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House of Representatives Approves Civil Right Framework for the Internet in Brazil

03/26/2014 - 09H08

1 After two years and seven months of struggles, negotiations and intense lobbying, the House of Representatives approved late on Tuesday (25) the main text in the Civil Right Framework for the Internet. The text now goes for Senate approval.

2 The proposal is like a Constitution, with established principles, guarantees, rights and duties in the web. Deputies removed all suggested changes.

3 The Civil Right Framework for the Internet became controversial because of contrary interests from the government, telecommunications companies, Internet sites, Federal Police and Public Ministry, in addition to consumer protection entities.

4 With so many fronts involved and far from a consensus, the issue blocked the vote and other proposals at the House of Representatives for five months.

5 In recent weeks, the government gave in when it came to the priority points and negotiated positions, releasing funds for works sponsored by Congressmen in the budget in an attempt to empty the huge number of allies in the House and move forward with the discussion at hand, considered vital to strengthen Dilma Rousseff discourse against espionage.

NEGOTIATION

6 The greatest resistance to the text was brought by PMDB, the political arty advocated changes in terms of web neutrality-a term used to indicate that the connection speed cannot vary according to the program or website accessed by the user.

7 It is a popular measure for users, but contested by telephone companies since they would like to sell packages according to the level of consumption of each user.

8 With this, telcos are required to maintain consumption out of the equation. Thus, users can navigate whenever they want in the limit of their data and speed package.

9 The Brazilian Executive Power accepted to set standards for regulatory neutrality and established a presidential decree that will detail the concept of neutrality, without much change in the content. Behind the scenes, the move was interpreted as an honorable PMDB exit.

10 Another modification sponsored by the government in order to avoid a defeat in the House was the removal of the requirement for nationalization of data users storage centers. That was one of the measures advocated by President Dilma Rousseff as a way to respond to news of U.S. spying against Brazilian authorities.

11 The original version stated that an Executive decree would regulate the obligation of companies like Google and Facebook to keep user data storage structure in the country.

12 To do this they would have to replicate in the country a structure that is similar to other countries including the United States. According to the government the measure would give greater protection to data from the country.

13 It was decided, however, that the data will be submitted to Brazilian law. The project aso rejects contractual terms of any program that does not offer the user an alternative to appeal to the Brazilian forum if an user finds problems with the provision of services in Brazil.

14 For months, technology companies have been lobbying Congress to overturn the requirement, with the argument that would represent exorbitant spending.

15 Even without ensuring the implementation of data centers in the country, the president wants to use the framework as an international flag, to defend web communication, confronting allegations of violations of her electronic and telephone communications by the American security agency.

16 The government will work to accelerate the vote on the proposal in the Senate since the project is vital to strengthen Dilma Rousseff discourse against espionage. In April, Brazil will host the international conference on Internet governance, and the government wants to introduce the new law during the event.

Fonte:http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2014/03/1431053-house-of-representatives-approvescivil-right-framework-for-the-internet-in-brazil.shtml Acesso em: 17/05/2014

Read text 5 and answer question 25

TEXT 5

Online learning takes many forms, and perhaps one of the most accessible and easiest to incorporate into classroom practice is blended learning. Blended learning can be the best of both worlds as it allows faceto- face interaction and access to online resources to help students understand material presented in class. Fully online classes can suffer from students feeling isolated and unmotivated by a lack of a community of learners. Blended learning helps to reduce this issue by giving the students classroom time with a teacher and learner whether physical or through synchronous online video sessions. This helps to create what Garrison and Kanuka (2004) call a community of inquiry. A community of inquiry gives students the structure they need to process the enormous amount of content they can find online. In these communities students are able to reflect on material they find online and incorporate what they learn from these materials into classroom materials, providing a form of scaffolding. The goal of blended learning is to encourage students to link life experiences to what they have learned, ask questions, and develop self-motivation to become independent learners.

https://americanenglish.state.gov/resources/teachers-corner-online-learning#child-2056

Access on 16th, 2018

Read text 4 and answer questions 23 and 24.

TEXT 4

The sense of individuality and nationalism that has been borne from the diversity of ethnicities and traditions in Brazil is extremely strong; people take great pride in the uniqueness of their culture. The idea of ‘Brazilianism,’ which examines Brazil’s powerful history and how its distinct communities have come together to form a cohesive and unified nation, is now being offered at the university level as a subject of study. Cultivated partially by decades of unfavourable sentiment directed at different times towards the Portuguese, Spanish, British and Americans, the Brazilian identity is also defined to a certain extent by its anti-imperialist views.

The English language specifically has long been denied special consideration in Brazilian politics, policy and education due in part to the association between the language and the notion of cultural imperialism; generations of Brazilians have prospered without knowledge of the language and many in the country associate English with the United States and its role in the military regime from the 1960s to the 1980s. Due to this and the diversity of Brazilian history and the Brazilian people, it has been important not to refer to English as a second language - of which many exist in the form of indigenous languages – but as one of many foreign languages. Examples of the democratisation of language is exemplified by the fact that seven foreign languages are offered to middle schoolers in Sao Paulo as well as the historical role of Spanish and French as the foreign languages of choice. Our research has shown that the popular sentiment towards English is slowly changing, especially with the new generation of citizens that has no experience with the former dictatorship and an awareness of the increasingly globalised knowledge economy, of which Brazil is an important part.

https://ei.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/latin-america-research/English%20in%20Brazil.pdf

Access on August 18th, 2018

Read text 3 and answer questions 19, 20 and 21.

TEXT 3

In Chloe Snow`s diary: confessions of a high school disaster, author Emma Chastain uses diary entries to tell the story of 14-year-old Chloe Snow. Read the following excerpt from the book.

Thursday, August 27

After dinner, Dad and I watched Midnight in Paris. The point of the movie is, everyone idealizes the past, not realizing that their own era is pretty great and will be idealized by future generations. After it was over, I said, “I still think I’d be happier in the Jazz Age,” and Dad said, “You wouldn’t last five minutes without your phone,” which doesn’t make sense, because if I were born back then, I wouldn`t know about smartphones, so I couldn’t miss them, which I said, thereby winning the argument. For dessert, Dad had whiskey, and I had a lemon Italian ice, which I flipped over so I could eat the mushy super-sweet part first.

(Chastain, E. Chloe Snow’s diary: confessions of a High School disaster. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017. p.17)

Read text 2 and answer question 18.

TEXT 2

Facebook has removed 652 fake accounts and pages with ties to Russia and Iran attempting to exert political influence in the US, UK, Middle East and Latin America. The accounts and pages were divided between four separate campaigns, three of which originated in Iran, of “coordinated inauthentic behaviour”, disclosed by the social network today. “Security is not something you ever fully solve,” said the Facebook CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, in a call with reporters on Tuesday. “We have to constantly keep improving to stay ahead.”

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/aug/21/facebook-pages-accounts-removed-russia-iran .

Access on August 20th , 2018.

Read text 1 and answer questions 16 and 17.

TEXT 1

Kofi Annan, the seventh secretary general of the United Nations, who died on Saturday at 80, was always complicated. His legacy is as complicated as he was. The first sub-Saharan African to lead the global organization and the first UN staffer to rise through the ranks to a leadership post that had always gone to someone from the outside, he was a reserved yet engaging diplomat. He consistently expressed a powerful level of concern for global poverty and human rights, as well as a human decency that often distinguished him from his imperious predecessors.

https://www.thenation.com/article/remembering-kofi-annan/

Access on August 22nd, 2018.