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Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.  

Virtual reality may help relieve phantom limb pain.

In a recent study, patients experienced reduced phantom limb pain after playing an augmented reality car racing game that required them to move the missing limb. Phantom limb pain is the experience of pain in a limb after it has been amputated. 
The underlying mechanisms responsible for phantom limb pain remain unclear. However, it appears that it may arise as a consequence of abnormal neural circuitry in central areas of the brain.
Limited success has been achieved with mirror therapy in which reflections of the unaffected limb can be used to create the illusion that the amputated limb is moving. 
The latest study has taken the mirror therapy concept a step further; patients visualise and 'move' the phantom limb using augmented reality—‘phantom motor execution’. It was conducted in 14 patients who had been experiencing phantom limb pain since the amputation of an arm. 
Sensors that could detect muscular activity were attached to the stump of the missing arm. The signals received by these sensors were then used to produce an image of an active arm on a computer screen. 
Patients were trained to use these signals to control the virtual arm, drive a virtual race car around a track and to copy the movements of an arm on screen with their phantom movements. After twelve 2-hour treatment sessions, the patients underwent follow-up interviews 1, 3 and 6 months later. 
Based on the patients' ratings, the intensity, quality, and frequency of pain had reduced by 50% after the treatment.
At the start of the study, 12 patients reported feeling constant pain whereas only 6 did 6months after the treatment. However, one patient thought that there was not a considerable difference in the levels of phantom pain before and after treatment.


Phantom limb pain
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Alternativa correta: E - had been experienced by the participating patients since their limb loss.

Vamos entender o motivo dessa alternativa ser a correta e por que as outras estão incorretas. A questão aborda o tema da dor do membro fantasma, um fenômeno que ocorre após a amputação de um membro, onde o paciente ainda sente dor como se o membro estivesse presente. Para resolver essa questão, é necessário compreender bem o texto e identificar informações específicas sobre os participantes do estudo mencionado.

A alternativa correta (E) afirma que a dor do membro fantasma havia sido experimentada pelos pacientes participantes desde a perda do membro. Isso está claramente descrito no texto, que menciona: "It was conducted in 14 patients who had been experiencing phantom limb pain since the amputation of an arm."

Vamos analisar agora as alternativas incorretas:

A – "has been thoroughly studied and is now comprehensively understood." Essa alternativa está incorreta, pois o texto claramente diz que os mecanismos subjacentes à dor do membro fantasma ainda não são completamente compreendidos: "The underlying mechanisms responsible for phantom limb pain remain unclear."

B – "was tackled by an old method using augmented reality to stop the pain." Essa alternativa está incorreta porque o texto menciona que a realidade aumentada é uma nova abordagem, uma evolução da terapia do espelho: "The latest study has taken the mirror therapy concept a step further."

C – "was done away with through mirror therapy practice a long time ago." Essa alternativa está incorreta porque o texto menciona que a terapia do espelho teve apenas sucesso limitado: "Limited success has been achieved with mirror therapy."

D – "can only be felt by someone who has had the amputation of an arm." Essa alternativa está incorreta, pois o texto não limita a dor do membro fantasma apenas à amputação de um braço. Ela pode ocorrer em qualquer membro amputado.

Espero que isso ajude a esclarecer a questão e a importância de uma leitura cuidadosa do texto para identificar a resposta correta.

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Gabarito: letra D

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Gab: E

E

had been experienced by the participating patients since their limb loss.

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