What is the relation between machines and human labor, accor...
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Technology has created more jobs than it has destroyed
The battle between men and machines goes back centuries. Are they taking
our jobs? Or are they easing our workload? A study by economists at the consultancy
Deloitte seeks to shed new light on the relationship between jobs and the
rise of technology by searching through census data for England and Wales going
back to 1871.
Their conclusion is that, rather than destroying jobs, technology has been a “great job-creating machine”. Findings by Deloitte such as rise in bar staff since the 1950s or a surge in the number of hairdressers this century suggest to the authors that technology has increased spending power, therefore creating new demand and new jobs. Their study argues that the debate has been twisted towards the job-destroying effects of technological change, which are more easily observed than its creative aspects.
Going back over past figures paints a more balanced picture, say authors Ian Stewart and Alex Cole. “The dominant trend is of contracting employment in agriculture and manufacturing being more than balanced by rapid growth in the caring, creative, technology and business services sectors,” they write. “Machines will take on more repetitive and laborious tasks, but they seem no closer to eliminating the need for human labor than at any time in the last 150 years.”
According to the study, hard, dangerous and dull jobs have declined. In some sectors, technology has quite clearly cost jobs, but they question whether they are really jobs we would want to hold on to. Technology directly substitutes human muscle power and, in so doing, raises productivity and shrinks employment. “In the UK the first sector to feel this effect on any scale was agriculture,” says the study.
The study also found out that ‘caring’ jobs have increased. The report cites a “profound shift”, with labor switching from its historic role, as a source of raw power, to the care, education and provision of services to others. Technological progress has cut the prices of essentials, such as food, and the price of bigger household items such as TVs and kitchen appliances, notes Stewart. That leaves more money to spend on leisure, and creates new demand and new jobs, which may explain the big rise in bar staff, he adds. “_______ the decline in the traditional pub, census data shows that the number of people employed in bars rose fourfold between 1951 and 2011,” the report says.
The Deloitte economists believe that rising incomes have allowed consumers to spend more on personal services, such as grooming. That in turn has driven employment of hairdressers. So, while in 1871 there was one hairdresser or barber for every 1,793 citizens of England and Wales; today there is one for every 287 people.
(Adapted from: https://goo.gl/7V5vuw. Access: 02/02/2018.)
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A alternativa correta é: D - Machines tend to assume more monotonous and arduous tasks.
Vamos entender por que essa é a alternativa correta e analisar as demais opções.
O tema da questão é a relação entre tecnologia e trabalho humano, conforme discutido no estudo realizado por economistas da Deloitte. O estudo examina dados históricos de censos para avaliar como a tecnologia impactou o mercado de trabalho desde 1871.
De acordo com o texto, a tecnologia foi uma "grande máquina de criação de empregos". Embora algumas áreas tenham visto uma redução de postos de trabalho devido à automação, houve um aumento significativo em outros setores, especialmente aqueles que envolvem cuidados, criatividade e serviços de negócios. Isso indica que a tecnologia também cria novas demandas e, consequentemente, novos empregos.
A alternativa D é a correta porque o texto menciona explicitamente que máquinas tendem a assumir tarefas mais repetitivas e árduas. Essa conclusão é parte central do estudo, que explica que, enquanto algumas funções desaparecem, outras novas são criadas, sobretudo em setores menos suscetíveis à automação.
Analisando as alternativas incorretas:
A - Human labor should not change in the next 150 years.
Esta alternativa está incorreta porque o texto não sugere que o trabalho humano permanecerá inalterado nos próximos 150 anos. Pelo contrário, menciona que a natureza do trabalho humano tem mudado e continuará a mudar conforme as tecnologias evoluem.
B - Human labor tends to disappear in the next 150 years.
Esta alternativa está incorreta porque o texto argumenta que, apesar da automação, ainda haverá necessidade de trabalho humano. O estudo sugere que, embora máquinas realizem tarefas repetitivas e laboriosas, a necessidade de trabalho humano persiste e até cresce em outras áreas.
C - Machines are closer to abolishing the need for human labor.
Esta alternativa está incorreta porque o texto afirma que estamos longe de eliminar a necessidade de trabalho humano. As máquinas assumem tarefas específicas, mas não substituem a totalidade do trabalho humano.
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GABARITO LETRA D
“Machines will take on more repetitive and laborious tasks, but they seem no closer to eliminating the need for human labor than at any time in the last 150 years.”
Machines tend to assume more monotonous and arduous tasks.
D
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