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Read the extract of a text written by a student. The proposal was to write a letter of complaint to the manager of a store where the student, as a client, had a problem when he bought something online. The teacher explained the task and highlighted that students were supposed to come up with a situation, explaining what happened exactly and how they would like the situation to be solved. One of the criteria for correction was grammar accuracy, since the letter is supposed to be formal:
(…) To my surprise, when I opened the box, I realized that it did not contain the cell phone I had purchased. I had already bought other items from Luke’s and I had never had any problems before. I was really anxious for my new cell phone and I just could not believe it. Though, I write this letter to inform you about what happened and to ask you for a refund or for the correct item. I called the store, but nobody could offer me a solution. People were a bit rude and I felt very disappointed. Never before had I been treated that way, which is why I also ask for a retraction.
I am aware of the good quality of the products you sell. I have been a client for about 5 years. I hope this situation can be solved soon.
Looking forward to hearing from you,
Yours sincerely,
(…)
Kumaravadivelu (2001) points out that what is known as method has not been enough to fulfill language learning needs. Methods have been used as a set of practices designed by specialists in order to make language acquisition happen. However, according to Kumaravadivelu, studies have shown that the use of these sets of practices may have the opposite effect, since they do not seem to consider students’ context, which prevents learning from being meaningful. For the author, a postmethod pedagogy has emerged from studies that focus on teachers’ beliefs, reasoning and cognition. This postmethod condition is, therefore, a three-dimensional system consisting of three parameters.
Read the examples of practices below and mark the alternative that respectively corresponds to the three parameters that form the postmethod pedagogy system as described by Kumaravadivelu:
I. Teachers are able to theorize from their own practice, developing knowledge and skills.
II. Teachers identify problems, find solutions and go through a cycle of observation, reflection and action.
III. Teachers consider experiences brought to the
classroom and provide an environment where
linguistic and social needs are considered.
Literary texts can be used in classrooms as important sources for language learning. However, literature should not be presented only in order to highlight grammar structures or vocabulary, since literary texts, as social constructions, besides motivating students can also provide them with cultural knowledge and the experience of otherness. Literature through universal themes can develop empathy, creative thinking and sensitivity.
When introducing literary literacy as the appropriation of the text in its social use, Cosson (2012) develops a basic didactic sequence to approach literature in the classroom. Mark the alternative that corresponds to the steps of this didactic sequence in the order presented by the author.
3 Tech Trends to watch in 2019
By Amy Webb
It’s been a tumultuous year. Once-venerated companies found their stock trading below a dollar. Tweets rattled investor confidence. If 2018 has taught us anything, it’s that chaos is the new normal, and that it’s time to get smarter about anticipating change. But it also revealed an unsettling truth: We simply aren’t paying enough attention to meaningful signals in the present, and that’s why we’ve been caught in this constant cycle of surprise.
To understand the future of one thing, you must consider the future of many things. Otherwise, you’re essentially looking at the world through a pinhole.
This is especially true when it comes to technology’s influence on the economy. In the coming year, we will see tantalizing advancements in a host of emerging technologies—artificial intelligence, smart devices, space travel, genomic editing, electric vehicles, and automated hacking tools—that will move further from the fringe into the mainstream. As these technologies begin to converge, we’ll start to see acceleration. This is why pharmaceuticals must closely track developments in deep learning, and big agriculture should keep a close eye on CRISPR experiments in China. AI will help researchers develop precision medicine techniques, while gene editing could yield new crops that don’t require pesticides.
My approach is to intentionally look for weak signals and emerging trends across different areas, to find meaningful connections. Here are three tech trends on my radar for 2019.
This is the beginning of the end of smartphones
Globally, smartphone shipments are in decline. Apple will no longer report sales numbers for any of its hardware products, including iPhones—it’s a clear signal about what’s on the mid-horizon. And even as new form factors enter the consumer marketplace next year—you’ll see dual-sided phones and models with foldable screens—the functionality isn’t improving fast enough to merit tossing out existing phones for new ones. In the next ten years, we will transition from just one phone that we carry to a suite of next-gen communication devices, which we will wear and command using voice, gesture, and touch.
5G will be deployed at scale
The fifth generation of wireless technology will, at last, power up—but not where you’re expecting. While local governments continue to fight over incentives, private companies will ditch WiFi for 5G, which will shorten transmission latency from 30 milliseconds to just a single millisecond, allowing essentially instantaneous connectivity between devices on a network. Unlike WiFi, a private 5G network can be built to prioritize certain data transmissions over others. In practice, this means that heavy manufacturing companies and utilities can finally take advantage of the Internet of Things and begin to automate more of their core processes using robots. It also signals a massive emerging market for all of the components, devices, and consulting services that will soon be required.
Data regulation is coming, and it won’t be pretty
From ongoing privacy and security debacles at Facebook to how much influence Google and Amazon wield in our everyday lives, big tech will face a reckoning, one that will likely affect every single company mining, refining and storing our digital data. In the U.S., a newly Democratic House, joined by key senate members, will consider some important questions: Who should be the ultimate gate-keepers of our digital data? What role should automated decision-making play in our everyday lives? How can a publicly traded company serve both its shareholders and the broader interests of democratic society?
Policy-makers are not prepared to deal with new challenges that arise from emerging science and technology, and the relationship between our big tech titans and governments continues to be transactional at best. As a result, we are likely to see proposed regulations, rules, and legislation that are either too restrictive or don’t acknowledge that science and tech are in constant motion. It’s unlikely that sweeping new rules, like the E.U.’s General Data Protection Regulation, would pass in the U.S. Even so, going through the process will prove a serious distraction for big tech companies.
The best strategic positioning for 2019 is simple: think exponentially but act incrementally. You’re going to need to get comfortable with uncertainty. Broaden your thinking, look for intersecting vectors of change and figure out ways to make incremental decisions as often as possible.
Amy Webb is a professor of strategic foresight at the NYU Stern School of Business and author of The Big Nine: How Today’s Tech Titans and their Thinking Machines Could Warp Humanity.
(Fonte: https://www.barrons.com/articles/technology-trends-2019-
51546007213. Acesso em 28/02/2019)
Working with contextual reference is a useful strategy when approaching texts in English. Consider the following pronouns and mark the alternative that corresponds to what they refer to, respectively:
I. their (first paragraph).
II. this (second paragraph).
III. its (fourth paragraph).
IV. it (fifth paragraph).
3 Tech Trends to watch in 2019
By Amy Webb
It’s been a tumultuous year. Once-venerated companies found their stock trading below a dollar. Tweets rattled investor confidence. If 2018 has taught us anything, it’s that chaos is the new normal, and that it’s time to get smarter about anticipating change. But it also revealed an unsettling truth: We simply aren’t paying enough attention to meaningful signals in the present, and that’s why we’ve been caught in this constant cycle of surprise.
To understand the future of one thing, you must consider the future of many things. Otherwise, you’re essentially looking at the world through a pinhole.
This is especially true when it comes to technology’s influence on the economy. In the coming year, we will see tantalizing advancements in a host of emerging technologies—artificial intelligence, smart devices, space travel, genomic editing, electric vehicles, and automated hacking tools—that will move further from the fringe into the mainstream. As these technologies begin to converge, we’ll start to see acceleration. This is why pharmaceuticals must closely track developments in deep learning, and big agriculture should keep a close eye on CRISPR experiments in China. AI will help researchers develop precision medicine techniques, while gene editing could yield new crops that don’t require pesticides.
My approach is to intentionally look for weak signals and emerging trends across different areas, to find meaningful connections. Here are three tech trends on my radar for 2019.
This is the beginning of the end of smartphones
Globally, smartphone shipments are in decline. Apple will no longer report sales numbers for any of its hardware products, including iPhones—it’s a clear signal about what’s on the mid-horizon. And even as new form factors enter the consumer marketplace next year—you’ll see dual-sided phones and models with foldable screens—the functionality isn’t improving fast enough to merit tossing out existing phones for new ones. In the next ten years, we will transition from just one phone that we carry to a suite of next-gen communication devices, which we will wear and command using voice, gesture, and touch.
5G will be deployed at scale
The fifth generation of wireless technology will, at last, power up—but not where you’re expecting. While local governments continue to fight over incentives, private companies will ditch WiFi for 5G, which will shorten transmission latency from 30 milliseconds to just a single millisecond, allowing essentially instantaneous connectivity between devices on a network. Unlike WiFi, a private 5G network can be built to prioritize certain data transmissions over others. In practice, this means that heavy manufacturing companies and utilities can finally take advantage of the Internet of Things and begin to automate more of their core processes using robots. It also signals a massive emerging market for all of the components, devices, and consulting services that will soon be required.
Data regulation is coming, and it won’t be pretty
From ongoing privacy and security debacles at Facebook to how much influence Google and Amazon wield in our everyday lives, big tech will face a reckoning, one that will likely affect every single company mining, refining and storing our digital data. In the U.S., a newly Democratic House, joined by key senate members, will consider some important questions: Who should be the ultimate gate-keepers of our digital data? What role should automated decision-making play in our everyday lives? How can a publicly traded company serve both its shareholders and the broader interests of democratic society?
Policy-makers are not prepared to deal with new challenges that arise from emerging science and technology, and the relationship between our big tech titans and governments continues to be transactional at best. As a result, we are likely to see proposed regulations, rules, and legislation that are either too restrictive or don’t acknowledge that science and tech are in constant motion. It’s unlikely that sweeping new rules, like the E.U.’s General Data Protection Regulation, would pass in the U.S. Even so, going through the process will prove a serious distraction for big tech companies.
The best strategic positioning for 2019 is simple: think exponentially but act incrementally. You’re going to need to get comfortable with uncertainty. Broaden your thinking, look for intersecting vectors of change and figure out ways to make incremental decisions as often as possible.
Amy Webb is a professor of strategic foresight at the NYU Stern School of Business and author of The Big Nine: How Today’s Tech Titans and their Thinking Machines Could Warp Humanity.
(Fonte: https://www.barrons.com/articles/technology-trends-2019-
51546007213. Acesso em 28/02/2019)
Hutchinson and Waters (1991) point out that English for Specific Purposes (ESP) emerged from three common reasons. One of them is related to the changes in the aim of linguistics, considering the variation from one language situation of use to another. Besides that, the expansion of technology and commerce after World War II, especially in the United States, explains why English became a necessity.
Mark the alternative that is related to the third reason why ESP became popular worldwide:
Read the text below.
(CNN) US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has denounced President Nicolas Maduro's obstruction of aid deliveries to Venezuela as the actions of a "sick tyrant."
At the call of opposition leader and the nation's selfdeclared interim president, Juan Guaido, foreign aid has been shipped to Venezuela in response to worsening food and medicine shortages.
Maduro, who has been in a standoff with Guaido for the presidency, denies that a humanitarian crisis exists in Venezuela and suggests that aid efforts are part of a US plot to orchestrate a coup.
After Guaido named Saturday as the deadline for the aid to cross the border, Maduro vowed to stop the supplies from coming into the country. At a large rally in Caracas on Saturday, he dared the opposition to call for elections and called Guaido a "clown" and a "US puppet."
Trucks carrying supplies were blocked at most spots Saturday. Witnesses said two trucks were set ablaze while attempting to cross into Venezuela from Colombia.
Witnesses who spoke to CNN said the trucks went up in flames as Venezuelan troops loyal to Maduro prevented the vehicles from crossing the border. CNN cannot independently confirm the incident or the circumstances of how the two trucks were set on fire. National Assembly Representative and Guaido supporter Adriana Pichardo told CNN that at least five people were also killed in clashes with Venezuelan security forces on Saturday. CNN cannot independently confirm the number of fatalities.
Adapted from:
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/24/americas/venezuela-pompeo-maduro-colombia/index.html. Acesso em: 24 de fevereiro de 2019.
What is a Programming Algorithm?
So, what is a programming algorithm? You can think of a programming algorithm as a recipe that describes the exact steps needed for the computer to solve a problem or reach a goal. We've all seen food recipes - they list the ingredients needed and a set of steps for how to make the described meal. Well, an algorithm is just like that. In computer lingo, the word for a recipe is a procedure, and the ingredients are called inputs. Your computer looks at your procedure, follows it to the letter, and you get to see the results, which are called outputs. A programming algorithm describes how to do something, and your computer will do it exactly that way every time. Well, it will once you convert your algorithm into a language it understands! However, it's important to note that a programming algorithm is not computer code. It's written in simple English (or whatever the programmer speaks). It doesn't beat around the bush--it has a start, a middle, and an end. In fact, you will probably label the first step 'start' and the last step 'end.' It includes only what you need to carry out the task. It does not include anything unclear, often called ambiguous in computer lingo, that someone reading it might wonder about. It always leads to a solution and tries to be the most efficient solution we can think up. It's often a good idea to number the steps, but you don't have to. Instead of numbered steps, some folks use indentation and write in pseudocode, which is a semiprogramming language used to describe the steps in an algorithm. But, we won't use that here since simplicity is the main thing.
Adapted from: http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-an-algorithm-in-programming-definition-examples-analysis.html. Acesso em 28 de fevereiro de 2019.
“Entre as células epiteliais e o tecido conjuntivo subjacente há uma delgada lâmina de moléculas chamada lâmina basal. Esta estrutura só é visível ao microscópio eletrônico, aparecendo como uma camada elétron-densa que mede 20 a 100 nm de espessura, formada por uma delicada rede de delgadas fibrilas (lâmina densa).”
(JUNQUEIRA, L. C., CARNEIRO, J. Histologia Básica – Texto e Atlas. 12ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, p.67, 2013.)
Os componentes principais das lâminas basais são
“ O amensalismo é um tipo de relação ecológica que ocorre entre os seres vivos.”
(LOPES, S. Biologia volume único. 1ª edição. 4ª tiragem. P. 553, 2004.)
Sobre esse tipo de relação, pode-se afirmar que:
“As Psilotophyta incluem dois gêneros, Psilotum e Tmesipteris, ambos atuais. Psilotum apresenta distribuição tropical e subtropical. Nos Estados Unidos, ocorre na Flórida, Louisiana, Arizona, Texas, Havaí, bem como em Porto Rico, e é uma planta invasora comum em estufas para plantas.”
(RAVEN, H. P.; EVERT, R. F.; EICHHORN, S. E. Biologia Vegetal. 5ª ed. Rio de Janeiro, Ed. Guanabara Koogan, p.302, 1996.)
Sobre o gênero Psilotum, pode-se afirmar que:
“Os GNATOSTOMADOS já foram considerados como uma irradiação completamente distinta da dos AGNATOS, mas agora considera-se que eles se originaram dentro da irradiação dos ÁGNATOS”.
(POUGH, F. H.; JANIS, C. M.; HEISER, J. B. A vida dos vertebrados. 4ª ed. São Paulo, SP: Atheneu, p. 56 a 59, 2008.)
Sobre a transição de Vertebrados Agnatos para Gnatostomados, pode-se afirmar que são características sensoriais:
“Os órgãos sensoriais anfídios atingem seu maior tamanho nos Nematodos aquáticos (especialmente nas espécies marinhas)... .”
(BARNES, R. D. Zoologia dos Invertebrados. 6ª ed. São Paulo: Roca, p.291, 1996.)
Os ANFÍDIOS:
“Os Asquelmintos são um grupo heterogêneo de animais marinhos e de água doce. Tais como os Gastrótricos, os rotíferos e os vermes redondos (Nematodos).”
(BARNES, R. D. Zoologia dos Invertebrados. 6ª ed. São Paulo: Roca, p.277, 1996.)
É característica da maioria dos Asquelmintos de vida livre:
”Os mamíferos apresentam inúmeras diferenças em relação aos demais amniotas, quanto à anatomia interna e a fisiologia. Algumas delas se relacionam ao metabolismo endotérmico; sistemas similares evoluíram convergentemente nos demais vertebrados endotérmicos, as aves. Outras são unicamente mamalianas, refletindo sua história evolutiva.”
(POUGH, F. H.; JANIS, C. M.; HEISER, J. B. A vida dos vertebrados. 4ª ed. São Paulo, SP: Atheneu, p. 526, 528, 2008.)
Assinale a alternativa cujas características metabólicas sejam referentes aos mamíferos:
“As divisões que ocorrem durante a segmentação denominam-se clivagem e as células que se formam são chamadas de blastômeros.” “No Reino Animal, a diferença na quantidade e na distribuição do vitelo no ovo determina diferenças na segmentação: quanto maior a quantidade de vitelo, menor a velocidade de divisão.”
(LOPES, S. Biologia - volume único - 1ª edição - 4ª tiragem. Cap. 10, p. 145 e 146, 1996.)
Em função disso, relacione a primeira coluna com a segunda:
Coluna 1
(1) Holoblástica igual
(2) Holoblástica desigual
(3) Holoblástica subigual
(4) Meroblástica discoidal
(5) Meroblástica superficial
Coluna 2
( ) As divisões ocorrem apenas na região da cicatrícula (região da célula sem vitelo), formando-se um disco de célula sobre a massa do vitelo. Esse tipo de segmentação ocorre nos ovos telolécitos.
( ) Formam-se oito blastômeros iguais na terceira clivagem; ocorre nos ovos alécitos e em alguns oligolécitos.
( ) Um tipo de segmentação desigual em que os blastômeros não diferem muito entre si quanto ao tamanho; ocorre em alguns ovos isolécitos.
( ) Formam, com a terceira clivagem, blastômeros de tamanhos diferentes (quatro menores: micrômeros, e quatro maiores: macrômeros); ocorre em todos os ovos heterolécitos e em alguns oligolécitos.
( ) Ocorre nos ovos centrolécitos. As células embrionárias ficam dispostas na superfície do ovo.
A sequência correta da Coluna 2 é:
“As enzimas proteolíticas mais importantes no pâncreas são tripsina, quimiotripsina e carboxipeptidase. A mais abundante de todas é, de longe, a tripsina.” (GUYTON, A.C.; HALL, J.E. Tratado de Fisiologia Médica. 10ª. ed., Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, p. 2008, 2002.)
A tripsina tem como função
“Os membros do filo Platelmintos, os vermes achatados, são achatados dorsoventralmente. As classes dos vermes achatados parasitas incluem os trematodas e os cestodas. Esses parasitas causam doenças ou distúrbios do desenvolvimento em uma variedade de animais. Os trematodas frequentemente apresentam corpos achatados em forma de folha, com uma ventosa ventral e uma ventosa oral. As ventosas fixam o organismo em um local. Os trematodas obtêm alimento ao absorvê-lo através de seu revestimento externo, denominado cutícula. Eles recebem nomes comuns de acordo com o tecido do hospedeiro definitivo em que o adulto vive.”
(TORTORA, G.J.; FUNKE, B.R.; CASE, CL. Microbiologia. 10ª ed., Porto Alegre: Artmed, p. 356, 2012.)
Qual das espécies a seguir se refere a um trematoda?
“ ... são fungos filamentosos saprofíticos que apresentam hifas cenocíticas. Um exemplo é o Rhizopus stolonifer, o conhecido mofo preto do pão. Os esporos assexuais do Rhizopus são esporangiósporos. Os esporangiósporos pretos dentro do esporângio conferem ao Rhizopus seu nome comum. Quando o esporângio se abre, os esporangiósporos se dispersam. Se eles caírem em um meio adequado, irão germinar, originando um novo talo de fungo.” (TORTORA, G.J.; FUNKE, B.R.; CASE, CL. Microbiologia. 10ª ed., Porto Alegre: Artmed, P.333, 2012.)
A qual filo dos fungos o texto acima se refere?
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