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The Role of Women in the Industrial Revolution
The first half of the 19th century was a time of great change. Industrialization brought new opportunities for employment, changing ideas of work, and economic cycles of boom and bust. During this period, women's roles changed dramatically. Industrialization redefined the role of women in the home, at the same time opening new opportunities for them as industrial wage earners.
Pre-Industrial America and Women's Worth
In pre-industrial America, the household was the center of production. Most families lived on farms where everyone worked to produce goods in order to survive. Within this context, the status of men and women was relatively equal. Men were the heads of households, but the role of women as caretakers and producers of goods, such as food and clothing, was equally important. With the first stages of industrialization, these patterns changed.
Increasingly, men began working outside of the home. Rather than selling goods they had produced, these workers sold their time to factory owners, who, in turn, sold the mass-produced goods. Men dominated this new realm of work. They made money - not goods - to provide for the family. Material success − how much money one could make and what they could buy with it − became a measure of a person's worth.
Industrial Capitalism and the Changing Role of Women
Women were not paid for work in the home. With the availability of manufactured goods, a woman's role as producer within the home was reduced. The household, and the women who made it a home, took on new meaning. The new role of women was to transform the home into a haven for the men who faced daily pressures and dangers in the work place.
At the same time, women were morally responsible for raising dutiful children, preferably sons. By the mid-19th century, popular media depicted the "True Woman" as one who could competently manage a household, tend to the needs of husband and children, and create a pleasant and morally pure environment.
Farming in the Age of Factories
As the popularity of factory work grew, many questioned the wisdom of moving away from the land. Those who remained in agriculture were forced to concentrate on livestock or cash crops that could be sold to national markets. By the 1840s, cash crops from farms west of Albany dominated the market. Small New England farms were devastated. Large families, failed crops, and little cash income threatened family stability. Such factors may have influenced many women's decisions to go to Lowell. Their departure meant one fewer mouth to feed, and the potential of supporting the family with cash wages.
Lowell, Massachusetts: The Experiment on the Merrimack
The idea of a city like Lowell began with a wealthy Boston merchant, Francis Cabot Lowell. In 1812, Lowell returned from England with the design for a power loom firmly etched in his mind. A year later, he and mechanic Paul Moody built a working power loom. These looms wove cotton threads into cloth, creating a marketplace of machine-produced goods and offering consumers the ease of purchasing something that had previously been a time-consuming, by-hand process.
Lowell envisioned an entire community involved in textile production. With the help of a group of investors, he built a textile mill on the Charles River in Waltham, Massachusetts. By 1817, the factory was an economic success, and the investors began looking to expand beyond the limited power of the Charles River. Lowell died that year, but his colleagues forged ahead. They found the ideal site at the Pawtucket Falls, where the Merrimack River drops more than 30 feet.
In 1821, the investors purchased farmland around the falls, and the first mills opened in 1823. During the next 25 years, they built additional mills and an intricate system of canals that supplied water power to the mills. By 1843, Lowell was the largest industrial center in the United States.
Women at Work: Lowell's Early Labor
The city's investors hired corporate recruiters to enlist young women from rural New England to work in the mills. Their reasoning was two-fold: women were apt to stay in the city only a few years before leaving to become wives and mothers, thus preventing the establishment of a permanent working class; and women were less expensive and more easily controlled than men.
Every woman had her own reasons for seeking factory work. Life was very difficult on a subsistence farm in New England − large families resulting in minimal (if any) inheritances, failing crops from unpredictable weather, and young men leaving in search of a better life (reducing marriage prospects).
One can only imagine how these "country girls" felt as they made their way into the city. In that instant, they saw what the majority of people in their hometown had never seen: massive brick factories; rows of streets lined with shops, taverns, and boardinghouses; crowds of well-dressed young people; and a mind-altering noise of the mills.
Considering the text above, judge the following excerpt:
The Role of Women in the Industrial Revolution | Tsongas Industrial History Center | UMass Lowell (uml.edu)
The Role of Women in the Industrial Revolution
The first half of the 19th century was a time of great change. Industrialization brought new opportunities for employment, changing ideas of work, and economic cycles of boom and bust. During this period, women's roles changed dramatically. Industrialization redefined the role of women in the home, at the same time opening new opportunities for them as industrial wage earners.
Pre-Industrial America and Women's Worth
In pre-industrial America, the household was the center of production. Most families lived on farms where everyone worked to produce goods in order to survive. Within this context, the status of men and women was relatively equal. Men were the heads of households, but the role of women as caretakers and producers of goods, such as food and clothing, was equally important. With the first stages of industrialization, these patterns changed.
Increasingly, men began working outside of the home. Rather than selling goods they had produced, these workers sold their time to factory owners, who, in turn, sold the mass-produced goods. Men dominated this new realm of work. They made money - not goods - to provide for the family. Material success − how much money one could make and what they could buy with it − became a measure of a person's worth.
Industrial Capitalism and the Changing Role of Women
Women were not paid for work in the home. With the availability of manufactured goods, a woman's role as producer within the home was reduced. The household, and the women who made it a home, took on new meaning. The new role of women was to transform the home into a haven for the men who faced daily pressures and dangers in the work place.
At the same time, women were morally responsible for raising dutiful children, preferably sons. By the mid-19th century, popular media depicted the "True Woman" as one who could competently manage a household, tend to the needs of husband and children, and create a pleasant and morally pure environment.
Farming in the Age of Factories
As the popularity of factory work grew, many questioned the wisdom of moving away from the land. Those who remained in agriculture were forced to concentrate on livestock or cash crops that could be sold to national markets. By the 1840s, cash crops from farms west of Albany dominated the market. Small New England farms were devastated. Large families, failed crops, and little cash income threatened family stability. Such factors may have influenced many women's decisions to go to Lowell. Their departure meant one fewer mouth to feed, and the potential of supporting the family with cash wages.
Lowell, Massachusetts: The Experiment on the Merrimack
The idea of a city like Lowell began with a wealthy Boston merchant, Francis Cabot Lowell. In 1812, Lowell returned from England with the design for a power loom firmly etched in his mind. A year later, he and mechanic Paul Moody built a working power loom. These looms wove cotton threads into cloth, creating a marketplace of machine-produced goods and offering consumers the ease of purchasing something that had previously been a time-consuming, by-hand process.
Lowell envisioned an entire community involved in textile production. With the help of a group of investors, he built a textile mill on the Charles River in Waltham, Massachusetts. By 1817, the factory was an economic success, and the investors began looking to expand beyond the limited power of the Charles River. Lowell died that year, but his colleagues forged ahead. They found the ideal site at the Pawtucket Falls, where the Merrimack River drops more than 30 feet.
In 1821, the investors purchased farmland around the falls, and the first mills opened in 1823. During the next 25 years, they built additional mills and an intricate system of canals that supplied water power to the mills. By 1843, Lowell was the largest industrial center in the United States.
Women at Work: Lowell's Early Labor
The city's investors hired corporate recruiters to enlist young women from rural New England to work in the mills. Their reasoning was two-fold: women were apt to stay in the city only a few years before leaving to become wives and mothers, thus preventing the establishment of a permanent working class; and women were less expensive and more easily controlled than men.
Every woman had her own reasons for seeking factory work. Life was very difficult on a subsistence farm in New England − large families resulting in minimal (if any) inheritances, failing crops from unpredictable weather, and young men leaving in search of a better life (reducing marriage prospects).
One can only imagine how these "country girls" felt as they made their way into the city. In that instant, they saw what the majority of people in their hometown had never seen: massive brick factories; rows of streets lined with shops, taverns, and boardinghouses; crowds of well-dressed young people; and a mind-altering noise of the mills.
Considering the text above, judge the following excerpt:
The Role of Women in the Industrial Revolution | Tsongas Industrial History Center | UMass Lowell (uml.edu)
The Role of Women in the Industrial Revolution
The first half of the 19th century was a time of great change. Industrialization brought new opportunities for employment, changing ideas of work, and economic cycles of boom and bust. During this period, women's roles changed dramatically. Industrialization redefined the role of women in the home, at the same time opening new opportunities for them as industrial wage earners.
Pre-Industrial America and Women's Worth
In pre-industrial America, the household was the center of production. Most families lived on farms where everyone worked to produce goods in order to survive. Within this context, the status of men and women was relatively equal. Men were the heads of households, but the role of women as caretakers and producers of goods, such as food and clothing, was equally important. With the first stages of industrialization, these patterns changed.
Increasingly, men began working outside of the home. Rather than selling goods they had produced, these workers sold their time to factory owners, who, in turn, sold the mass-produced goods. Men dominated this new realm of work. They made money - not goods - to provide for the family. Material success − how much money one could make and what they could buy with it − became a measure of a person's worth.
Industrial Capitalism and the Changing Role of Women
Women were not paid for work in the home. With the availability of manufactured goods, a woman's role as producer within the home was reduced. The household, and the women who made it a home, took on new meaning. The new role of women was to transform the home into a haven for the men who faced daily pressures and dangers in the work place.
At the same time, women were morally responsible for raising dutiful children, preferably sons. By the mid-19th century, popular media depicted the "True Woman" as one who could competently manage a household, tend to the needs of husband and children, and create a pleasant and morally pure environment.
Farming in the Age of Factories
As the popularity of factory work grew, many questioned the wisdom of moving away from the land. Those who remained in agriculture were forced to concentrate on livestock or cash crops that could be sold to national markets. By the 1840s, cash crops from farms west of Albany dominated the market. Small New England farms were devastated. Large families, failed crops, and little cash income threatened family stability. Such factors may have influenced many women's decisions to go to Lowell. Their departure meant one fewer mouth to feed, and the potential of supporting the family with cash wages.
Lowell, Massachusetts: The Experiment on the Merrimack
The idea of a city like Lowell began with a wealthy Boston merchant, Francis Cabot Lowell. In 1812, Lowell returned from England with the design for a power loom firmly etched in his mind. A year later, he and mechanic Paul Moody built a working power loom. These looms wove cotton threads into cloth, creating a marketplace of machine-produced goods and offering consumers the ease of purchasing something that had previously been a time-consuming, by-hand process.
Lowell envisioned an entire community involved in textile production. With the help of a group of investors, he built a textile mill on the Charles River in Waltham, Massachusetts. By 1817, the factory was an economic success, and the investors began looking to expand beyond the limited power of the Charles River. Lowell died that year, but his colleagues forged ahead. They found the ideal site at the Pawtucket Falls, where the Merrimack River drops more than 30 feet.
In 1821, the investors purchased farmland around the falls, and the first mills opened in 1823. During the next 25 years, they built additional mills and an intricate system of canals that supplied water power to the mills. By 1843, Lowell was the largest industrial center in the United States.
Women at Work: Lowell's Early Labor
The city's investors hired corporate recruiters to enlist young women from rural New England to work in the mills. Their reasoning was two-fold: women were apt to stay in the city only a few years before leaving to become wives and mothers, thus preventing the establishment of a permanent working class; and women were less expensive and more easily controlled than men.
Every woman had her own reasons for seeking factory work. Life was very difficult on a subsistence farm in New England − large families resulting in minimal (if any) inheritances, failing crops from unpredictable weather, and young men leaving in search of a better life (reducing marriage prospects).
One can only imagine how these "country girls" felt as they made their way into the city. In that instant, they saw what the majority of people in their hometown had never seen: massive brick factories; rows of streets lined with shops, taverns, and boardinghouses; crowds of well-dressed young people; and a mind-altering noise of the mills.
Considering the text above, judge the following excerpt:
The Role of Women in the Industrial Revolution | Tsongas Industrial History Center | UMass Lowell (uml.edu)
Considering the lexical-grammatical aspects of the English language, evaluate the following item.
The sentence "less people attended the event" is grammatically correct because "less" is commonly used with countable nouns.
Considering the lexical-grammatical aspects of the English language, evaluate the following item.
In English, the verbs "suggest" and "recommend" are followed by the infinitive form of the verb, as in "I suggest to go."
Considering the lexical-grammatical aspects of the English language, evaluate the following item.
The word "advice" is countable, so it's correct to say "an advice" when referring to a piece of advice.
Considering the lexical-grammatical aspects of the English language, evaluate the following item.
The correct way to use "neither" in a sentence is always with a plural verb, as in "Neither of them are available."
Considering the lexical-grammatical aspects of the English language, evaluate the following item.
It is correct to use "a" before words that start with a vowel sound, as in "a apple."
Judge the following item, about verbal agreement and prepositions in the English language.
The sentence "The data is accurate" is an example of correct subject-verb agreement in formal English.
Judge the following item, about verbal agreement and prepositions in the English language.
In the sentence "He has lived in New York for five years," the preposition "for" is used correctly to indicate a period of time.
Judge the following item, about verbal agreement and prepositions in the English language.
In the sentence "She is good at playing the piano," the preposition "at" is correctly used to show ability in an activity.
Judge the following item, about verbal agreement and prepositions in the English language.
The sentence "Neither of the answers are correct" demonstrates correct subject-verb agreement.
Judge the following item, about verbal agreement and prepositions in the English language.
The phrase "They are responsible for the project" uses the preposition "for" correctly to show accountability or duty.
The New Colossus
by Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Considering the text above, judge the following excerpts:
The 38 Most Famous Poems Ever Written in the English Language (earlybirdbooks.com)
The New Colossus
by Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Considering the text above, judge the following excerpts:
The 38 Most Famous Poems Ever Written in the English Language (earlybirdbooks.com)
The New Colossus
by Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Considering the text above, judge the following excerpts:
The 38 Most Famous Poems Ever Written in the English Language (earlybirdbooks.com)
The New Colossus
by Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Considering the text above, judge the following excerpts:
The 38 Most Famous Poems Ever Written in the English Language (earlybirdbooks.com)
The New Colossus
by Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Considering the text above, judge the following excerpts:
The 38 Most Famous Poems Ever Written in the English Language (earlybirdbooks.com)
Regarding Instrumental English, judge the following item.
In ESP, the primary goal is to enable students to use English effectively in particular professional or academic settings, tailoring the language instruction to their specific needs.
Regarding Instrumental English, judge the following item.
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is focused on teaching grammar and linguistic structure, without emphasis on the practical needs of students in specific fields such as business or science.
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