Questões de Vestibular UNESP 2015 para Vestibular - Primeiro Semestre
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Genetically modified foods
Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally, e.g. through the introduction of a gene from a different organism. Currently available GM foods stem mostly from plants, but in the future foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals are likely to be introduced on the market. Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to improve yield, through the introduction of resistance to plant diseases or of increased tolerance of herbicides.
In the future, genetic modification could be aimed at altering the nutrient content of food, reducing its allergenic potential, or improving the efficiency of food production systems. All GM foods should be assessed before being allowed on the market. FAO/WHO Codex guidelines exist for risk analysis of GM food.
(www.who.int)
Genetically modified foods
Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally, e.g. through the introduction of a gene from a different organism. Currently available GM foods stem mostly from plants, but in the future foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals are likely to be introduced on the market. Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to improve yield, through the introduction of resistance to plant diseases or of increased tolerance of herbicides.
In the future, genetic modification could be aimed at altering the nutrient content of food, reducing its allergenic potential, or improving the efficiency of food production systems. All GM foods should be assessed before being allowed on the market. FAO/WHO Codex guidelines exist for risk analysis of GM food.
(www.who.int)
Genetically modified foods
Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally, e.g. through the introduction of a gene from a different organism. Currently available GM foods stem mostly from plants, but in the future foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals are likely to be introduced on the market. Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to improve yield, through the introduction of resistance to plant diseases or of increased tolerance of herbicides.
In the future, genetic modification could be aimed at altering the nutrient content of food, reducing its allergenic potential, or improving the efficiency of food production systems. All GM foods should be assessed before being allowed on the market. FAO/WHO Codex guidelines exist for risk analysis of GM food.
(www.who.int)
Genetically modified foods
Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally, e.g. through the introduction of a gene from a different organism. Currently available GM foods stem mostly from plants, but in the future foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals are likely to be introduced on the market. Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to improve yield, through the introduction of resistance to plant diseases or of increased tolerance of herbicides.
In the future, genetic modification could be aimed at altering the nutrient content of food, reducing its allergenic potential, or improving the efficiency of food production systems. All GM foods should be assessed before being allowed on the market. FAO/WHO Codex guidelines exist for risk analysis of GM food.
(www.who.int)
GM wheat no more
pest-resistant than ordinary crops, trial shows
GM wheat designed to repel aphids is no more effective at repelling the bugs than standard varieties a major field trial has revealed
Ian Sample
June 25, 2015
A major field trial of GM wheat that is designed to repel aphids (small insects) has found the crop is no better protected against the pests than conventional wheat. The results come from two years of trials that compared aphid attacks on standard wheat plants with those suffered by a GM version modified to release a natural aphid repellent.
Scientists created the GM wheat strain in the hope that it would deter aphids, which devour the crops and can leave them with infections. They modified the wheat to produce a natural pheromone which aphids release when under attack from predators. The “aphid alarm” makes the bugs flee to safety. Aphids are not the only organisms that release the odour though. More than 400 plants have evolved to secrete the same substance, called E-betafarnesene, or EBF, including peppermint. The chemical doubles up as an attractant for some insects that kill aphids, such as parasitic wasps.
Prior to the field trial, lab tests at Rothamsted found that the pheromone worked as a highly-effective aphid repellent. The work bolstered researchers’ hopes that the trial would demonstrate the crop’s resilience against aphids in the wild. An aphid-resistant wheat crop could have huge benefits for farmers and the environment because the plants would no longer need to be sprayed with insecticides.
“The disappointing thing is that when we tested it in the field, we didn’t find any significant reduction in aphid settlement in the test plots,” said Toby Bruce, who worked on the trial. Details of the trial are published in the journal Scientific Reports.
(www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.)
GM wheat no more
pest-resistant than ordinary crops, trial shows
GM wheat designed to repel aphids is no more effective at repelling the bugs than standard varieties a major field trial has revealed
Ian Sample
June 25, 2015
A major field trial of GM wheat that is designed to repel aphids (small insects) has found the crop is no better protected against the pests than conventional wheat. The results come from two years of trials that compared aphid attacks on standard wheat plants with those suffered by a GM version modified to release a natural aphid repellent.
Scientists created the GM wheat strain in the hope that it would deter aphids, which devour the crops and can leave them with infections. They modified the wheat to produce a natural pheromone which aphids release when under attack from predators. The “aphid alarm” makes the bugs flee to safety. Aphids are not the only organisms that release the odour though. More than 400 plants have evolved to secrete the same substance, called E-betafarnesene, or EBF, including peppermint. The chemical doubles up as an attractant for some insects that kill aphids, such as parasitic wasps.
Prior to the field trial, lab tests at Rothamsted found that the pheromone worked as a highly-effective aphid repellent. The work bolstered researchers’ hopes that the trial would demonstrate the crop’s resilience against aphids in the wild. An aphid-resistant wheat crop could have huge benefits for farmers and the environment because the plants would no longer need to be sprayed with insecticides.
“The disappointing thing is that when we tested it in the field, we didn’t find any significant reduction in aphid settlement in the test plots,” said Toby Bruce, who worked on the trial. Details of the trial are published in the journal Scientific Reports.
(www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.)
GM wheat no more
pest-resistant than ordinary crops, trial shows
GM wheat designed to repel aphids is no more effective at repelling the bugs than standard varieties a major field trial has revealed
Ian Sample
June 25, 2015
A major field trial of GM wheat that is designed to repel aphids (small insects) has found the crop is no better protected against the pests than conventional wheat. The results come from two years of trials that compared aphid attacks on standard wheat plants with those suffered by a GM version modified to release a natural aphid repellent.
Scientists created the GM wheat strain in the hope that it would deter aphids, which devour the crops and can leave them with infections. They modified the wheat to produce a natural pheromone which aphids release when under attack from predators. The “aphid alarm” makes the bugs flee to safety. Aphids are not the only organisms that release the odour though. More than 400 plants have evolved to secrete the same substance, called E-betafarnesene, or EBF, including peppermint. The chemical doubles up as an attractant for some insects that kill aphids, such as parasitic wasps.
Prior to the field trial, lab tests at Rothamsted found that the pheromone worked as a highly-effective aphid repellent. The work bolstered researchers’ hopes that the trial would demonstrate the crop’s resilience against aphids in the wild. An aphid-resistant wheat crop could have huge benefits for farmers and the environment because the plants would no longer need to be sprayed with insecticides.
“The disappointing thing is that when we tested it in the field, we didn’t find any significant reduction in aphid settlement in the test plots,” said Toby Bruce, who worked on the trial. Details of the trial are published in the journal Scientific Reports.
(www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.)
(Péricles apud Pierre Cabanes. Introdução à história da Antiguidade, 2009.)
O discurso de Péricles, no século V a.C., convoca os atenienses para lutar na Guerra do Peloponeso e enfatiza
Eis dois homens a frente: um, que quer servir; o outro, que aceita, ou deseja, ser chefe. O primeiro une as mãos e, assim juntas, coloca-as nas mãos do segundo: claro símbolo de submissão, cujo sentido, por vezes, era ainda acentuado pela genuflexão. Ao mesmo tempo, a personagem que oferece as mãos pronuncia algumas palavras, muito breves, pelas quais se reconhece “o homem” de quem está na sua frente. Depois, chefe e subordinado beijam-se na boca: símbolo de acordo e de amizade. Eram estes – muito simples e, por isso mesmo, eminentemente adequados para impressionar espíritos tão sensíveis às coisas – os gestos que serviam para estabelecer um dos vínculos mais fortes que a época feudal conheceu.
(Marc Bloch. A sociedade feudal, 1987.)
Miniatura do Liber feudorum Ceritaniae, século XIII
O texto e a imagem referem-se à cerimônia que
Os diários, as memórias e as crônicas de viagens escritas por marinheiros, comerciantes, militares, missionários e exploradores, ao lado das cartas náuticas, seriam as principais fontes de conhecimento e representação da África dos séculos XV ao XVIII.
A barbárie dos costumes, o paganismo e a violência cotidiana foram atribuídos aos africanos ao mesmo tempo em que se justificava a sua escravização no Novo Mundo. A desumanização de suas práticas serviria como justificativa compensatória para a coisificação dos negros e para o uso de sua força de trabalho nas plantations da América.
(Regina Claro. Olhar a África, 2012. Adaptado.)
Os diários, as memórias e as crônicas de viagens escritas por marinheiros, comerciantes, militares, missionários e exploradores, ao lado das cartas náuticas, seriam as principais fontes de conhecimento e representação da África dos séculos XV ao XVIII.
A barbárie dos costumes, o paganismo e a violência cotidiana foram atribuídos aos africanos ao mesmo tempo em que se justificava a sua escravização no Novo Mundo. A desumanização de suas práticas serviria como justificativa compensatória para a coisificação dos negros e para o uso de sua força de trabalho nas plantations da América.
(Regina Claro. Olhar a África, 2012. Adaptado.)
(Stephen Marglin. In: André Gorz (org.). Crítica da divisão do trabalho, 1980.)
Ao analisar o surgimento do sistema de fábrica, o texto destaca
(Francisco Doratioto. A Guerra do Paraguai, 1991.)
Segundo o texto, uma das preocupações da política externa brasileira para a região do Rio da Prata, durante o Segundo Reinado, era
Enquanto os franceses e os britânicos tinham emergido da Primeira Guerra Mundial com um profundo trauma dos horrores da guerra e a convicção de que um novo conflito deveria, se possível, ser evitado, na Alemanha só ocorreria algo parecido depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Os acontecimentos de 1945 levaram a uma profunda mudança na cultura popular e política da parte ocidental da Alemanha. Aos olhos desses alemães, a extrema violência de 1945 fez da Segunda Guerra Mundial “a guerra para acabar com todas as guerras”.
(Richard Bessel. Alemanha, 1945, 2010. Adaptado.)
Enquanto os franceses e os britânicos tinham emergido da Primeira Guerra Mundial com um profundo trauma dos horrores da guerra e a convicção de que um novo conflito deveria, se possível, ser evitado, na Alemanha só ocorreria algo parecido depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Os acontecimentos de 1945 levaram a uma profunda mudança na cultura popular e política da parte ocidental da Alemanha. Aos olhos desses alemães, a extrema violência de 1945 fez da Segunda Guerra Mundial “a guerra para acabar com todas as guerras”.
(Richard Bessel. Alemanha, 1945, 2010. Adaptado.)
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