For Hutchinson and Waters (1987), in the context of needs
analysis for ESP courses, it is important to distinguish
between target needs and learning needs. A question that
can be used to obtain information about what learners need
to do in the context where they will use the language is:
Oshima and Hogue (2007) in their book “Introduction to
Academic Writing” affirm that the process of writing has four
main steps: prewriting, organizing, writing, and polishing. For
the prewriting stage an academic writer can use the
For students in specific fields, learning to write in academic
genres related to their disciplines is essential and English for
Specific Purposes (ESP) can help develop this skill by
teaching them the relevant language and genre conventions
simultaneously. A genre which can be included in an ESP
course for professional, technical, or academic needs is
During the history of England and the British Empire, experts
have suggested many ways to classify English speakers.
However, not all linguists agree on the best way to do this.
For many sociolinguists, which is the most important and
accurate model, proposed by Braj Kachru in 1988?
Dudley Evans and St. John (1998) in their book
“Developments in ESP: a multidisciplinary approach” identify
five key roles for the ESP practitioner. Among them are