In the fragment in the first paragraph of the text, the word...

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Available at: https://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/docs/monnet-eric/history-of-central-banks_oxford.pdf. Retrieved on: May 13, 2024. Adapted.

In the fragment in the first paragraph of the text, the words in bold “about acting as a lender of last resort during banking crises” can be respectively replaced, without any change in meaning, by: 
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