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Why is music good for the brain?
October 7, 2020
By Andrew E. Budson, MD, Editorial Advisory Board Member, Harvard Health Publishing
1. Can music really affect your well-being, learning, cognitive function, quality of life, and even happiness? Hand in a recent survey on music and brain health conducted by AARP revealed some interesting findings about the impact of music on cognitive and emotional well-being: music listeners had higher scores for mental well-being and slightly reduced levels of anxiety and depression compared to people overall.
2. Of survey respondents who currently go to musical performances, 69% rated their brain health as “excellent” or “very good,” compared to 58% for those who went in the past and 52% for those who never attended. Of those who reported often being exposed to music as a child, 68% rated their ability to learn new things as “excellent” or “very good,” compared to 50% of those who were not exposed to music.
3. Active musical engagement, including those over age 50, was associated with higher rates of happiness and good cognitive function. Adults with no early music exposure but who currently engage in some music appreciation show above average mental well-being scores. Those are pretty impressive results, to be sure. However, this 20-minute online survey has some limitations. For one, it included 3,185 US adults ages 18 and older; that is a small number if you are extrapolating to 328 million people across the country. For another, it is really a survey of people’s opinions. For example, although people might report their brain health as “excellent,” there was no objective measure of brain health such as an MRI scan, or even a test to measure their cognition.
4. Lastly, even if the ratings were true, the findings are only correlations. They do not prove that, for example, it was the exposure to music as a child that led to one’s improved ability to learn new things. It may be equally likely that those children brought up in more affluent households were both more likely to be exposed to music and to be given a good education that led to their being able to easily learn new things later in life.
5. Music has been shown to activate some of the broadest and most diverse networks of the brain. Of course, music activates the auditory cortex in the temporal lobes close to your ears, but that’s just the beginning. The parts of the brain involved in emotion are not only activated during emotional music, they are also synchronized. Music also activates a variety of memory regions. And, interestingly, music activates the motor system. In fact, it has been theorized that it is the activation of the brain’s motor system that allows us to pick out the beat of the music even before we start tapping our foot to it!
6. Okay, get along! so music activates just about all of the brain. Why is that so important? Well, have you ever heard the expression, “If you don’t use it, you’ll lose it”? It turns out this is actually true in the brain. Brain pathways — and even whole networks — are strengthened when they are used and are weakened when they are not used. The reason is that the brain is efficient; it isn’t going to bother keeping a brain pathway strong when it hasn’t been used in many years. The brain will use the neurons in that pathway for something else. These types of changes should be intuitively obvious to you — that’s why it is harder to speak that foreign language if you haven’t used it in 20 years; many of the old pathways have degraded and the neurons are being used for other purposes.
BUDSON, Andrew E. Why is music good for the brain? Harvard Health Publishing, 7 out. 2020. Disponível em:
TEXT 1
Why is music good for the brain?
October 7, 2020
By Andrew E. Budson, MD, Editorial Advisory Board Member, Harvard Health Publishing
1. Can music really affect your well-being, learning, cognitive function, quality of life, and even happiness? Hand in a recent survey on music and brain health conducted by AARP revealed some interesting findings about the impact of music on cognitive and emotional well-being: music listeners had higher scores for mental well-being and slightly reduced levels of anxiety and depression compared to people overall.
2. Of survey respondents who currently go to musical performances, 69% rated their brain health as “excellent” or “very good,” compared to 58% for those who went in the past and 52% for those who never attended. Of those who reported often being exposed to music as a child, 68% rated their ability to learn new things as “excellent” or “very good,” compared to 50% of those who were not exposed to music.
3. Active musical engagement, including those over age 50, was associated with higher rates of happiness and good cognitive function. Adults with no early music exposure but who currently engage in some music appreciation show above average mental well-being scores. Those are pretty impressive results, to be sure. However, this 20-minute online survey has some limitations. For one, it included 3,185 US adults ages 18 and older; that is a small number if you are extrapolating to 328 million people across the country. For another, it is really a survey of people’s opinions. For example, although people might report their brain health as “excellent,” there was no objective measure of brain health such as an MRI scan, or even a test to measure their cognition.
4. Lastly, even if the ratings were true, the findings are only correlations. They do not prove that, for example, it was the exposure to music as a child that led to one’s improved ability to learn new things. It may be equally likely that those children brought up in more affluent households were both more likely to be exposed to music and to be given a good education that led to their being able to easily learn new things later in life.
5. Music has been shown to activate some of the broadest and most diverse networks of the brain. Of course, music activates the auditory cortex in the temporal lobes close to your ears, but that’s just the beginning. The parts of the brain involved in emotion are not only activated during emotional music, they are also synchronized. Music also activates a variety of memory regions. And, interestingly, music activates the motor system. In fact, it has been theorized that it is the activation of the brain’s motor system that allows us to pick out the beat of the music even before we start tapping our foot to it!
6. Okay, get along! so music activates just about all of the brain. Why is that so important? Well, have you ever heard the expression, “If you don’t use it, you’ll lose it”? It turns out this is actually true in the brain. Brain pathways — and even whole networks — are strengthened when they are used and are weakened when they are not used. The reason is that the brain is efficient; it isn’t going to bother keeping a brain pathway strong when it hasn’t been used in many years. The brain will use the neurons in that pathway for something else. These types of changes should be intuitively obvious to you — that’s why it is harder to speak that foreign language if you haven’t used it in 20 years; many of the old pathways have degraded and the neurons are being used for other purposes.
BUDSON, Andrew E. Why is music good for the brain? Harvard Health Publishing, 7 out. 2020. Disponível em:
“O ataque realizado pelo grupo palestino Hamas contra Israel no último sábado (7), deixando milhares de mortos, deu início a mais um capítulo de um conflito que se arrasta há décadas. Imediatamente, o primeiro-ministro de Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, declarou guerra aos agressores, mobilizando o exército do país para uma resposta. A tensão entre Israel e Palestina, que se estende há mais de 70 anos, envolve geopolítica, terras e religião.”
GANDRA, Alana e RODRIGUES, Leo. Saiba quem são os envolvidos no
conflito entre Israel e Hamas. Agência Brasil. 2023. Disponível em: https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/internacional/noticia/2023-10/saiba
quem-sao-os-envolvidos-no-c onflito-entre-israel-e-hamas
Sobre os conflitos entre Israel e palestinos, analise as alternativas e assinale a correta:
As razões da quebra ("crash") da Bolsa de Valores de Nova York em 1929 são muitas, mas podem ser sintetizadas em uma frase: "Todos queriam vender seus produtos, mas ninguém queria comprar", isso fez com que as ações das empresas perdessem valor. Portanto, a maior crise da história do capitalismo não foi uma crise de escassez, mas de excesso, estimulada pela livre concorrência entre empresas privadas, sem planejamento integrado ou qualquer regulação do Estado.
NAPOLITANO. Marcos. História contemporânea II: do Entreguerras à
nova ordem mundial. São Paulo: Ed. Contexto.2020.p. 17.
Sobre o período anterior à Crise de 1929, assinale a alternativa incorreta:
“O fato de ter sido a proclamação um fenômeno militar, em boa parte desvinculado do movimento republicano civil, significa que seu estudo não pode, por si só, explicar a natureza do novo regime. O advento da República não pode ser reduzido à questão militar e à insurreição das unidades militares aquarteladas em São Cristóvão. De outro lado, seria incorreto desprezar os acontecimentos de 15 de novembro como se fossem simples acidente. Embora as raízes da República devam ser buscadas mais longe e mais fundo, o ato de sua instauração possui valor simbólico inegável.”
DE CARVALHO. José Murilo. A Formação das Almas: O imaginário da
república no Brasil. Companhia das letras. São Paulo. 2005.pg. 36.
Sobre a Proclamação da República no Brasil, assinale a alternativa correta:
”Além dos colonos propriamente ditos, também vieram de Portugal para o Brasil padres jesuítas com o objetivo principal de catequizar os índios e engordar o rebanho submisso à Igreja Católica.”
MESGRAVIS. Laima. História do Brasil colônia, São Paulo.Ed. Contexto.pg.
24. 2015.
Sobre a presença da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil durante o período colonial, é correto afirmar, exceto:
Para Moraes (2005), conceito de espaço vital representaria uma proporção de equilíbrio entre a população de uma dada sociedade e os recursos disponíveis para suprir suas necessidades, definindo assim suas potencialidades de progredir e suas premências territoriais.
Fonte: Antonio Carlos Robert Moraes. Geografia: Pequena História Crítica.
2005.
Marque corretamente a alternativa que representa o criador do conceito “espaço vital”:
O processo de urbanização verificado no Brasil após a década de 1950 é caracterizado por Santos e Silveira (2001) como uma urbanização aglomerada e concentrada. A primeira refere-se ao aumento dos núcleos com mais de 20 mil habitantes e a segunda ao aumento das cidades intermediárias, para, em um outro estágio, tornarem-se metrópoles. Na urbanização mais recente, as cidades médias passam a se destacar na dinâmica urbana brasileira.
Fonte: SANTOS, Milton; SILVEIRA, Maria Laura. O Brasil: território e
sociedade no início do século XXI. 2001.
A respeito das cidades médias brasileira, marque V para Verdadeiro ou F para Falso e em seguida marque a alternativa que traz a sequência do correto julgamento:
( ) Na rede urbana, a cidade média se articula com a dinâmica local e global, exercendo a função de intermediação. Assim, configura-se como um local que adquire uma organização de modo transitório, devendo ser modificado segundo os requerimentos da dinâmica econômica global e dos interesses locais que respondem a ela.
( ) Dentre os fatores de crescimento das cidades médias no Brasil, no final do século XX, destacam-se o processo de desconcentração industrial e o da expansão da fronteira agrícola.
( ) No contexto atual, as cidades médias brasileiras se materializam como centros de serviços dos atores hegemônicos da economia global, exercendo influência em âmbito local e global.
( ) O novo papel vinculado às cidades médias brasileiras é o de extensão de atividades do meio rural, motivado pelo desenvolvimento do meio-técnico-informacional.
A modernização da agricultura, desencadeada no Brasil a partir de 1950, tornou-se expressiva principalmente a partir da instituição do Sistema Nacional de Crédito Rural (SNCR). Com os incentivos federais, o ritmo da modernização da agropecuária foi acelerado e sua abrangência espacial foi ampliada em razão da implantação de indústria de bens de produção e de insumos básicos para a agricultura.
Fonte: Antonio Nivaldo Hespanhol (2007).
Considerando a temática modernização no espaço agrário brasileiro, é correto afirmar que:
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