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REPORT: BIOFUELS POISED TO DISPLACE OIL
Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel can
significantly reduce global dependence on oil, according
to a new report by the Worldwatch Institute.
Last year, world biofuel production surpassed 670,000
5 barrels per day, the equivalent of about 1 percent of the
global transport fuel market. Although oil still accounts for
more than 96 percent of transport fuel use, biofuel
production has doubled since 2001 and is poised for even
stronger growth as the industry responds to higher fuel
10 prices and supportive government policies. “Coordinated
action to expand biofuel markets and advance new
technologies could relieve pressure on oil prices while
strengthening agricultural economies and reducing climatealtering
emissions,” says Worldwatch Institute President
15 Christopher Flavin.
Brazil is the world’s biofuel leader, with half of its
sugar cane crop providing more than 40 percent of its nondiesel
transport fuel. In the United States, where 15 percent
of the corn crop provides about 2 percent of the non-diesel
20 transport fuel, ethanol production is growing even more
rapidly. This surging growth may allow the U.S. to overtake
Brazil as the world’s biofuel leader this year. Both countries
are now estimated to be producing ethanol at less than
the current cost of gasoline.
25 Figures cited in the report reveal that biofuels could
provide 37 percent of U.S. transport fuel within the next 25
years, and up to 75 percent if automobile fuel economy
doubles. Biofuels could replace 20–30 percent of the oil
used in European Union countries during the same time
30 frame.
As the first-ever global assessment of the potential
social and environmental impacts of biofuels, Biofuels for
Transportation warns that the large-scale use of biofuels
carries significant agricultural and ecological risks. “It is
35 essential that government incentives be used to minimize
competition between food and fuel crops and to discourage
expansion onto ecologically valuable lands,” says
Worldwatch Biofuels Project Manager Suzanne Hunt.
However, the report also finds that biofuels have the potential
40 to increase energy security, create new economic
opportunities in rural areas, and reduce local pollution and
emissions of greenhouse gases.
The long-term potential of biofuels is in the use of
non-food feedstock that include agricultural, municipal, and
45 forestry wastes as well as fast-growing, cellulose-rich
energy crops such as switchgrass. It is expected that the
combination of cellulosic biomass resources and “nextgeneration”
biofuel conversion technologies will compete
with conventional gasoline and diesel fuel without subsidies
50 in the medium term.
The report recommends policies to accelerate the
development of biofuels, while maximizing the benefits and
minimizing the risks. Recommendations include:
strengthening the market (i.e. focusing on market
55 development, infrastructure development, and the building
of transportation fleets that are able to use the new fuels),
speeding the transition to next-generation
technologies allowing for dramatically increased
production at lower cost, and facilitating sustainable
60 international biofuel trade, developing a true
international market unimpeded by the trade restrictions
in place today.
Worldwatch Institute - June 7, 2006.
Adapted from: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4079
Some of the benefits of the increase in biofuel production listed by the author are:
REPORT: BIOFUELS POISED TO DISPLACE OIL
Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel can
significantly reduce global dependence on oil, according
to a new report by the Worldwatch Institute.
Last year, world biofuel production surpassed 670,000
5 barrels per day, the equivalent of about 1 percent of the
global transport fuel market. Although oil still accounts for
more than 96 percent of transport fuel use, biofuel
production has doubled since 2001 and is poised for even
stronger growth as the industry responds to higher fuel
10 prices and supportive government policies. “Coordinated
action to expand biofuel markets and advance new
technologies could relieve pressure on oil prices while
strengthening agricultural economies and reducing climatealtering
emissions,” says Worldwatch Institute President
15 Christopher Flavin.
Brazil is the world’s biofuel leader, with half of its
sugar cane crop providing more than 40 percent of its nondiesel
transport fuel. In the United States, where 15 percent
of the corn crop provides about 2 percent of the non-diesel
20 transport fuel, ethanol production is growing even more
rapidly. This surging growth may allow the U.S. to overtake
Brazil as the world’s biofuel leader this year. Both countries
are now estimated to be producing ethanol at less than
the current cost of gasoline.
25 Figures cited in the report reveal that biofuels could
provide 37 percent of U.S. transport fuel within the next 25
years, and up to 75 percent if automobile fuel economy
doubles. Biofuels could replace 20–30 percent of the oil
used in European Union countries during the same time
30 frame.
As the first-ever global assessment of the potential
social and environmental impacts of biofuels, Biofuels for
Transportation warns that the large-scale use of biofuels
carries significant agricultural and ecological risks. “It is
35 essential that government incentives be used to minimize
competition between food and fuel crops and to discourage
expansion onto ecologically valuable lands,” says
Worldwatch Biofuels Project Manager Suzanne Hunt.
However, the report also finds that biofuels have the potential
40 to increase energy security, create new economic
opportunities in rural areas, and reduce local pollution and
emissions of greenhouse gases.
The long-term potential of biofuels is in the use of
non-food feedstock that include agricultural, municipal, and
45 forestry wastes as well as fast-growing, cellulose-rich
energy crops such as switchgrass. It is expected that the
combination of cellulosic biomass resources and “nextgeneration”
biofuel conversion technologies will compete
with conventional gasoline and diesel fuel without subsidies
50 in the medium term.
The report recommends policies to accelerate the
development of biofuels, while maximizing the benefits and
minimizing the risks. Recommendations include:
strengthening the market (i.e. focusing on market
55 development, infrastructure development, and the building
of transportation fleets that are able to use the new fuels),
speeding the transition to next-generation
technologies allowing for dramatically increased
production at lower cost, and facilitating sustainable
60 international biofuel trade, developing a true
international market unimpeded by the trade restrictions
in place today.
Worldwatch Institute - June 7, 2006.
Adapted from: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4079
"This surging growth..." (line 21) refers to:
REPORT: BIOFUELS POISED TO DISPLACE OIL
Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel can
significantly reduce global dependence on oil, according
to a new report by the Worldwatch Institute.
Last year, world biofuel production surpassed 670,000
5 barrels per day, the equivalent of about 1 percent of the
global transport fuel market. Although oil still accounts for
more than 96 percent of transport fuel use, biofuel
production has doubled since 2001 and is poised for even
stronger growth as the industry responds to higher fuel
10 prices and supportive government policies. “Coordinated
action to expand biofuel markets and advance new
technologies could relieve pressure on oil prices while
strengthening agricultural economies and reducing climatealtering
emissions,” says Worldwatch Institute President
15 Christopher Flavin.
Brazil is the world’s biofuel leader, with half of its
sugar cane crop providing more than 40 percent of its nondiesel
transport fuel. In the United States, where 15 percent
of the corn crop provides about 2 percent of the non-diesel
20 transport fuel, ethanol production is growing even more
rapidly. This surging growth may allow the U.S. to overtake
Brazil as the world’s biofuel leader this year. Both countries
are now estimated to be producing ethanol at less than
the current cost of gasoline.
25 Figures cited in the report reveal that biofuels could
provide 37 percent of U.S. transport fuel within the next 25
years, and up to 75 percent if automobile fuel economy
doubles. Biofuels could replace 20–30 percent of the oil
used in European Union countries during the same time
30 frame.
As the first-ever global assessment of the potential
social and environmental impacts of biofuels, Biofuels for
Transportation warns that the large-scale use of biofuels
carries significant agricultural and ecological risks. “It is
35 essential that government incentives be used to minimize
competition between food and fuel crops and to discourage
expansion onto ecologically valuable lands,” says
Worldwatch Biofuels Project Manager Suzanne Hunt.
However, the report also finds that biofuels have the potential
40 to increase energy security, create new economic
opportunities in rural areas, and reduce local pollution and
emissions of greenhouse gases.
The long-term potential of biofuels is in the use of
non-food feedstock that include agricultural, municipal, and
45 forestry wastes as well as fast-growing, cellulose-rich
energy crops such as switchgrass. It is expected that the
combination of cellulosic biomass resources and “nextgeneration”
biofuel conversion technologies will compete
with conventional gasoline and diesel fuel without subsidies
50 in the medium term.
The report recommends policies to accelerate the
development of biofuels, while maximizing the benefits and
minimizing the risks. Recommendations include:
strengthening the market (i.e. focusing on market
55 development, infrastructure development, and the building
of transportation fleets that are able to use the new fuels),
speeding the transition to next-generation
technologies allowing for dramatically increased
production at lower cost, and facilitating sustainable
60 international biofuel trade, developing a true
international market unimpeded by the trade restrictions
in place today.
Worldwatch Institute - June 7, 2006.
Adapted from: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4079
According to the text, Brazil:
REPORT: BIOFUELS POISED TO DISPLACE OIL
Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel can
significantly reduce global dependence on oil, according
to a new report by the Worldwatch Institute.
Last year, world biofuel production surpassed 670,000
5 barrels per day, the equivalent of about 1 percent of the
global transport fuel market. Although oil still accounts for
more than 96 percent of transport fuel use, biofuel
production has doubled since 2001 and is poised for even
stronger growth as the industry responds to higher fuel
10 prices and supportive government policies. “Coordinated
action to expand biofuel markets and advance new
technologies could relieve pressure on oil prices while
strengthening agricultural economies and reducing climatealtering
emissions,” says Worldwatch Institute President
15 Christopher Flavin.
Brazil is the world’s biofuel leader, with half of its
sugar cane crop providing more than 40 percent of its nondiesel
transport fuel. In the United States, where 15 percent
of the corn crop provides about 2 percent of the non-diesel
20 transport fuel, ethanol production is growing even more
rapidly. This surging growth may allow the U.S. to overtake
Brazil as the world’s biofuel leader this year. Both countries
are now estimated to be producing ethanol at less than
the current cost of gasoline.
25 Figures cited in the report reveal that biofuels could
provide 37 percent of U.S. transport fuel within the next 25
years, and up to 75 percent if automobile fuel economy
doubles. Biofuels could replace 20–30 percent of the oil
used in European Union countries during the same time
30 frame.
As the first-ever global assessment of the potential
social and environmental impacts of biofuels, Biofuels for
Transportation warns that the large-scale use of biofuels
carries significant agricultural and ecological risks. “It is
35 essential that government incentives be used to minimize
competition between food and fuel crops and to discourage
expansion onto ecologically valuable lands,” says
Worldwatch Biofuels Project Manager Suzanne Hunt.
However, the report also finds that biofuels have the potential
40 to increase energy security, create new economic
opportunities in rural areas, and reduce local pollution and
emissions of greenhouse gases.
The long-term potential of biofuels is in the use of
non-food feedstock that include agricultural, municipal, and
45 forestry wastes as well as fast-growing, cellulose-rich
energy crops such as switchgrass. It is expected that the
combination of cellulosic biomass resources and “nextgeneration”
biofuel conversion technologies will compete
with conventional gasoline and diesel fuel without subsidies
50 in the medium term.
The report recommends policies to accelerate the
development of biofuels, while maximizing the benefits and
minimizing the risks. Recommendations include:
strengthening the market (i.e. focusing on market
55 development, infrastructure development, and the building
of transportation fleets that are able to use the new fuels),
speeding the transition to next-generation
technologies allowing for dramatically increased
production at lower cost, and facilitating sustainable
60 international biofuel trade, developing a true
international market unimpeded by the trade restrictions
in place today.
Worldwatch Institute - June 7, 2006.
Adapted from: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4079
Based on what Christopher Flavin, President of the Worldwatch Institute, has said, it is possible to state that:
REPORT: BIOFUELS POISED TO DISPLACE OIL
Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel can
significantly reduce global dependence on oil, according
to a new report by the Worldwatch Institute.
Last year, world biofuel production surpassed 670,000
5 barrels per day, the equivalent of about 1 percent of the
global transport fuel market. Although oil still accounts for
more than 96 percent of transport fuel use, biofuel
production has doubled since 2001 and is poised for even
stronger growth as the industry responds to higher fuel
10 prices and supportive government policies. “Coordinated
action to expand biofuel markets and advance new
technologies could relieve pressure on oil prices while
strengthening agricultural economies and reducing climatealtering
emissions,” says Worldwatch Institute President
15 Christopher Flavin.
Brazil is the world’s biofuel leader, with half of its
sugar cane crop providing more than 40 percent of its nondiesel
transport fuel. In the United States, where 15 percent
of the corn crop provides about 2 percent of the non-diesel
20 transport fuel, ethanol production is growing even more
rapidly. This surging growth may allow the U.S. to overtake
Brazil as the world’s biofuel leader this year. Both countries
are now estimated to be producing ethanol at less than
the current cost of gasoline.
25 Figures cited in the report reveal that biofuels could
provide 37 percent of U.S. transport fuel within the next 25
years, and up to 75 percent if automobile fuel economy
doubles. Biofuels could replace 20–30 percent of the oil
used in European Union countries during the same time
30 frame.
As the first-ever global assessment of the potential
social and environmental impacts of biofuels, Biofuels for
Transportation warns that the large-scale use of biofuels
carries significant agricultural and ecological risks. “It is
35 essential that government incentives be used to minimize
competition between food and fuel crops and to discourage
expansion onto ecologically valuable lands,” says
Worldwatch Biofuels Project Manager Suzanne Hunt.
However, the report also finds that biofuels have the potential
40 to increase energy security, create new economic
opportunities in rural areas, and reduce local pollution and
emissions of greenhouse gases.
The long-term potential of biofuels is in the use of
non-food feedstock that include agricultural, municipal, and
45 forestry wastes as well as fast-growing, cellulose-rich
energy crops such as switchgrass. It is expected that the
combination of cellulosic biomass resources and “nextgeneration”
biofuel conversion technologies will compete
with conventional gasoline and diesel fuel without subsidies
50 in the medium term.
The report recommends policies to accelerate the
development of biofuels, while maximizing the benefits and
minimizing the risks. Recommendations include:
strengthening the market (i.e. focusing on market
55 development, infrastructure development, and the building
of transportation fleets that are able to use the new fuels),
speeding the transition to next-generation
technologies allowing for dramatically increased
production at lower cost, and facilitating sustainable
60 international biofuel trade, developing a true
international market unimpeded by the trade restrictions
in place today.
Worldwatch Institute - June 7, 2006.
Adapted from: http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4079
The main purpose of the text is to:
Acostumar-se a tudo?
A gente se acostuma praticamente a tudo.
Isso é bom? Isso é ruim?
A resposta – inevitável – é: isso é bom e é ruim.
Senão, vejamos. Nossa elasticidade, nossa capa-
5 cidade de adaptação, tem permitido que sobrevivamos em
condições muitas vezes bastante adversas.
Lembro-me de que o escritor francês Saint-Exupéry
contou, uma vez, sobre como o avião caiu em cima de
montanhas geladas e como o piloto conseguiu sobreviver
10 durante vários dias, enfrentando o frio, a fome, a dor e
inúmeros perigos, adaptando-se às circunstâncias para,
na medida do possível, poder dominá-las.
Nunca esquecerei o justificado orgulho com que ele
falou: “O que eu fiz, nenhum bicho jamais faria”.
15 Por outro lado, a capacidade de adaptação pode
funcionar como mola propulsora de um mecanismo
oportunista, de uma facilitação resignada à aceitação de
coisas inaceitáveis.
É um fenômeno que, infelizmente, não é raro.
20 Acontece nas melhores famílias. Pode estar acontecendo
agora mesmo, com você, que está lendo este jornal.
Quando nos acostumamos a ver o que se passa
em volta e começamos a achar que tudo é “normal”,
deixamos de enxergar as “anormalidades”, deixamos de
25 nos assustar e de nos preocupar com elas.
O poeta espanhol Federico Garcia Lorca esteve nos
Estados Unidos em 1929/1930 e ficou assustado com
Nova York. Enquanto os turistas, como nós, ficam maravilhados
com a imponência dos prédios, Lorca se referia a
30 eles como “montanhas de cimento”.
Enquanto os turistas admiram a qualidade da
comida nos magníficos restaurantes, Lorca se espantava
com o fato de ninguém se escandalizar com a matança
dos animais. (...)
35 A insensibilidade se generaliza, a indiferença em
relação aos animais se estende, inexoravelmente, aos
seres humanos. A mesma máquina que tritura os animais
esmaga as vacas e sufoca os seres humanos.
Lorca interpela os que se beneficiam com esse
40 sistema, investe contra a contabilidade deles: “Embaixo
das multiplicações / há uma gota de sangue de pato. /
Embaixo das divisões, há uma gota de sangue de
marinheiro”.
Acusa os detentores do poder e da riqueza de
45 camuflarem a dura realidade social para fazê-la aparecer
apenas como espaço de rudes entretenimentos e
vertiginoso progresso tecnológico. Furioso, brada:
“Cuspo-lhes na cara”.
É possível que alguns aspectos da reação do poeta
50 nos pareçam exagerados, unilaterais. Afinal, Nova York
também é lugar de cultura, tem museus maravilhosos,
encena peças magníficas, faz um excelente cinema,
apresenta espetáculos musicais fantásticos.
O exagero, porém, ajuda Garcia Lorca a chamar
55 a nossa atenção para o “lado noturno” dessa “face
luminosa” de Nova York. E Nova York, no caso, vale
como símbolo das contradições que estão enraizadas
em praticamente todas as grandes cidades modernas.
Os habitantes dessas cidades tendem a fixar sua
60 atenção em falhas que podem ser sanadas, em defeitos
que podem ser superados, em feridas que podem ser
curadas por um tratamento tópico.
Falta-lhes a percepção de que determinadas
questões só poderiam ser efetivamente resolvidas por
65 uma mudança radical, através de um novo modelo.
Só um modelo novo de cidade permitirá que sejam
pensadas e postas em prática soluções para os impasses
a que chegaram as nossas megalópoles.
O que é pior do que ter graves problemas? É ter
70 graves problemas e se recusar a reconhecê-los.
A condenação do poeta levanta questões para as
quais não temos, atualmente, soluções viáveis. Lorca nos
presta, contudo, o relevante serviço de nos cobrar que as
encaremos.
KONDER, Leandro. Jornal do Brasil. 26 maio 2005.
A alusão ao poema e à opinião do poeta Garcia Lorca reforça os argumentos do autor do texto contra:
Entende-se por tributos diretos aqueles que:
Um fabricante opera com os seguintes custos e expectativas de vendas:
– Custo variável unitário (por produto fabricado): R$15,00
– Custos fixos totais: R$150.000,00
– Venda esperada (em unidades): 50.000
Se o fabricante desejar realizar uma margem (mark-up) de 10% sobre as vendas, que preço, em reais, deverá cobrar dos fornecedores?
Considere as afirmativas a seguir, sobre a determinação do preço de produtos.
I – A fixação de preços que cubram os custos variáveis e alguns custos fixos justifica-se nos casos em que o principal objetivo de uma empresa é a sobrevivência no mercado.
II – Quando uma empresa determina o preço de seus produtos de acordo com a estratégia de maximização do lucro corrente, do fluxo de caixa ou do retorno do investimento, ela corre o risco de comprometer o desempenho de longo prazo.
III – O lançamento de um produto ao menor preço possível é a estratégia adotada por empresas que desejam maximizar a sua participação de mercado, apostando na sensibilidade a preço do mercado, na redução dos custos unitários e no aumento dos lucros a longo prazo.
Está(ão) correta(s) a(s) afirmativa(s):
O gráfico acima fornece o índice trimestral encadeado das exportações brasileiras. O aumento percentual das exportações do quarto trimestre de 2006 em relação ao mesmo período do ano anterior, aproximadamente, é:
Um tanque de armazenamento de óleo tem a forma de um paralelepípedo retângulo de 5m de comprimento, 2m de largura e 1,5m de profundidade. Este tanque será substituído por um novo tanque de mesmo formato, com a mesma largura e o mesmo comprimento, mas 0,6m mais profundo. O volume, em litros, desse novo tanque será:
Marque a opção que requer o maior espaço de armazenamento.
No Microsoft Excel 2003, que nome é dado a uma seqüência de comandos e funções armazenadas em um módulo do Visual Basic para execução de tarefas repetitivas?
Observe as seguintes afirmativas sobre segurança em senhas de acesso.
I - Todo vírus com extensão EXE instala um programa espião para roubo de senhas.
II - Quanto menor o tamanho de uma senha, maior sua segurança.
III - Quanto maior a aleatoriedade de uma senha, maior sua segurança.
Está(ão) correta(s), somente, a(s) afirmativa(s):
Que recurso do Microsoft Word 2003 (versão em português) pode ser utilizado para determinar quantas linhas e parágrafos existem em um documento?
Qual a extensão dos arquivos de planilhas do Microsoft Excel?
Um reservatório cilíndrico com 2m de diâmetro e 5m de altura tem 60% de seu volume ocupado com óleo de densidade igual a 0,8kg/dm3. Considerando a aceleração da gravidade igual a 10m/s2, a pressão manométrica no fundo do reservatório, em kPa, é:
Uma barra de seção transversal retangular com 15mm de base e 100mm de altura, quando carregada com um peso que gera um momento fletor de 2400N.m, tem uma tensão normal máxima, em MPa, igual a:
O erro de paralaxe ocorre:
Em um desenho técnico, uma linha feita com traços e intervalos iguais pode representar uma:
Conheça nossos planos