Questões Militares de Inglês - Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension
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Q3055955
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT I
Drones, robots, license plate readers: Police grapple with community concerns as they turn to tech
for their Jobs
Last year, police in Mountain View, Calif., knew they had a potentially dangerous situation on their
hands when a man barricaded himself inside an unlocked three-story townhouse along with the homeowners.
Police received a call from the homeowners, who said the man was armed with a knife. They didn’t
know whether they could safely enter the home and they didn’t know the man’s intentions. So instead of taking
any risk, police called in their trusty sidekick: A camera-equipped drone.
Officers on the ground used the drone to live stream video from the second- and third-floor windows,
giving them the opportunity to assess the gravity of the situation and the location of the suspect. They quickly
learned the man did not have any visible weapons on him.
“There was no risk to life, so we let him sit in there and did our best to communicate with him,” said Lt.
Scott Nelson of the Mountain View Police Department. “No use of force was needed.”
Police across the United States are increasingly relying on emerging technologies to make their jobs
more efficient. They are using drones, license plate readers, body cameras and gunshot detection systems to
reduce injury and bodily harm. The move comes as some law enforcement agencies are struggling with
retention and hiring during the pandemic, when hundreds of cops in cities including Los Angeles and New York
were sidelined because of the spread of the coronavirus. As police departments determine which technologies
to adopt, they are also grappling with growing concerns about privacy that these technologies bring and
potential complications they could create for officers on the job.
“Tech can be a great tool for law enforcement to use,” said Sgt. James Smallwood, Nashville-based
treasurer of the national Fraternal Order of Police. But “as with anything else, we have to balance the line of
privacy and meeting the expectation to promote public safety.”
DJI, the Chinese tech company that makes many of the drones adopted by police departments, said
more than 1,000 police departments across the country use some type of drone. Drones are proving to be a
police force multiplier across the nation, aiding with everything from lost children to dangerous suspects to
crash reconstruction. But Lisberg doesn’t think they’ll ever replace police officers.
“You need a sense of humanity at work in policing,” he said. “A drone is a tool that helps accomplish
the goals [police] already have. [To] do it better, safely and more efficiently.”
Drones aren’t the only tech tools that police say have made them more efficient. More than 120 cities
are using gunshot detection systems, which alert police to gunfire within the devices’ coverage area.
The systems use sensors and algorithms that can identify and determine which loud bangs are
probably gunshots. Within about 60 seconds, they can alert police to the precise location in which the gunshots
were heard. That allows police to better deploy their resources.
“Police chiefs are looking for innovative ways to deal with the responsibilities they have,” he said.
“They’re finding ways to provide them even in areas where budgets are tight.”
To be sure, not all of the technology is proving to be positive, says Griffith of Houston’s police union.
He noted that while tech can add a level of efficiency, it also can increase stress levels for officers, who have
been experiencing increased scrutiny for excessive use of force and discriminatory practices in recent years.
Body cameras, for example, can help police and the community better understand the details around an
incident in which an officer resorted to use of force. But the cameras also can catch small, sometimes minor
policy violations from police that don’t affect the overall outcome of any situation, such as whether a police
officer buckled his seat belt before pressing the gas, Griffith said.
“We know that there will be more tech coming,” he said. “But we pray it’s something that will help
[officers] and not make it to where they have to be perfect every minute of every day.”
Police also have to walk a fine line when it comes to implementing new technology, taking into account
the community’s comfort level and privacy concerns, they say.
Farhang Heydari, executive director of the nonprofit Policing Project at New York University School of
Law, said he’s mostly concerned with increasing access to private cameras and third-party databases and the
ability to tie them together, which could create a new kind of surveillance, he said.
That has the potential to magnify some of the harms of policing, like the overenforcement of low-level
crime or the exacerbation of racial disparities. Ultimately, Heydari says, police shouldn’t be charged with
deciding on their own what technology to use. Regulators and communities should, he said.
ABRIL, Daniela. The Washington Post. March 9, 2022. Disponível em:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/09/police-technologies-future-of-work-dronesai-robots/ Acesso em: 21 janeiro 2024 (Texto adaptado).
Na frase "The move comes as some law enforcement agencies are struggling with retention
and hiring during the pandemic", a utilização do termo "as" é determinante para transmitir uma relação
específica entre as duas orações. Qual é a função gramatical do termo "as" neste contexto?
Q3055954
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT I
Drones, robots, license plate readers: Police grapple with community concerns as they turn to tech
for their Jobs
Last year, police in Mountain View, Calif., knew they had a potentially dangerous situation on their
hands when a man barricaded himself inside an unlocked three-story townhouse along with the homeowners.
Police received a call from the homeowners, who said the man was armed with a knife. They didn’t
know whether they could safely enter the home and they didn’t know the man’s intentions. So instead of taking
any risk, police called in their trusty sidekick: A camera-equipped drone.
Officers on the ground used the drone to live stream video from the second- and third-floor windows,
giving them the opportunity to assess the gravity of the situation and the location of the suspect. They quickly
learned the man did not have any visible weapons on him.
“There was no risk to life, so we let him sit in there and did our best to communicate with him,” said Lt.
Scott Nelson of the Mountain View Police Department. “No use of force was needed.”
Police across the United States are increasingly relying on emerging technologies to make their jobs
more efficient. They are using drones, license plate readers, body cameras and gunshot detection systems to
reduce injury and bodily harm. The move comes as some law enforcement agencies are struggling with
retention and hiring during the pandemic, when hundreds of cops in cities including Los Angeles and New York
were sidelined because of the spread of the coronavirus. As police departments determine which technologies
to adopt, they are also grappling with growing concerns about privacy that these technologies bring and
potential complications they could create for officers on the job.
“Tech can be a great tool for law enforcement to use,” said Sgt. James Smallwood, Nashville-based
treasurer of the national Fraternal Order of Police. But “as with anything else, we have to balance the line of
privacy and meeting the expectation to promote public safety.”
DJI, the Chinese tech company that makes many of the drones adopted by police departments, said
more than 1,000 police departments across the country use some type of drone. Drones are proving to be a
police force multiplier across the nation, aiding with everything from lost children to dangerous suspects to
crash reconstruction. But Lisberg doesn’t think they’ll ever replace police officers.
“You need a sense of humanity at work in policing,” he said. “A drone is a tool that helps accomplish
the goals [police] already have. [To] do it better, safely and more efficiently.”
Drones aren’t the only tech tools that police say have made them more efficient. More than 120 cities
are using gunshot detection systems, which alert police to gunfire within the devices’ coverage area.
The systems use sensors and algorithms that can identify and determine which loud bangs are
probably gunshots. Within about 60 seconds, they can alert police to the precise location in which the gunshots
were heard. That allows police to better deploy their resources.
“Police chiefs are looking for innovative ways to deal with the responsibilities they have,” he said.
“They’re finding ways to provide them even in areas where budgets are tight.”
To be sure, not all of the technology is proving to be positive, says Griffith of Houston’s police union.
He noted that while tech can add a level of efficiency, it also can increase stress levels for officers, who have
been experiencing increased scrutiny for excessive use of force and discriminatory practices in recent years.
Body cameras, for example, can help police and the community better understand the details around an
incident in which an officer resorted to use of force. But the cameras also can catch small, sometimes minor
policy violations from police that don’t affect the overall outcome of any situation, such as whether a police
officer buckled his seat belt before pressing the gas, Griffith said.
“We know that there will be more tech coming,” he said. “But we pray it’s something that will help
[officers] and not make it to where they have to be perfect every minute of every day.”
Police also have to walk a fine line when it comes to implementing new technology, taking into account
the community’s comfort level and privacy concerns, they say.
Farhang Heydari, executive director of the nonprofit Policing Project at New York University School of
Law, said he’s mostly concerned with increasing access to private cameras and third-party databases and the
ability to tie them together, which could create a new kind of surveillance, he said.
That has the potential to magnify some of the harms of policing, like the overenforcement of low-level
crime or the exacerbation of racial disparities. Ultimately, Heydari says, police shouldn’t be charged with
deciding on their own what technology to use. Regulators and communities should, he said.
ABRIL, Daniela. The Washington Post. March 9, 2022. Disponível em:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/09/police-technologies-future-of-work-dronesai-robots/ Acesso em: 21 janeiro 2024 (Texto adaptado).
Com base nas informações do texto I, por que Griffith, um representante do sindicato da
polícia de Houston, expressa preocupações sobre tecnologias como as câmeras corporais?
Q3055953
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT I
Drones, robots, license plate readers: Police grapple with community concerns as they turn to tech
for their Jobs
Last year, police in Mountain View, Calif., knew they had a potentially dangerous situation on their
hands when a man barricaded himself inside an unlocked three-story townhouse along with the homeowners.
Police received a call from the homeowners, who said the man was armed with a knife. They didn’t
know whether they could safely enter the home and they didn’t know the man’s intentions. So instead of taking
any risk, police called in their trusty sidekick: A camera-equipped drone.
Officers on the ground used the drone to live stream video from the second- and third-floor windows,
giving them the opportunity to assess the gravity of the situation and the location of the suspect. They quickly
learned the man did not have any visible weapons on him.
“There was no risk to life, so we let him sit in there and did our best to communicate with him,” said Lt.
Scott Nelson of the Mountain View Police Department. “No use of force was needed.”
Police across the United States are increasingly relying on emerging technologies to make their jobs
more efficient. They are using drones, license plate readers, body cameras and gunshot detection systems to
reduce injury and bodily harm. The move comes as some law enforcement agencies are struggling with
retention and hiring during the pandemic, when hundreds of cops in cities including Los Angeles and New York
were sidelined because of the spread of the coronavirus. As police departments determine which technologies
to adopt, they are also grappling with growing concerns about privacy that these technologies bring and
potential complications they could create for officers on the job.
“Tech can be a great tool for law enforcement to use,” said Sgt. James Smallwood, Nashville-based
treasurer of the national Fraternal Order of Police. But “as with anything else, we have to balance the line of
privacy and meeting the expectation to promote public safety.”
DJI, the Chinese tech company that makes many of the drones adopted by police departments, said
more than 1,000 police departments across the country use some type of drone. Drones are proving to be a
police force multiplier across the nation, aiding with everything from lost children to dangerous suspects to
crash reconstruction. But Lisberg doesn’t think they’ll ever replace police officers.
“You need a sense of humanity at work in policing,” he said. “A drone is a tool that helps accomplish
the goals [police] already have. [To] do it better, safely and more efficiently.”
Drones aren’t the only tech tools that police say have made them more efficient. More than 120 cities
are using gunshot detection systems, which alert police to gunfire within the devices’ coverage area.
The systems use sensors and algorithms that can identify and determine which loud bangs are
probably gunshots. Within about 60 seconds, they can alert police to the precise location in which the gunshots
were heard. That allows police to better deploy their resources.
“Police chiefs are looking for innovative ways to deal with the responsibilities they have,” he said.
“They’re finding ways to provide them even in areas where budgets are tight.”
To be sure, not all of the technology is proving to be positive, says Griffith of Houston’s police union.
He noted that while tech can add a level of efficiency, it also can increase stress levels for officers, who have
been experiencing increased scrutiny for excessive use of force and discriminatory practices in recent years.
Body cameras, for example, can help police and the community better understand the details around an
incident in which an officer resorted to use of force. But the cameras also can catch small, sometimes minor
policy violations from police that don’t affect the overall outcome of any situation, such as whether a police
officer buckled his seat belt before pressing the gas, Griffith said.
“We know that there will be more tech coming,” he said. “But we pray it’s something that will help
[officers] and not make it to where they have to be perfect every minute of every day.”
Police also have to walk a fine line when it comes to implementing new technology, taking into account
the community’s comfort level and privacy concerns, they say.
Farhang Heydari, executive director of the nonprofit Policing Project at New York University School of
Law, said he’s mostly concerned with increasing access to private cameras and third-party databases and the
ability to tie them together, which could create a new kind of surveillance, he said.
That has the potential to magnify some of the harms of policing, like the overenforcement of low-level
crime or the exacerbation of racial disparities. Ultimately, Heydari says, police shouldn’t be charged with
deciding on their own what technology to use. Regulators and communities should, he said.
ABRIL, Daniela. The Washington Post. March 9, 2022. Disponível em:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/09/police-technologies-future-of-work-dronesai-robots/ Acesso em: 21 janeiro 2024 (Texto adaptado).
Observe as seguintes afirmações:
I. O texto menciona preocupações relativas à privacidade e à discriminação como fatores complicadores na adoção da tecnologia pela polícia.
II. De acordo com o texto, as tecnologias emergentes estão a fomentar uma escalada na incidência de atividades criminosas.
III. Os leitores de placa, entre outras tecnologias, são mencionados no texto como ferramentas que auxiliam a polícia na redução de ferimentos e lesões corporais.
IV. O texto menciona que o Departamento de Polícia de Houston aumentou o seu efetivo para enfrentar os desafios impostos pela tecnologia.
De acordo com o texto I, está CORRETO afirmar que:
I. O texto menciona preocupações relativas à privacidade e à discriminação como fatores complicadores na adoção da tecnologia pela polícia.
II. De acordo com o texto, as tecnologias emergentes estão a fomentar uma escalada na incidência de atividades criminosas.
III. Os leitores de placa, entre outras tecnologias, são mencionados no texto como ferramentas que auxiliam a polícia na redução de ferimentos e lesões corporais.
IV. O texto menciona que o Departamento de Polícia de Houston aumentou o seu efetivo para enfrentar os desafios impostos pela tecnologia.
De acordo com o texto I, está CORRETO afirmar que:
Q3055952
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT I
Drones, robots, license plate readers: Police grapple with community concerns as they turn to tech
for their Jobs
Last year, police in Mountain View, Calif., knew they had a potentially dangerous situation on their
hands when a man barricaded himself inside an unlocked three-story townhouse along with the homeowners.
Police received a call from the homeowners, who said the man was armed with a knife. They didn’t
know whether they could safely enter the home and they didn’t know the man’s intentions. So instead of taking
any risk, police called in their trusty sidekick: A camera-equipped drone.
Officers on the ground used the drone to live stream video from the second- and third-floor windows,
giving them the opportunity to assess the gravity of the situation and the location of the suspect. They quickly
learned the man did not have any visible weapons on him.
“There was no risk to life, so we let him sit in there and did our best to communicate with him,” said Lt.
Scott Nelson of the Mountain View Police Department. “No use of force was needed.”
Police across the United States are increasingly relying on emerging technologies to make their jobs
more efficient. They are using drones, license plate readers, body cameras and gunshot detection systems to
reduce injury and bodily harm. The move comes as some law enforcement agencies are struggling with
retention and hiring during the pandemic, when hundreds of cops in cities including Los Angeles and New York
were sidelined because of the spread of the coronavirus. As police departments determine which technologies
to adopt, they are also grappling with growing concerns about privacy that these technologies bring and
potential complications they could create for officers on the job.
“Tech can be a great tool for law enforcement to use,” said Sgt. James Smallwood, Nashville-based
treasurer of the national Fraternal Order of Police. But “as with anything else, we have to balance the line of
privacy and meeting the expectation to promote public safety.”
DJI, the Chinese tech company that makes many of the drones adopted by police departments, said
more than 1,000 police departments across the country use some type of drone. Drones are proving to be a
police force multiplier across the nation, aiding with everything from lost children to dangerous suspects to
crash reconstruction. But Lisberg doesn’t think they’ll ever replace police officers.
“You need a sense of humanity at work in policing,” he said. “A drone is a tool that helps accomplish
the goals [police] already have. [To] do it better, safely and more efficiently.”
Drones aren’t the only tech tools that police say have made them more efficient. More than 120 cities
are using gunshot detection systems, which alert police to gunfire within the devices’ coverage area.
The systems use sensors and algorithms that can identify and determine which loud bangs are
probably gunshots. Within about 60 seconds, they can alert police to the precise location in which the gunshots
were heard. That allows police to better deploy their resources.
“Police chiefs are looking for innovative ways to deal with the responsibilities they have,” he said.
“They’re finding ways to provide them even in areas where budgets are tight.”
To be sure, not all of the technology is proving to be positive, says Griffith of Houston’s police union.
He noted that while tech can add a level of efficiency, it also can increase stress levels for officers, who have
been experiencing increased scrutiny for excessive use of force and discriminatory practices in recent years.
Body cameras, for example, can help police and the community better understand the details around an
incident in which an officer resorted to use of force. But the cameras also can catch small, sometimes minor
policy violations from police that don’t affect the overall outcome of any situation, such as whether a police
officer buckled his seat belt before pressing the gas, Griffith said.
“We know that there will be more tech coming,” he said. “But we pray it’s something that will help
[officers] and not make it to where they have to be perfect every minute of every day.”
Police also have to walk a fine line when it comes to implementing new technology, taking into account
the community’s comfort level and privacy concerns, they say.
Farhang Heydari, executive director of the nonprofit Policing Project at New York University School of
Law, said he’s mostly concerned with increasing access to private cameras and third-party databases and the
ability to tie them together, which could create a new kind of surveillance, he said.
That has the potential to magnify some of the harms of policing, like the overenforcement of low-level
crime or the exacerbation of racial disparities. Ultimately, Heydari says, police shouldn’t be charged with
deciding on their own what technology to use. Regulators and communities should, he said.
ABRIL, Daniela. The Washington Post. March 9, 2022. Disponível em:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/09/police-technologies-future-of-work-dronesai-robots/ Acesso em: 21 janeiro 2024 (Texto adaptado).
Escolha a alternativa que reescreve corretamente a frase seguinte sem alterar o seu sentido:
“Police grapple with community concerns as they turn to tech for their Jobs”
“Police grapple with community concerns as they turn to tech for their Jobs”
Q3055951
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT I
Drones, robots, license plate readers: Police grapple with community concerns as they turn to tech
for their Jobs
Last year, police in Mountain View, Calif., knew they had a potentially dangerous situation on their
hands when a man barricaded himself inside an unlocked three-story townhouse along with the homeowners.
Police received a call from the homeowners, who said the man was armed with a knife. They didn’t
know whether they could safely enter the home and they didn’t know the man’s intentions. So instead of taking
any risk, police called in their trusty sidekick: A camera-equipped drone.
Officers on the ground used the drone to live stream video from the second- and third-floor windows,
giving them the opportunity to assess the gravity of the situation and the location of the suspect. They quickly
learned the man did not have any visible weapons on him.
“There was no risk to life, so we let him sit in there and did our best to communicate with him,” said Lt.
Scott Nelson of the Mountain View Police Department. “No use of force was needed.”
Police across the United States are increasingly relying on emerging technologies to make their jobs
more efficient. They are using drones, license plate readers, body cameras and gunshot detection systems to
reduce injury and bodily harm. The move comes as some law enforcement agencies are struggling with
retention and hiring during the pandemic, when hundreds of cops in cities including Los Angeles and New York
were sidelined because of the spread of the coronavirus. As police departments determine which technologies
to adopt, they are also grappling with growing concerns about privacy that these technologies bring and
potential complications they could create for officers on the job.
“Tech can be a great tool for law enforcement to use,” said Sgt. James Smallwood, Nashville-based
treasurer of the national Fraternal Order of Police. But “as with anything else, we have to balance the line of
privacy and meeting the expectation to promote public safety.”
DJI, the Chinese tech company that makes many of the drones adopted by police departments, said
more than 1,000 police departments across the country use some type of drone. Drones are proving to be a
police force multiplier across the nation, aiding with everything from lost children to dangerous suspects to
crash reconstruction. But Lisberg doesn’t think they’ll ever replace police officers.
“You need a sense of humanity at work in policing,” he said. “A drone is a tool that helps accomplish
the goals [police] already have. [To] do it better, safely and more efficiently.”
Drones aren’t the only tech tools that police say have made them more efficient. More than 120 cities
are using gunshot detection systems, which alert police to gunfire within the devices’ coverage area.
The systems use sensors and algorithms that can identify and determine which loud bangs are
probably gunshots. Within about 60 seconds, they can alert police to the precise location in which the gunshots
were heard. That allows police to better deploy their resources.
“Police chiefs are looking for innovative ways to deal with the responsibilities they have,” he said.
“They’re finding ways to provide them even in areas where budgets are tight.”
To be sure, not all of the technology is proving to be positive, says Griffith of Houston’s police union.
He noted that while tech can add a level of efficiency, it also can increase stress levels for officers, who have
been experiencing increased scrutiny for excessive use of force and discriminatory practices in recent years.
Body cameras, for example, can help police and the community better understand the details around an
incident in which an officer resorted to use of force. But the cameras also can catch small, sometimes minor
policy violations from police that don’t affect the overall outcome of any situation, such as whether a police
officer buckled his seat belt before pressing the gas, Griffith said.
“We know that there will be more tech coming,” he said. “But we pray it’s something that will help
[officers] and not make it to where they have to be perfect every minute of every day.”
Police also have to walk a fine line when it comes to implementing new technology, taking into account
the community’s comfort level and privacy concerns, they say.
Farhang Heydari, executive director of the nonprofit Policing Project at New York University School of
Law, said he’s mostly concerned with increasing access to private cameras and third-party databases and the
ability to tie them together, which could create a new kind of surveillance, he said.
That has the potential to magnify some of the harms of policing, like the overenforcement of low-level
crime or the exacerbation of racial disparities. Ultimately, Heydari says, police shouldn’t be charged with
deciding on their own what technology to use. Regulators and communities should, he said.
ABRIL, Daniela. The Washington Post. March 9, 2022. Disponível em:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/09/police-technologies-future-of-work-dronesai-robots/ Acesso em: 21 janeiro 2024 (Texto adaptado).
De acordo com o texto I, qual a principal razão pela qual os departamentos de polícia estão
a utilizar cada vez mais as tecnologias emergentes?
Q3043500
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT I
“All crimes are not created equal in the harm they cause: homicide is many times more harmful than shoplifting
but in crime statistics where offences are counted by number, they appear equivalent. For example, in the UK
for the year ending September 2019, there were 3,578,000 incidents of theft and 729 homicides (Office for
National Statistics, 2019). An increase of 500 thefts would be a small change in the overall number of thefts
and have little impact on police resources. 500 extra homicides would have large consequences both for the
harm caused and the impact on police resources. In a number-only count, the additional 500 thefts or
homicides would result in the same overall number of crimes, yet clearly the impacts are disparate.
This reality has led to the proposition of a “Harm Index” to measure how harmful different crimes are in
proportion to the others. This approach adds a larger weight to more harmful crimes (e.g. homicide, rape and
grievous bodily harm with intent), distinguishing them from less harmful types of crime (e.g. minor thefts,
criminal damage and common assault). Practically, adoption of a harm index can allow targeting of the highestharm places, the most harmful offenders, the most harmed victims, and can assist in identifying victimoffenders. Experimentally, use of a harm index can add an additional dimension to the usual measures of
success or failure, by considering harm prevented as well as reductions in prevalence or frequency. For the
police, creation of harm index could allow them to invest scarce resources in proportion to the harm of each
offence type.
Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud (2016) propose that any index needs to meet three requirements in order to
be considered a legitimate measure of harm: An index must meet a democratic standard, be reliable and also
be adopted at minimal cost to the end user. To meet these requirements, Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud
(2016) opted for using sentence starting points rather than maximum or average actual sentences. The
sentencing starting point is used to calculate crime harm as it provides a baseline penalty relative to the crime.
We propose that it is a better measure of harm caused by the crime than average actual sentences, which are
offender-focused and thus substantially affected by previous offending history.
The Cambridge Crime Harm Consensus proposes creation of seven statistics for counting crime, usefully
including separation of historic crime reports, creation of a harm detection fraction and separation of public
reported crime and those detected by proactive police activity, with the aim of providing the public with a more
reliable and realistic assessment of trends, patterns and differences in public safety.
Counting crime by harm is an idea that has spread beyond the United Kingdom with indices published for
Denmark (Andersen and Mueller-Johnson, 2018), Sweden (Karrholm et al. 2020), Western Australia (House
and Neyroud, 2018), California (Mitchell, 2017), New Zealand and other countries.”
Cambridge Centre for Evidence-Based Policing. Available at: https://www.cambridge-ebp.co.uk/thechi Accessed on: June 30, 2024.
Choose the alternative that best matches the meaning of the word 'disparate' as used in the
sentence:
“In a number-only count, the additional 500 thefts or homicides would result in the same overall number of crimes, yet clearly the impacts are disparate”.
“In a number-only count, the additional 500 thefts or homicides would result in the same overall number of crimes, yet clearly the impacts are disparate”.
Q3043498
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT I
“All crimes are not created equal in the harm they cause: homicide is many times more harmful than shoplifting
but in crime statistics where offences are counted by number, they appear equivalent. For example, in the UK
for the year ending September 2019, there were 3,578,000 incidents of theft and 729 homicides (Office for
National Statistics, 2019). An increase of 500 thefts would be a small change in the overall number of thefts
and have little impact on police resources. 500 extra homicides would have large consequences both for the
harm caused and the impact on police resources. In a number-only count, the additional 500 thefts or
homicides would result in the same overall number of crimes, yet clearly the impacts are disparate.
This reality has led to the proposition of a “Harm Index” to measure how harmful different crimes are in
proportion to the others. This approach adds a larger weight to more harmful crimes (e.g. homicide, rape and
grievous bodily harm with intent), distinguishing them from less harmful types of crime (e.g. minor thefts,
criminal damage and common assault). Practically, adoption of a harm index can allow targeting of the highestharm places, the most harmful offenders, the most harmed victims, and can assist in identifying victimoffenders. Experimentally, use of a harm index can add an additional dimension to the usual measures of
success or failure, by considering harm prevented as well as reductions in prevalence or frequency. For the
police, creation of harm index could allow them to invest scarce resources in proportion to the harm of each
offence type.
Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud (2016) propose that any index needs to meet three requirements in order to
be considered a legitimate measure of harm: An index must meet a democratic standard, be reliable and also
be adopted at minimal cost to the end user. To meet these requirements, Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud
(2016) opted for using sentence starting points rather than maximum or average actual sentences. The
sentencing starting point is used to calculate crime harm as it provides a baseline penalty relative to the crime.
We propose that it is a better measure of harm caused by the crime than average actual sentences, which are
offender-focused and thus substantially affected by previous offending history.
The Cambridge Crime Harm Consensus proposes creation of seven statistics for counting crime, usefully
including separation of historic crime reports, creation of a harm detection fraction and separation of public
reported crime and those detected by proactive police activity, with the aim of providing the public with a more
reliable and realistic assessment of trends, patterns and differences in public safety.
Counting crime by harm is an idea that has spread beyond the United Kingdom with indices published for
Denmark (Andersen and Mueller-Johnson, 2018), Sweden (Karrholm et al. 2020), Western Australia (House
and Neyroud, 2018), California (Mitchell, 2017), New Zealand and other countries.”
Cambridge Centre for Evidence-Based Policing. Available at: https://www.cambridge-ebp.co.uk/thechi Accessed on: June 30, 2024.
What does the text I suggest as a better measure to calculate the crime harm?
Q3043497
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT I
“All crimes are not created equal in the harm they cause: homicide is many times more harmful than shoplifting
but in crime statistics where offences are counted by number, they appear equivalent. For example, in the UK
for the year ending September 2019, there were 3,578,000 incidents of theft and 729 homicides (Office for
National Statistics, 2019). An increase of 500 thefts would be a small change in the overall number of thefts
and have little impact on police resources. 500 extra homicides would have large consequences both for the
harm caused and the impact on police resources. In a number-only count, the additional 500 thefts or
homicides would result in the same overall number of crimes, yet clearly the impacts are disparate.
This reality has led to the proposition of a “Harm Index” to measure how harmful different crimes are in
proportion to the others. This approach adds a larger weight to more harmful crimes (e.g. homicide, rape and
grievous bodily harm with intent), distinguishing them from less harmful types of crime (e.g. minor thefts,
criminal damage and common assault). Practically, adoption of a harm index can allow targeting of the highestharm places, the most harmful offenders, the most harmed victims, and can assist in identifying victimoffenders. Experimentally, use of a harm index can add an additional dimension to the usual measures of
success or failure, by considering harm prevented as well as reductions in prevalence or frequency. For the
police, creation of harm index could allow them to invest scarce resources in proportion to the harm of each
offence type.
Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud (2016) propose that any index needs to meet three requirements in order to
be considered a legitimate measure of harm: An index must meet a democratic standard, be reliable and also
be adopted at minimal cost to the end user. To meet these requirements, Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud
(2016) opted for using sentence starting points rather than maximum or average actual sentences. The
sentencing starting point is used to calculate crime harm as it provides a baseline penalty relative to the crime.
We propose that it is a better measure of harm caused by the crime than average actual sentences, which are
offender-focused and thus substantially affected by previous offending history.
The Cambridge Crime Harm Consensus proposes creation of seven statistics for counting crime, usefully
including separation of historic crime reports, creation of a harm detection fraction and separation of public
reported crime and those detected by proactive police activity, with the aim of providing the public with a more
reliable and realistic assessment of trends, patterns and differences in public safety.
Counting crime by harm is an idea that has spread beyond the United Kingdom with indices published for
Denmark (Andersen and Mueller-Johnson, 2018), Sweden (Karrholm et al. 2020), Western Australia (House
and Neyroud, 2018), California (Mitchell, 2017), New Zealand and other countries.”
Cambridge Centre for Evidence-Based Policing. Available at: https://www.cambridge-ebp.co.uk/thechi Accessed on: June 30, 2024.
According to the text I, why is a "Harm Index" proposed for measuring crimes?
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Inglês
TEXT III
The world is changing
Posted on April 4, 2020 by Sandy Millin The title of this week’s post is inspired by this cartoon from Michael Leunig which appeared on my Facebook stream this week:
Considerando todos os textos presentes nesta prova, analise as assertivas a seguir.
I - Os textos enfatizam a construção coletiva da identidade nacional.
II - No texto II, não é possível perceber a ideia de coletividade, visto que o posicionamento apresentado é o da própria personagem.
III - Os textos II, III e IV reforçam que a identidade é uma construção pessoal.
IV - A imagem do texto I informa que nossas experiências e vivências individuais são essenciais para a construção da nossa identidade.
Segundo o que se afirma, conclui-se que:
Q2567207
Inglês
Consider the passages below:
“I wanna leave my footprints on the sands of time” (l. 1) “Leave something to remember, so they won’t forget” (l. 5)
It’s possible to understand that
“I wanna leave my footprints on the sands of time” (l. 1) “Leave something to remember, so they won’t forget” (l. 5)
It’s possible to understand that
Q2567206
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT III
The world is changing
Posted on April 4, 2020 by Sandy Millin
The title of this week’s post is inspired by this cartoon from
Michael Leunig which appeared on my Facebook stream this
week:
Adapted from: https://sandymillin.wordpress.com/2020/04/04
/the-world-is-changing/ Accessed on March 06th, 2024
According to both texts we CANNOT state that
Q2567205
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT III
The world is changing
Posted on April 4, 2020 by Sandy Millin
The title of this week’s post is inspired by this cartoon from
Michael Leunig which appeared on my Facebook stream this
week:
Adapted from: https://sandymillin.wordpress.com/2020/04/04
/the-world-is-changing/ Accessed on March 06th, 2024
The underlined word “ever”
Q2567204
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT III
The world is changing
Posted on April 4, 2020 by Sandy Millin
The title of this week’s post is inspired by this cartoon from
Michael Leunig which appeared on my Facebook stream this
week:
Adapted from: https://sandymillin.wordpress.com/2020/04/04
/the-world-is-changing/ Accessed on March 06th, 2024
The duck from the comic strip thinks life is
Q2567203
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT III
The world is changing
Posted on April 4, 2020 by Sandy Millin
The title of this week’s post is inspired by this cartoon from
Michael Leunig which appeared on my Facebook stream this
week:
Adapted from: https://sandymillin.wordpress.com/2020/04/04
/the-world-is-changing/ Accessed on March 06th, 2024
Read the sentences and choose TRUE or FALSE:
( ) one of them is afraid of death, the other treats the topic as ordinary.
( ) life’s unpredictability is seen as positive by one of the characters.
( ) according to the characters, life is more dangerous now than in the past.
( ) the man is skeptical whereas the duck is realistic.
( ) both characters are trying to cheer each other up.
Mark the correct option:
( ) one of them is afraid of death, the other treats the topic as ordinary.
( ) life’s unpredictability is seen as positive by one of the characters.
( ) according to the characters, life is more dangerous now than in the past.
( ) the man is skeptical whereas the duck is realistic.
( ) both characters are trying to cheer each other up.
Mark the correct option:
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Inglês
Check an event that is common for both texts:
Q2567201
Inglês
The sentence “she narrowly escaped death twice.”
(Part I - l. 22) means that
Q2567200
Inglês
According to the text it is possible to state that Jean Batten
Q2567199
Inglês
Regarding Jean Batten’s life, she
1. was discouraged by someone. 2. turned out to be a homebody. 3. choose one thing over another. 4. successfully overcame failure.
The correct sequence of events according to the text is
1. was discouraged by someone. 2. turned out to be a homebody. 3. choose one thing over another. 4. successfully overcame failure.
The correct sequence of events according to the text is
Q2567198
Inglês
Hélène Dutrieu received a nickname that was given to her
due to
Q2567197
Inglês
The narrator concludes that
Conheça nossos planos