-deep.

      The APAC system has been gaining growing recognition as a safer, cheaper and more humane answer to the country’s prison crisis. All APAC prisoners must have passed through the mainstream system and must show remorse and be willing to follow the strict regime of work and study which is part of the system’s philosophy. There are no guards or weapons and visitors are greeted by an inmate who unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail.

      Inmates are known as recuperandos (recovering people), reflecting the APAC focus ______(2) restorative justice and rehabilitation. They must study and work, sometimes in collaboration with the local community. If they do not - or if they try to abscond - they risk being returned to the mainstream system. There have been physical fights but never a murder at an APAC jail.

                          Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-44056946

                Lego wants to replace plastic blocks with sustainable materials

      The Lego Group wants to replace the plastic in their products with a “sustainable material” by 2030, the company announced.

      The world’s largest toy company will invest $1 billion in their new LEGO Sustainable Materials Centre in Denmark, which _______(1) devoted to finding and implementing new sustainable alternatives for their current building materials. Lego plans on hiring 100 specialists for the center. There is no official definition of a sustainable material.

      Legos _______(2) made with a strong plastic known as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene since 1963. The company uses more than 6,000 tons of plastic annually to manufacture its products, according to NBC News. Changing the raw material could have a large effect on Lego’s carbon footprint, especially considering that only 10% of the carbon emissions from Lego products come from its factories. The other 90% is produced from the extraction and refinement of raw materials, as well as distribution from factories to toy stores.

      The company _______(3) already taken steps to lower its carbon footprint, including a reduction of packaging size and an investment in an offshore wind farm.

                                  Adapted from http://time.com/3931946/lego-sustainable-materials/

                Lego wants to replace plastic blocks with sustainable materials

      The Lego Group wants to replace the plastic in their products with a “sustainable material” by 2030, the company announced.

      The world’s largest toy company will invest $1 billion in their new LEGO Sustainable Materials Centre in Denmark, which _______(1) devoted to finding and implementing new sustainable alternatives for their current building materials. Lego plans on hiring 100 specialists for the center. There is no official definition of a sustainable material.

      Legos _______(2) made with a strong plastic known as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene since 1963. The company uses more than 6,000 tons of plastic annually to manufacture its products, according to NBC News. Changing the raw material could have a large effect on Lego’s carbon footprint, especially considering that only 10% of the carbon emissions from Lego products come from its factories. The other 90% is produced from the extraction and refinement of raw materials, as well as distribution from factories to toy stores.

      The company _______(3) already taken steps to lower its carbon footprint, including a reduction of packaging size and an investment in an offshore wind farm.

                                  Adapted from http://time.com/3931946/lego-sustainable-materials/

                                (Título omitido propositadamente)

      Italian children have been told not to turn up to school unless they can prove they have been properly vaccinated. The deadline follows months of national debate over compulsory vaccination. The new law came amid a surge in measles cases - but Italian officials say vaccination rates have improved since it was introduced. Children must receive a range of mandatory immunisations before attending school. They include vaccinations for chickenpox, polio, measles, mumps and rubella.

      Children up to the age of six years will be excluded from nursery and kindergarten without proof of vaccination under the new rules. Those aged between six and 16 cannot be banned from attending school, but their parents face fines if they do not complete the mandatory course of immunisations.

      Italian media report that regional authorities are handling the situation in a number of different ways. In Bologna, the local authority has set letters of suspension to the parents of some 300 children, and a total of 5,000 children do not have their vaccine documentation up to date. In other areas there have been no reported cases, while still others have been given a grace period of a few days beyond the deadline.

      The new law was passed to raise Italy’s dropping vaccination rates from below 80% to the World Health Organisation’s 95% target.

                                    Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47536981

                                (Título omitido propositadamente)

      Italian children have been told not to turn up to school unless they can prove they have been properly vaccinated. The deadline follows months of national debate over compulsory vaccination. The new law came amid a surge in measles cases - but Italian officials say vaccination rates have improved since it was introduced. Children must receive a range of mandatory immunisations before attending school. They include vaccinations for chickenpox, polio, measles, mumps and rubella.

      Children up to the age of six years will be excluded from nursery and kindergarten without proof of vaccination under the new rules. Those aged between six and 16 cannot be banned from attending school, but their parents face fines if they do not complete the mandatory course of immunisations.

      Italian media report that regional authorities are handling the situation in a number of different ways. In Bologna, the local authority has set letters of suspension to the parents of some 300 children, and a total of 5,000 children do not have their vaccine documentation up to date. In other areas there have been no reported cases, while still others have been given a grace period of a few days beyond the deadline.

      The new law was passed to raise Italy’s dropping vaccination rates from below 80% to the World Health Organisation’s 95% target.

                                    Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47536981

                      Teaching English in the Brazilian countryside

      “In Brazil, countryside youth want to learn about new places, new cultures and people. However, they think their everyday lives are an obstacle to that, because they imagine that country life has nothing to do with other parts of the world”, says Rafael Fonseca. Rafael teaches English in a language school in a cooperative coffee cultivation in Paraguaçu. His learners are the children of rural workers.

      Rafael tells us that the objective of the project being developed in the cooperative is to give the young people more opportunities of growth in the countryside, and that includes the ability to communicate with international buyers. “In the future, our project may help overcome the lack of succession in countryside activities because, nowadays, rural workers’ children become lawyers, engineers, teachers, and sometimes even doctors, but those children very rarely want to have a profession related to rural work”, says Rafael.

      “That happens”, he adds, “because their parents understand that life in the countryside can be hard work and they do not want to see their children running the same type of life that they have. Their children also believe that life in the country does not allow them to have contact with other parts of the world, meet other people and improve cultural bounds. The program intends to show them that by means of a second language they can travel, communicate with new people and learn about new cultures as a means of promoting and selling what they produce in the country, and that includes receiving visitors in their workplace from abroad.”

      Rafael’s strategy is to contextualize the English language and keep learners up-to-date with what happens in the global market. “Integrating relevant topics about countryside living can be transformative in the classroom. The local regional and cultural aspects are a great source of inspiration and learning not only for the young, but for us all.”

Adapted from http://www.cambridge.org/elt/blog/2019/01/21/teaching-english-in-the-brazilian-classroom/

                      Teaching English in the Brazilian countryside

      “In Brazil, countryside youth want to learn about new places, new cultures and people. However, they think their everyday lives are an obstacle to that, because they imagine that country life has nothing to do with other parts of the world”, says Rafael Fonseca. Rafael teaches English in a language school in a cooperative coffee cultivation in Paraguaçu. His learners are the children of rural workers.

      Rafael tells us that the objective of the project being developed in the cooperative is to give the young people more opportunities of growth in the countryside, and that includes the ability to communicate with international buyers. “In the future, our project may help overcome the lack of succession in countryside activities because, nowadays, rural workers’ children become lawyers, engineers, teachers, and sometimes even doctors, but those children very rarely want to have a profession related to rural work”, says Rafael.

      “That happens”, he adds, “because their parents understand that life in the countryside can be hard work and they do not want to see their children running the same type of life that they have. Their children also believe that life in the country does not allow them to have contact with other parts of the world, meet other people and improve cultural bounds. The program intends to show them that by means of a second language they can travel, communicate with new people and learn about new cultures as a means of promoting and selling what they produce in the country, and that includes receiving visitors in their workplace from abroad.”

      Rafael’s strategy is to contextualize the English language and keep learners up-to-date with what happens in the global market. “Integrating relevant topics about countryside living can be transformative in the classroom. The local regional and cultural aspects are a great source of inspiration and learning not only for the young, but for us all.”

Adapted from http://www.cambridge.org/elt/blog/2019/01/21/teaching-english-in-the-brazilian-classroom/

                              O fim do canudinho de plástico

                                              Por Devorah Lev-Tov / Quinta-feira, 5 de Julho de 2018

      Em 2015, um vídeo perturbador de uma tartaruga marinha oliva sofrendo com um canudo plástico preso em sua narina viralizou, mudando a atitude de muitos espectadores quanto ao utensílio plástico tão conveniente para muitos.

      Mas, como pode o canudo plástico, um item insignificante utilizado brevemente antes de ser descartado, causar tanto estrago? Primeiramente, ele consegue chegar facilmente aos oceanos devido a sua leveza. Ao chegar lá, o canudo não se decompõe. Pelo contrário, ele se fragmenta lentamente em pedaços cada vez menores, conhecidos como microplásticos, que são frequentemente confundidos com comida pelos animais marinhos.

      E, em segundo lugar, ele não pode ser reciclado. “Infelizmente, a maioria dos canudos plásticos são leves demais para os separadores manuais de reciclagem, indo parar em aterros sanitários, cursos d’água e, por fim, nos oceanos”, explica Dune Ives, diretor executivo da organização Lonely Whale. A ONG viabilizou uma campanha de marketing de sucesso chamada “Strawless in Seattle” (ou “Sem Canudos em Seattle”) em apoio à iniciativa “Strawless Ocean” (ou “Oceanos Sem Canudos”).

      Nos Estados Unidos, milhões de canudos de plástico são descartados todos os dias. No Reino Unido, estima-se que pelo menos 4,4 bilhões de canudos sejam jogados fora anualmente. Hotéis são alguns dos piores infratores: o Hilton Waikoloa Village, que se tornou o primeiro resort na ilha do Havaí a banir os canudos plásticos no início deste ano, utilizou mais de 800 mil canudos em 2017.

      Mas é claro que os canudos são apenas parte da quantidade monumental de resíduos que vão parar em nossos oceanos. “Nos últimos 10 anos, produzimos mais plástico do que em todo o século passado e 50% do plástico que utilizamos é de uso único e descartado imediatamente”, diz Tessa Hempson, gerente de operações do Oceans Without Borders, uma nova fundação da empresa de safáris de luxo & Beyond. “Um milhão de aves marinhas e 100 mil mamíferos marinhos são mortos anualmente pelo plástico nos oceanos. 44% de todas as espécies de aves marinhas, 22% das baleias e golfinhos, todas as espécies de tartarugas, e uma lista crescente de espécies de peixes já foram documentados com plástico dentro ou em volta de seus corpos”.

      Mas, agora, o próprio canudo plástico começou a finalmente se tornar uma espécie ameaçada, com algumas cidades nos Estados Unidos (Seattle, em Washington; Miami Beach e Fort Myers Beach, na Flórida; e Malibu, Davis e San Luis Obispo, na Califórnia) banindo seu uso, além de outros países que limitam itens de plástico descartável, o que inclui os canudos. Belize, Taiwan e Inglaterra estão entre os mais recentes países a proporem a proibição.

      Mesmo ações individuais podem causar um impacto significativo no meio ambiente e influenciar a indústria: a proibição em uma única rede de hotéis remove milhões de canudos em um único ano. As redes Anantara e AVANI estimam que seus hotéis tenham utilizado 2,49 milhões de canudos na Ásia em 2017, e a AccorHotels estima o uso de 4,2 milhões de canudos nos Estados Unidos e Canadá também no último ano.

      Embora utilizar um canudo não seja a melhor das hipóteses, algumas pessoas ainda os preferem ou até necessitam deles, como aqueles com deficiências ou dentes e gengivas sensíveis. Se quiser usar um canudo, os reutilizáveis de metal ou vidro são a alternativa ideal. A Final Straw, que diz ser o primeiro canudo retrátil reutilizável do mercado, está arrecadando fundos através do Kickstarter.

      “A maioria das pessoas não pensa nas consequências que o simples ato de pegar ou aceitar um canudo plástico tem em suas vidas e nas vidas das futuras gerações” diz David Laris, diretor de criação e chef do Cachet Hospitality Group, que não utiliza canudos de plástico. “A indústria hoteleira tem a obrigação de começar a reduzir a quantidade de resíduos plásticos que gera”.

Adaptado de https://www.nationalgeographicbrasil.com/planeta-ou-plastico/2018/07/ fim-canudinhoplastico-canudo-poluicao-oceano . Acesso em 14 de março de 2019.