The extract “A community without a written literature expres...

a) simple present, present perfect passive, simple future.

“A community without a written literature expresses itself with less precision, with less richness of nuance, and with less clarity than a community whose principal instrument of communication, the word,   has been cultivated   and perfected by means of literary texts. … A person who does not read, or reads little, or reads only trash, is a person with an impediment: he can speak much but he will say little, because his vocabulary is deficient in the means for self-expression.”

Simple present denotes a verb tense used for a verb implying a current state, a fact which is always true or something which happens on a daily basis. Present perfect is used for something which has happened in the past and might still be around or something which started and finished in the past, but the timeline is irrelevant. The passive voice is used if the noun is the end receiver of the action. Simple future means a verb tense used for an action which will take mplace in the future.

Simple present é um tempo verbal para rotinas ou fato que sempre é verdade. ALguns verbos que no português admitem forma contínua no inglês só existem na forma simple present: e.g.: want, need, see, hear, desire etc. Present perfect -neste contexto- é um tempo verbal de algo que iniciou no passado e ainda acontece no presente. Não há, no português brasileiro, um tempo verbal equivalente.