According to the use in the text, the words however (l. 14),...

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Instruction: Answer questions 31 to 40 based on the following text.


Memory hacks to make you smarter


  1. No matter how smart you think you are, the chances are that you sometimes fail to make
  2. the most of your memory. A series of surveys have shown most students fail to use proven
  3. methods of learning _________, instead wasting their time on ineffective methods. One of the
  4. problems is that we often receive a lot of conflicting information from parents, teachers, and
  5. scientists, so that we are unsure what works and what doesn’t. Fortunately, a new paper,
  6. published in one of the top psychology journals, has examined the biggest misconceptions, with
  7. a list of the most popular study strategies, the potential pitfalls, and the ways that they can use
  8. them more effectively.
  9. Strategy 1: Rereading: Learning new vocabulary? The most common strategy is to read
  10. the words and their meanings until they stick. Unfortunately, psychologists believe that it is too
  11. passive, meaning that most of the information fails to leave an impression.
  12. Memory hack: Space your reading: Passive rereading is probably the least effective
  13. study method, but it may sometimes feel inevitable if you feel like you lack a basic understanding
  14. of the concepts. You can make better use of those sessions, however, by ensuring that you return
  15. to the material at regular intervals. You might read a chapter, move on to something else, and
  16. then re-read it after an hour, a day, or a week to help stimulate the memory. You can also benefit
  17. from questioning your understanding before you return to the material, which helps tune your
  18. attention on the bits you do and don’t know and increases your mental engagement.
  19. Strategy 2: Underlining and highlighting: Like rereading, this study technique is nearly
  20. ubiquitous. The idea makes sense: the process of underlining key words and phrases should help
  21. you to engage more with the information, and it makes it easier to identify the most important
  22. passages later on. Although it can be more effective than passive rereading, underlining and
  23. highlighting often fail to work, with most students __________ marking up almost every
  24. paragraph without much discernment.
  25. Memory hack: Pause to think: Instead, the scientists suggest that you read the text
  26. once through cold, and then mark up the relevant passages on the second pass. By forcing you
  27. to think more carefully about each point and its relative importance in the overall argument, this
  28. encourages the more active processing that is essential for the formation of stronger memories.
  29. Strategy 3: Note-taking. Visit any lecture theatre or library and you will find students
  30. ________ copying the most important facts into their notebooks. Like underlining and
  31. highlighting, the problems come when you fail to be judicious about the material you are
  32. including. Your overenthusiasm – and propensity to include everything that is mentioned – can
  33. easily become a vice.
  34. Memory hack: Be concise. Experiments have shown that the fewer words students use
  35. to express an idea in their notes, the more likely they are to remember it afterwards. This is
  36. probably because creating summaries and paraphrasing force you to think deeply about the nub
  37. of the idea you are trying to express – and that additional effort cements it in your memory.
  38. These findings may also explain why it is better to take notes with a pen and paper, rather than
  39. using a laptop: writing by hand is slower than typing and forces you to be more concise in what
  40. you note down.


(Source: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180904-five-memory-hacks-to-make-you-smarter - Adapted)

According to the use in the text, the words however (l. 14), Although (l. 22) and because (l. 36) express, respectively:

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