Questões Militares Para aspirante da escola naval

                                    Hard Lesson in Sleep for Teenagers

By Jane E. Brody         October 20, 2014 

      Few Americans these days get the hours of sleep optimal for their age, but experts agree that teenagers are more likely to fall short than anyone else.

      Researchers report that the average adolescent needs eight and a half to nine and a half hours of sleep each night. However, in a poll taken in 2006 by the National Sleep Foundation, less than 20 percent reported getting that much rest on school nights. With the profusion of personal electronics, the current percentage is believed to be even worse. A study in Fairfax, Va., found that only 6 percent of children in the 10th grade and only 3 percent in the 12th grade get the recommended amount of sleep. Two in three teens were found to be severely sleep-deprived, losing two or more hours of sleep every night. The causes can be biological, behavioral or environmental. The effect on the well-being of adolescents — on their health and academic potential — can be profound. 

      Insufficient sleep in adolescence increases the risks of high blood pressure and heart disease, Type 2 diabetes and obesity, said Dr. Owens, pediatric sleep specialist at Children's National Health System in Washington. Sleeplessness is also linked to risk-taking behavior, depression, suicidal ideation and car accidents. Insufficient sleep also impairs judgment, decision-making skills and the ability to curb impulses, which are "in a critical stage of development in adolescence," Dr. Owens said. With the current intense concern about raising academic achievement, it is worth noting that a study by Kyla Wahlstrom of 9,000 students in eight Minnesota public high schools showed that starting school a half-hour later resulted in an hour's more sleep a night and an increase in the students' grade point averages and standardized test scores.

      When children reach puberty, a shift in circadian rhythm makes it harder for them to fall asleep early enough to get the requisite number of hours and still make it to school on time. A teenager’s sleep-wake cycle can shift as much as two hours, making it difficult to fall asleep before 11 p.m. If school starts at 8 or 8:30, it is not possible to get enough sleep. Based on biological sleep needs, a teenager who goes to sleep at 11 p.m, should be getting up around 8 a.m.

      Adding to the adolescent shift in circadian rhythm are myriad electronic distractions that cut further into sleep time, like smartphones, iPods, computers and televisions. A stream of text messages, tweets, and postings on Facebook and Instagram keep many awake long into the night.

      Parents should consider instituting an electronic curfew and perhaps even forbid sleep-distracting devices in the bedroom, Dr . Owens said. Beyond the bedroom, many teenagers lead overscheduled lives that can lead to short nights.

      Also at risk are many teenagers from low-income and minority families, where overcrowding, excessive noise and safety concerns can make it difficult to get enough restful sleep, the academy statement said. Trying to compensate for sleep deprivation on weekends can further compromise an adolescent's sleep-wake cycle by inducing permanent jet lag. Sleeping late on weekends shifts their internal clock, making it even harder to get to sleep Sunday night and wake up on time for school Monday morning.

                                                          (Adapted and abridged from http://www.nytimes.com)

                                    Hard Lesson in Sleep for Teenagers

By Jane E. Brody         October 20, 2014 

      Few Americans these days get the hours of sleep optimal for their age, but experts agree that teenagers are more likely to fall short than anyone else.

      Researchers report that the average adolescent needs eight and a half to nine and a half hours of sleep each night. However, in a poll taken in 2006 by the National Sleep Foundation, less than 20 percent reported getting that much rest on school nights. With the profusion of personal electronics, the current percentage is believed to be even worse. A study in Fairfax, Va., found that only 6 percent of children in the 10th grade and only 3 percent in the 12th grade get the recommended amount of sleep. Two in three teens were found to be severely sleep-deprived, losing two or more hours of sleep every night. The causes can be biological, behavioral or environmental. The effect on the well-being of adolescents — on their health and academic potential — can be profound. 

      Insufficient sleep in adolescence increases the risks of high blood pressure and heart disease, Type 2 diabetes and obesity, said Dr. Owens, pediatric sleep specialist at Children's National Health System in Washington. Sleeplessness is also linked to risk-taking behavior, depression, suicidal ideation and car accidents. Insufficient sleep also impairs judgment, decision-making skills and the ability to curb impulses, which are "in a critical stage of development in adolescence," Dr. Owens said. With the current intense concern about raising academic achievement, it is worth noting that a study by Kyla Wahlstrom of 9,000 students in eight Minnesota public high schools showed that starting school a half-hour later resulted in an hour's more sleep a night and an increase in the students' grade point averages and standardized test scores.

      When children reach puberty, a shift in circadian rhythm makes it harder for them to fall asleep early enough to get the requisite number of hours and still make it to school on time. A teenager’s sleep-wake cycle can shift as much as two hours, making it difficult to fall asleep before 11 p.m. If school starts at 8 or 8:30, it is not possible to get enough sleep. Based on biological sleep needs, a teenager who goes to sleep at 11 p.m, should be getting up around 8 a.m.

      Adding to the adolescent shift in circadian rhythm are myriad electronic distractions that cut further into sleep time, like smartphones, iPods, computers and televisions. A stream of text messages, tweets, and postings on Facebook and Instagram keep many awake long into the night.

      Parents should consider instituting an electronic curfew and perhaps even forbid sleep-distracting devices in the bedroom, Dr . Owens said. Beyond the bedroom, many teenagers lead overscheduled lives that can lead to short nights.

      Also at risk are many teenagers from low-income and minority families, where overcrowding, excessive noise and safety concerns can make it difficult to get enough restful sleep, the academy statement said. Trying to compensate for sleep deprivation on weekends can further compromise an adolescent's sleep-wake cycle by inducing permanent jet lag. Sleeping late on weekends shifts their internal clock, making it even harder to get to sleep Sunday night and wake up on time for school Monday morning.

                                                          (Adapted and abridged from http://www.nytimes.com)

                                  Additional Factors That Affect Sleep Comfort

By Richard A. Staehler, MD

      The type of mattress one uses is not the only factor for patients with pain and sleep difficulty. Many other factors need to be considered that may affect sleep, including;

- medication side effects;

- irregular sleep patterns;

- caffeine/alcohol/tobacco use;

- sleep apnea;

- anxiety/stress. 

      If comfort is not the only thing making sleep difficult, it is advisable for the patient to consult his or her family physician to discuss other possible causes and treatments for sleeplessness.

      If anyone experiences significant or persistent back pain, there may be an underlying back condition that has nothing to do with the mattress. It is always advisable for people with back pain to consult with a health care provider for a thorough exam, diagnosis, and treatment program.

      As a reminder, sleep comfort is first and foremost a matter of personal preference. No one should expect that switching mattresses or beds will cure their lower back pain, and changes in the type of bed or mattress used should be made solely for the sake of comfort,

(Adapted from http;//www.spine-health,com/wellness/sleep/additional-factors -affect -sleep-comfort ) 

                      Navy looking for drone operator flying device around

                                               Washington state base

Published February 27, 2016 Foxnews.com 

      (I) _________

      A civilian employee of Naval Submarine Base Kitsap-Bangor reported seeing the drone, spokeswoman Silvia Klatman told Military.com.

      According to the Navy, it is illegal to operate a drone above the base without the permission of the Navy. "It's our intent to support the investigation and prosecution of this reported act, and any others that may occur, in coordination with civilian law enforcement," Klatman said.

      Military.com reported that agents interviewed families who lived in houses surrounding the base. (II) _______ Officials said the drones were seen operating at night. "It could be a hoax, but worst-case scenario, it could be clandestine, a foreign government, a cell," Al Starcevich, whose family's house is located between the base and Hood Canal in Washington, told the website. "The creepy thing is they' re only doing it at night. (Ill) ______ "

      Starcevich told The Seattle Times that agents told him there had been repeated incidents around the base involving an alleged drone. 

      Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor's airspace was designated as "prohibited" by the FAA in May 2005, at the request of the Navy. (IV) ______ The prohibited area extends to the water across Hood Canal and the Navy-owned portion of Toandos Peninsula.

      Doug O'Donnell, chief pilot at Avian Flight Center at Bremerton National Airport, said security forces are supposed to shoot down aircraft that violate the FAA riiles.

      The Bangor base houses eight of the Navy's 14 ballistic-missile submarines, according to Military,com. Each can carry up to 24 missiles with multiple nuclear warheads.

      The Defense Department has held countless classified exercises to counter possible drone attacks, The Seattle Times reported. Last year, one exercise included a Marine sniper shooting one down from a military helicopter,

(http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/02/27/navy-looking-for-drone-operator-flying-device-around-washington-state-base.html) 

                      Navy looking for drone operator flying device around

                                               Washington state base

Published February 27, 2016 Foxnews.com 

      (I) _________

      A civilian employee of Naval Submarine Base Kitsap-Bangor reported seeing the drone, spokeswoman Silvia Klatman told Military.com.

      According to the Navy, it is illegal to operate a drone above the base without the permission of the Navy. "It's our intent to support the investigation and prosecution of this reported act, and any others that may occur, in coordination with civilian law enforcement," Klatman said.

      Military.com reported that agents interviewed families who lived in houses surrounding the base. (II) _______ Officials said the drones were seen operating at night. "It could be a hoax, but worst-case scenario, it could be clandestine, a foreign government, a cell," Al Starcevich, whose family's house is located between the base and Hood Canal in Washington, told the website. "The creepy thing is they' re only doing it at night. (Ill) ______ "

      Starcevich told The Seattle Times that agents told him there had been repeated incidents around the base involving an alleged drone. 

      Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor's airspace was designated as "prohibited" by the FAA in May 2005, at the request of the Navy. (IV) ______ The prohibited area extends to the water across Hood Canal and the Navy-owned portion of Toandos Peninsula.

      Doug O'Donnell, chief pilot at Avian Flight Center at Bremerton National Airport, said security forces are supposed to shoot down aircraft that violate the FAA riiles.

      The Bangor base houses eight of the Navy's 14 ballistic-missile submarines, according to Military,com. Each can carry up to 24 missiles with multiple nuclear warheads.

      The Defense Department has held countless classified exercises to counter possible drone attacks, The Seattle Times reported. Last year, one exercise included a Marine sniper shooting one down from a military helicopter,

(http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/02/27/navy-looking-for-drone-operator-flying-device-around-washington-state-base.html) 

                                               Sobre o mar e o navio 

      Na guerra naval, existem ainda algumas peculiaridades que merecem ser abordadas.

      Uma delas diz respeito ao cenário das batalhas: o mar. Diferente, em linhas gerais, dos teatros de operações terrestres, o mar não tem limites, não tem fronteiras definidas, a não ser nas proximidades dos litorais, nos estreitos, nas baias e enseadas.

      Em uma batalha em mar aberto, certamente, poderão ser empregadas manobras táticas diversas dos engajamentos efetuados em área marítima restrita. Nelas, as forças navais podem se valer das características geográficas locais, como fez o comandante naval grego Temístocles, em 480 a .C . ao atrair as forças persas para a baía de Salamina, onde pôde proteger os flancos de sua formatura, evitando o envolvimento pela força naval numericamente superior dos invasores persas.

      As condições meteorológicas são outros fatores que também afetam, muitas vezes de forma drástica, as operações nos teatros marítimos, O mar grosso, os vendavais, ou mesmo as longas calmarias, especialmente na era da vela, são responsáveis por grandes transtornos ao governo dos navios, dificultando fainas e manobras e, não poucas vezes, interferindo nos resultados das ações navais ou mesmo impedindo o engajamento. É oportuno relembrar que o vento e a força do mar destruíram as esquadras persa (490 a . C .) , mongol (1281) e a incrível Armada Espanhola (1588), salvando respectivamente a Grécia, o Japão (que denominou de kamikaze o vento divino salvador) e a Inglaterra daqueles invasores vindos do mar. 

      O cenário marítimo também é o responsável pela causa mortis da maioria dos tripulantes dos navios afundados nas batalhas navais, cujas baixas por afogamento são certamente mais numerosas do que as causadas pelos ferimentos dos impactos dos projéteis, dos estilhaços e dos abalroamentos. Em maio de 1941, o cruzador de batalha britânico HMS Hood, atingido pelo fogo da artilharia do Bismarck, afundou, em poucos minutos, levando para o fundo cerca de 1.400 tripulantes, dos quais apenas três sobreviveram. 

      Aliás, o instante do afundamento de um navio é um momento crucial para a sobrevivência daqueles tripulantes que conseguem saltar ou são jogados ao mar, pois o efeito da sucção pode arrastar para o fundo os tripulantes que estiverem nas proximidades do navio no momento da submersão. Por sua vez, os náufragos podem permanecer dias, semanas em suas balsas à deriva, em um mar batido pela ação de ventos, continuamente borrifadas pelas águas salgadas, sofrendo o calor tropical escaldante ou o frio intenso das altas latitudes, como nos mares Ártico, do Norte ou Báltico, cujas baixas temperaturas dos tempos invernais limitam cabalmente o tempo de permanência n 'água dos náufragos, tornando fundamental para a sua sobrevivência a rapidez do socorro prestado.

      O navio também é um engenho de guerra singular. Ao mesmo tempo morada e local de trabalho do marinheiro, graças à sua mobilidade, tem a capacidade de conduzir homens e armas até o cenário da guerra. Plataforma bélica plena e integral, engaja batalhas, sofre derrotas, naufraga ou conquista vitórias, tornando-se quase sempre objeto inesquecível da história de sua marinha e país.

(CESAR, William Carmo. Sobre o mar e o navio. In:____ . Uma história das Guerras Navais: o desenvolvimento tecnológico das belonaves e o emprego do Poder Naval ao longo dos tempos. Rio de Janeiro: FEMAR, 2013. p. 396-398) 

                                               Sobre o mar e o navio 

      Na guerra naval, existem ainda algumas peculiaridades que merecem ser abordadas.

      Uma delas diz respeito ao cenário das batalhas: o mar. Diferente, em linhas gerais, dos teatros de operações terrestres, o mar não tem limites, não tem fronteiras definidas, a não ser nas proximidades dos litorais, nos estreitos, nas baias e enseadas.

      Em uma batalha em mar aberto, certamente, poderão ser empregadas manobras táticas diversas dos engajamentos efetuados em área marítima restrita. Nelas, as forças navais podem se valer das características geográficas locais, como fez o comandante naval grego Temístocles, em 480 a .C . ao atrair as forças persas para a baía de Salamina, onde pôde proteger os flancos de sua formatura, evitando o envolvimento pela força naval numericamente superior dos invasores persas.

      As condições meteorológicas são outros fatores que também afetam, muitas vezes de forma drástica, as operações nos teatros marítimos, O mar grosso, os vendavais, ou mesmo as longas calmarias, especialmente na era da vela, são responsáveis por grandes transtornos ao governo dos navios, dificultando fainas e manobras e, não poucas vezes, interferindo nos resultados das ações navais ou mesmo impedindo o engajamento. É oportuno relembrar que o vento e a força do mar destruíram as esquadras persa (490 a . C .) , mongol (1281) e a incrível Armada Espanhola (1588), salvando respectivamente a Grécia, o Japão (que denominou de kamikaze o vento divino salvador) e a Inglaterra daqueles invasores vindos do mar. 

      O cenário marítimo também é o responsável pela causa mortis da maioria dos tripulantes dos navios afundados nas batalhas navais, cujas baixas por afogamento são certamente mais numerosas do que as causadas pelos ferimentos dos impactos dos projéteis, dos estilhaços e dos abalroamentos. Em maio de 1941, o cruzador de batalha britânico HMS Hood, atingido pelo fogo da artilharia do Bismarck, afundou, em poucos minutos, levando para o fundo cerca de 1.400 tripulantes, dos quais apenas três sobreviveram. 

      Aliás, o instante do afundamento de um navio é um momento crucial para a sobrevivência daqueles tripulantes que conseguem saltar ou são jogados ao mar, pois o efeito da sucção pode arrastar para o fundo os tripulantes que estiverem nas proximidades do navio no momento da submersão. Por sua vez, os náufragos podem permanecer dias, semanas em suas balsas à deriva, em um mar batido pela ação de ventos, continuamente borrifadas pelas águas salgadas, sofrendo o calor tropical escaldante ou o frio intenso das altas latitudes, como nos mares Ártico, do Norte ou Báltico, cujas baixas temperaturas dos tempos invernais limitam cabalmente o tempo de permanência n 'água dos náufragos, tornando fundamental para a sua sobrevivência a rapidez do socorro prestado.

      O navio também é um engenho de guerra singular. Ao mesmo tempo morada e local de trabalho do marinheiro, graças à sua mobilidade, tem a capacidade de conduzir homens e armas até o cenário da guerra. Plataforma bélica plena e integral, engaja batalhas, sofre derrotas, naufraga ou conquista vitórias, tornando-se quase sempre objeto inesquecível da história de sua marinha e país.

(CESAR, William Carmo. Sobre o mar e o navio. In:____ . Uma história das Guerras Navais: o desenvolvimento tecnológico das belonaves e o emprego do Poder Naval ao longo dos tempos. Rio de Janeiro: FEMAR, 2013. p. 396-398)