What has been changing in the role of labor because of techn...
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Technology has created more jobs than it has destroyed
The battle between men and machines goes back centuries. Are they taking
our jobs? Or are they easing our workload? A study by economists at the consultancy
Deloitte seeks to shed new light on the relationship between jobs and the
rise of technology by searching through census data for England and Wales going
back to 1871.
Their conclusion is that, rather than destroying jobs, technology has been a “great job-creating machine”. Findings by Deloitte such as rise in bar staff since the 1950s or a surge in the number of hairdressers this century suggest to the authors that technology has increased spending power, therefore creating new demand and new jobs. Their study argues that the debate has been twisted towards the job-destroying effects of technological change, which are more easily observed than its creative aspects.
Going back over past figures paints a more balanced picture, say authors Ian Stewart and Alex Cole. “The dominant trend is of contracting employment in agriculture and manufacturing being more than balanced by rapid growth in the caring, creative, technology and business services sectors,” they write. “Machines will take on more repetitive and laborious tasks, but they seem no closer to eliminating the need for human labor than at any time in the last 150 years.”
According to the study, hard, dangerous and dull jobs have declined. In some sectors, technology has quite clearly cost jobs, but they question whether they are really jobs we would want to hold on to. Technology directly substitutes human muscle power and, in so doing, raises productivity and shrinks employment. “In the UK the first sector to feel this effect on any scale was agriculture,” says the study.
The study also found out that ‘caring’ jobs have increased. The report cites a “profound shift”, with labor switching from its historic role, as a source of raw power, to the care, education and provision of services to others. Technological progress has cut the prices of essentials, such as food, and the price of bigger household items such as TVs and kitchen appliances, notes Stewart. That leaves more money to spend on leisure, and creates new demand and new jobs, which may explain the big rise in bar staff, he adds. “_______ the decline in the traditional pub, census data shows that the number of people employed in bars rose fourfold between 1951 and 2011,” the report says.
The Deloitte economists believe that rising incomes have allowed consumers to spend more on personal services, such as grooming. That in turn has driven employment of hairdressers. So, while in 1871 there was one hairdresser or barber for every 1,793 citizens of England and Wales; today there is one for every 287 people.
(Adapted from: https://goo.gl/7V5vuw. Access: 02/02/2018.)
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A alternativa correta é a C. Vamos entender por quê.
A questão aborda o impacto do progresso tecnológico no papel do trabalho ao longo do tempo. Para responder corretamente, é necessário compreender como a tecnologia tem moldado o mercado de trabalho e as funções desempenhadas por trabalhadores.
O texto menciona que, apesar de a tecnologia ter substituído alguns trabalhos, ela também criou novas oportunidades. A pesquisa da Deloitte indica que houve um aumento em setores como serviços de cuidado, educação e provisão de serviços. Isso demonstra uma mudança no papel do trabalho, que passou a se concentrar mais na prestação de serviços às pessoas.
Agora, vamos analisar cada alternativa:
A - It has become more difficult than it used to be.
Essa alternativa está incorreta porque o texto não sugere que o trabalho tenha se tornado mais difícil. Pelo contrário, menciona que trabalhos duros, perigosos e entediantes diminuíram.
B - It has more disadvantages than advantages to people.
Essa alternativa também está incorreta. O texto destaca que, apesar de alguns empregos terem sido substituídos, a tecnologia criou mais empregos e aumentou o poder de compra, gerando novas demandas e empregos.
C - It has more emphasis on providing services to people.
Essa é a alternativa correta. O texto menciona que houve um "profound shift" no papel do trabalho, que passou da força bruta para a prestação de serviços como cuidado, educação e provisão de serviços. Esses pontos deixam claro que o foco mudou para a prestação de serviços às pessoas.
D - It has turned out to be a source of raw power.
Essa alternativa está incorreta porque o texto afirma que o trabalho deixou de ser uma fonte de força bruta ("raw power") e mudou para setores que envolvem cuidar, educar e prestar outros tipos de serviços.
Dessa forma, a alternativa que melhor completa a questão de acordo com o texto é a C, pois reflete a mudança no papel do trabalho para uma maior ênfase na prestação de serviços às pessoas.
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C) It has more emphasis on providing services to people. (Tem mais ênfase na prestação de serviços às pessoas.)
- According to the study, hard, dangerous and dull jobs have declined. (De acordo com o estudo, os empregos difíceis, perigosos e monótonos diminuíram.)
- "...That leaves more money to spend on leisure, and creates new demand and new jobs, which may explain the big rise in bar staff, he adds." (...Isso deixa mais dinheiro para gastar em lazer e cria nova demanda e novos empregos, o que pode explicar o grande aumento no número de funcionários de bares", acrescenta.)
#PMMINAS.
has more emphasis on providing services to people.
C
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