Questões Militares Comentadas sobre inglês
Foram encontradas 2.927 questões
Ano: 2024
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
CBM-PA
Prova:
CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2024 - CBM-PA - Oficial do Corpo de Bombeiros |
Q2350475
Inglês
Texto associado
Text 1A2-II
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is
a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan
parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. About 6-7 million people worldwide
are estimated to be infected with T. cruzi. The disease is found
mainly in endemic areas of 21 continental Latin American
countries, where it has been mostly transmitted to humans and
other mammals by contact with feces or urine of triatomine bugs
(vector-borne), known as kissing bugs, among many other
popular names, depending on the geographical area.
Chagas disease is named after Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano
Chagas, a Brazilian physician and researcher who discovered the
disease in 1909. Chagas disease was once entirely confined to
continental rural areas of the Region of the Americas (excluding
the Caribbean islands). Due to increased population mobility
over previous decades, most infected people now live in urban
settings and the infection has been increasingly detected in the
United States of America, Canada, and many European and some
African, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific countries.
Chagas disease’s transmission is caused by T. cruzi
parasites, which are mainly transmitted by contact with
feces/urine of infected blood-sucking triatomine bugs. Normally
they hide during the day and become active at night when they
feed on animal blood, including human blood. They usually bite
an exposed area of skin such as the face (hence its common
name, kissing bug), and the bug defecates or urinates close to the
bite. The parasites enter the body when the person instinctively
smears the bug’s feces or urine into the bite, other skin breaks,
the eyes, or the mouth. T. cruzi can also be transmitted by
consumption of food or beverages contaminated with T. cruzi
through, for example, contact with feces or urine of infected
triatomine bugs or common opossums. This kind of transmission
typically causes outbreaks with more severe cases and mortality;
passage from an infected mother to her newborn during
pregnancy or childbirth; blood or blood product transfusion from
infected donors; some organ transplants using organs from
infected donors; and laboratory accidents.
Internet: <who.int> (adapted).
Regarding the transmission of Chagas disease, according to text
1A2-II, judge the following items.
I Blood product transfusion from infected donors can transmit the disease.
II The also called kissing bug’s feces and urine carry the protozoan parasite.
III Infected pregnant women cannot contaminate their babies during pregnancy or childbirth.
IV Contaminated food or drinks can transmit Chagas disease to people.
Choose the correct option.
I Blood product transfusion from infected donors can transmit the disease.
II The also called kissing bug’s feces and urine carry the protozoan parasite.
III Infected pregnant women cannot contaminate their babies during pregnancy or childbirth.
IV Contaminated food or drinks can transmit Chagas disease to people.
Choose the correct option.
Ano: 2024
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
CBM-PA
Prova:
CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2024 - CBM-PA - Oficial do Corpo de Bombeiros |
Q2350474
Inglês
Texto associado
Text 1A2-II
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is
a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan
parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. About 6-7 million people worldwide
are estimated to be infected with T. cruzi. The disease is found
mainly in endemic areas of 21 continental Latin American
countries, where it has been mostly transmitted to humans and
other mammals by contact with feces or urine of triatomine bugs
(vector-borne), known as kissing bugs, among many other
popular names, depending on the geographical area.
Chagas disease is named after Carlos Ribeiro Justiniano
Chagas, a Brazilian physician and researcher who discovered the
disease in 1909. Chagas disease was once entirely confined to
continental rural areas of the Region of the Americas (excluding
the Caribbean islands). Due to increased population mobility
over previous decades, most infected people now live in urban
settings and the infection has been increasingly detected in the
United States of America, Canada, and many European and some
African, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific countries.
Chagas disease’s transmission is caused by T. cruzi
parasites, which are mainly transmitted by contact with
feces/urine of infected blood-sucking triatomine bugs. Normally
they hide during the day and become active at night when they
feed on animal blood, including human blood. They usually bite
an exposed area of skin such as the face (hence its common
name, kissing bug), and the bug defecates or urinates close to the
bite. The parasites enter the body when the person instinctively
smears the bug’s feces or urine into the bite, other skin breaks,
the eyes, or the mouth. T. cruzi can also be transmitted by
consumption of food or beverages contaminated with T. cruzi
through, for example, contact with feces or urine of infected
triatomine bugs or common opossums. This kind of transmission
typically causes outbreaks with more severe cases and mortality;
passage from an infected mother to her newborn during
pregnancy or childbirth; blood or blood product transfusion from
infected donors; some organ transplants using organs from
infected donors; and laboratory accidents.
Internet: <who.int> (adapted).
Choose the option in which is presented an expression that could
correctly replace “Due to” (third sentence of the second
paragraph of text 1A2-II).
Ano: 2024
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
CBM-PA
Prova:
CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2024 - CBM-PA - Oficial do Corpo de Bombeiros |
Q2350472
Inglês
Texto associado
Text 1A2-I
In 2020, the state of California experienced its worst
wildfire season on record, with the Bay Area fire becoming one
of the largest wildfires in American history. By the end of the
year, the state recorded more than 8,600 blazes that burned down
over 4 million acres of land, accounting for more than 4% of the
state’s total land area.
California is known for its wildfire seasons, which usually
take place between late summer and early autumn, though they
have been getting significantly more intense, destructive, and
longer in the past two decades. At least one-third of the worst
wildfires in USA (United States of America) history occurred in
California. But what causes California such susceptibility to
wildfires in the first place and what is causing the exacerbation
of it?
Wildfires can occur naturally and as a result of human
activity, but three elements must be present for a wildfire to start.
Fuel: Any flammable material surrounding a fire, which can
come in the form of live or dead trees, dry vegetation, and other
organic matter; Air: An abundance of oxygen supply. Heat
sources: to ignite and burn the fuel. This could take the form of
lightning strikes or human sources such as campfires or
cigarettes.
Natural wildfires, which are classified as natural disasters
by the Environmental Protection Agency, can start during low
precipitation, dry weather and droughts. During these conditions,
dry vegetation becomes the perfect fuel for wildfires and when
lightning strikes, it ignites a fire that can spread rapidly with the
aid of strong winds and elevated temperatures.
Internet: <earth.org> (adapted).
In text 1A2-I, the excerpt “they have been getting significantly
more intense, destructive, and longer in the past two decades”
(first sentence of the second paragraph) conveys the idea that the
wildfire seasons in California
Ano: 2024
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
CBM-PA
Prova:
CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2024 - CBM-PA - Oficial do Corpo de Bombeiros |
Q2350471
Inglês
Texto associado
Text 1A2-I
In 2020, the state of California experienced its worst
wildfire season on record, with the Bay Area fire becoming one
of the largest wildfires in American history. By the end of the
year, the state recorded more than 8,600 blazes that burned down
over 4 million acres of land, accounting for more than 4% of the
state’s total land area.
California is known for its wildfire seasons, which usually
take place between late summer and early autumn, though they
have been getting significantly more intense, destructive, and
longer in the past two decades. At least one-third of the worst
wildfires in USA (United States of America) history occurred in
California. But what causes California such susceptibility to
wildfires in the first place and what is causing the exacerbation
of it?
Wildfires can occur naturally and as a result of human
activity, but three elements must be present for a wildfire to start.
Fuel: Any flammable material surrounding a fire, which can
come in the form of live or dead trees, dry vegetation, and other
organic matter; Air: An abundance of oxygen supply. Heat
sources: to ignite and burn the fuel. This could take the form of
lightning strikes or human sources such as campfires or
cigarettes.
Natural wildfires, which are classified as natural disasters
by the Environmental Protection Agency, can start during low
precipitation, dry weather and droughts. During these conditions,
dry vegetation becomes the perfect fuel for wildfires and when
lightning strikes, it ignites a fire that can spread rapidly with the
aid of strong winds and elevated temperatures.
Internet: <earth.org> (adapted).
According to text 1A2-I, it is correct to affirm that
Q2289399
Inglês
Texto associado
Why Climate Change Could Mean
More Delayed Flights
No one enjoys a delayed flight, but as our weather gets
warmer, we can expect more of them.
That's according to experts, who say that the heat of the
summer might cause more delays.
Bloomberg looked at US data for flight delays at airports in
Chicago and New York from June to August in 2022 and from
January to March in 2023. It found that there were more
delayed flights in the summer months at both airports.
When the temperature rises above 39 degrees Celsius,
things get very difficult for airlines, Bijan Vasigh, a professor
at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in the US,
told Bloomberg.
The air is thinner when it gets hot and that makes it harder
for planes to take off. In thinner air there is not as much lift, so
more power is needed.
When they need more power, it helps to have a lighter
airplane.
That might mean pilots have to make last-minute decisions
to reduce the weight on board by dumping fuel, passengers
or baggage — meaning the plane will probably be delayed.
The problem gets worse at airports that are at a higher
altitude where the air is already thinner, and at airports with
short runways, since planes need more space to get up to a
high speed.
But thin air is not the only problem. Smoke from wildfires —
that have been happening all around the world in the summer
of 2023 —can also cause flights to be delayed and canceled.
Of course, the summer is also a busy time when millions of
people fly, and weather is not the only cause of delays — but
our hotter climate doesn't seem to be helping.
Internet: Engoo
O último parágrafo começa com a expressão
"Of course". Assinale a alternativa que
apresenta qual das seguintes expressões não é
um sinônimo.
Q2289398
Inglês
Texto associado
Why Climate Change Could Mean
More Delayed Flights
No one enjoys a delayed flight, but as our weather gets
warmer, we can expect more of them.
That's according to experts, who say that the heat of the
summer might cause more delays.
Bloomberg looked at US data for flight delays at airports in
Chicago and New York from June to August in 2022 and from
January to March in 2023. It found that there were more
delayed flights in the summer months at both airports.
When the temperature rises above 39 degrees Celsius,
things get very difficult for airlines, Bijan Vasigh, a professor
at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in the US,
told Bloomberg.
The air is thinner when it gets hot and that makes it harder
for planes to take off. In thinner air there is not as much lift, so
more power is needed.
When they need more power, it helps to have a lighter
airplane.
That might mean pilots have to make last-minute decisions
to reduce the weight on board by dumping fuel, passengers
or baggage — meaning the plane will probably be delayed.
The problem gets worse at airports that are at a higher
altitude where the air is already thinner, and at airports with
short runways, since planes need more space to get up to a
high speed.
But thin air is not the only problem. Smoke from wildfires —
that have been happening all around the world in the summer
of 2023 —can also cause flights to be delayed and canceled.
Of course, the summer is also a busy time when millions of
people fly, and weather is not the only cause of delays — but
our hotter climate doesn't seem to be helping.
Internet: Engoo
What can cause flight delays according to the
text:
Q2289397
Inglês
Texto associado
Why Climate Change Could Mean
More Delayed Flights
No one enjoys a delayed flight, but as our weather gets
warmer, we can expect more of them.
That's according to experts, who say that the heat of the
summer might cause more delays.
Bloomberg looked at US data for flight delays at airports in
Chicago and New York from June to August in 2022 and from
January to March in 2023. It found that there were more
delayed flights in the summer months at both airports.
When the temperature rises above 39 degrees Celsius,
things get very difficult for airlines, Bijan Vasigh, a professor
at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in the US,
told Bloomberg.
The air is thinner when it gets hot and that makes it harder
for planes to take off. In thinner air there is not as much lift, so
more power is needed.
When they need more power, it helps to have a lighter
airplane.
That might mean pilots have to make last-minute decisions
to reduce the weight on board by dumping fuel, passengers
or baggage — meaning the plane will probably be delayed.
The problem gets worse at airports that are at a higher
altitude where the air is already thinner, and at airports with
short runways, since planes need more space to get up to a
high speed.
But thin air is not the only problem. Smoke from wildfires —
that have been happening all around the world in the summer
of 2023 —can also cause flights to be delayed and canceled.
Of course, the summer is also a busy time when millions of
people fly, and weather is not the only cause of delays — but
our hotter climate doesn't seem to be helping.
Internet: Engoo
When we have delayed flights, we understand
that:
Q2289396
Inglês
Texto associado
Why Climate Change Could Mean
More Delayed Flights
No one enjoys a delayed flight, but as our weather gets
warmer, we can expect more of them.
That's according to experts, who say that the heat of the
summer might cause more delays.
Bloomberg looked at US data for flight delays at airports in
Chicago and New York from June to August in 2022 and from
January to March in 2023. It found that there were more
delayed flights in the summer months at both airports.
When the temperature rises above 39 degrees Celsius,
things get very difficult for airlines, Bijan Vasigh, a professor
at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in the US,
told Bloomberg.
The air is thinner when it gets hot and that makes it harder
for planes to take off. In thinner air there is not as much lift, so
more power is needed.
When they need more power, it helps to have a lighter
airplane.
That might mean pilots have to make last-minute decisions
to reduce the weight on board by dumping fuel, passengers
or baggage — meaning the plane will probably be delayed.
The problem gets worse at airports that are at a higher
altitude where the air is already thinner, and at airports with
short runways, since planes need more space to get up to a
high speed.
But thin air is not the only problem. Smoke from wildfires —
that have been happening all around the world in the summer
of 2023 —can also cause flights to be delayed and canceled.
Of course, the summer is also a busy time when millions of
people fly, and weather is not the only cause of delays — but
our hotter climate doesn't seem to be helping.
Internet: Engoo
In the text we come across the words warmer
and thinner which refer to:
Q2289395
Inglês
Texto associado
Car crashes into second floor
of Pennsylvania home
A man drove his car into the second floor of a
Pennsylvania home on Sunday in what officials say was an
"intentional act".
Charges are pending against the driver after police found
a grey vehicle sticking out of the side of the house in the city
of Lewistown.
Officials have not said how exactly the vehicle made its
way to the second floor. "The pictures speak for themselves", a fire official told the
BBC.
Anywhere from one to three people were inside the home
at the time of the crash but were not injured, according to
Sam Baumgardner, an administrator at the Junction Fire
Company, which assisted in the response to the crash.
The driver was able to climb out onto the roof after the
crash and was taken to the hospital with injuries, Mr
Baumgardner said.
He added that the car likely hit the second floor because
of a culvert - a tunnel that carries a stream under a road or
railway - on the left side of the house.
The driver "went into the culvert and propelled into the air
and landed on the second floor", Mr Baumgardner said.
In a report, Lewistown police said they had determined
through an investigation that the crash was "an intentional
act".
Officials added that the driver will face charges for the
crash.
The BBC has reached out to police for comment.
The fire department said it took about three hours to
remove the car from the second floor.
"The crew that was on the rescue definitely had to think
outside the box," Mr Baumgardner said.
Rescue crews helped stabilise the house and put a tarp
over the hole from the crash because of upcoming storms,
the Junction Fire Company said in a post on Facebook.
Internet: BBC News
A missão do “fire department” na sociedade é:
Q2289394
Inglês
Texto associado
Car crashes into second floor
of Pennsylvania home
A man drove his car into the second floor of a
Pennsylvania home on Sunday in what officials say was an
"intentional act".
Charges are pending against the driver after police found
a grey vehicle sticking out of the side of the house in the city
of Lewistown.
Officials have not said how exactly the vehicle made its
way to the second floor. "The pictures speak for themselves", a fire official told the
BBC.
Anywhere from one to three people were inside the home
at the time of the crash but were not injured, according to
Sam Baumgardner, an administrator at the Junction Fire
Company, which assisted in the response to the crash.
The driver was able to climb out onto the roof after the
crash and was taken to the hospital with injuries, Mr
Baumgardner said.
He added that the car likely hit the second floor because
of a culvert - a tunnel that carries a stream under a road or
railway - on the left side of the house.
The driver "went into the culvert and propelled into the air
and landed on the second floor", Mr Baumgardner said.
In a report, Lewistown police said they had determined
through an investigation that the crash was "an intentional
act".
Officials added that the driver will face charges for the
crash.
The BBC has reached out to police for comment.
The fire department said it took about three hours to
remove the car from the second floor.
"The crew that was on the rescue definitely had to think
outside the box," Mr Baumgardner said.
Rescue crews helped stabilise the house and put a tarp
over the hole from the crash because of upcoming storms,
the Junction Fire Company said in a post on Facebook.
Internet: BBC News
Na frase “The BBC has reached out to police for
comment”, podemos afirmar que a expressão
sublinhada significa:
Q2280164
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão
On the surface, there is little to distinguish the Woolf Social Club from any other hipster
hangout in Seoul, South Korea. Customers perch on wooden stools at formica tables,
tapping on laptops while they sip their coffee. Records and cds line the walls, soft jazz
trickles from speakers. On the white wall above the bar, in big black letters, is the statement:
“More dignity, less bullshit”.
It is only on closer inspection that you realise this is more than just another coffee shop. On
the mugs are cartoon drawings of Virginia Woolf, an angry wolf roaring from her shirt. A
bookshelf contains South Korean feminist novels and works of self-help (titles include
“Lessons on Being Unmarried”) alongside “The Second Sex” by Simone de Beauvoir and
“The Handmaid’s Tale” by Margaret Atwood. On the wall is a poster for an exhibition of
feminist art at a nearby gallery.
“I wanted a space for like-minded women to meet and talk,” says Kim Jina, a 47-year-old
former advertising executive and politician who founded the café six years ago. Kim was
inspired by Woolf’s dictum that in order to write fiction, a woman needed “five hundred
[pounds] a year and a room with a lock on the door”. That is, financial independence and a
place to think. The café’s casual vibe is deliberate: she wanted to avoid creating barriers to
entry for women who were merely curious, rather than fully committed to the movement.
Besides, she adds, “If I limited myself to feminist customers, I could never make a living.”
South Korea, even its trendy capital, is a difficult place to be a woman. The wage gap
between the sexes is the highest in the rich world. Traditional expectations about gender
roles, beauty standards and the way women should conduct themselves remain pervasive.
“Misogyny surrounds you so naturally that you barely even notice it,” says Kim. “I had no
role models, so my idea of how a successful woman should be came straight from ‘Sex and
the City’.” For much of her 20s and 30s, she spent most of her money on make-up and
expensive handbags, partying every weekend and dreaming about meeting her version of
Mr Big, the rich, smooth-talking love interest of the show’s main character, Carrie.
“I never worried about misogyny because I thought being sexually attractive was a form of
power,” says Kim. “But eventually I realised that men with real power don’t wear make-up
and expensive dresses.” Her epiphany came when she was passed over for promotion in
favour of a male colleague. “My boss said, ‘He needs it more than you because he has a
wife and a child to take care of,’ and I realised that I had been wrong to think that all I needed
to do was work hard and be good at my job.”
Kim’s burgeoning feminism crystallised in the summer of 2016, after a woman was murdered
in a public toilet in an upmarket part of Seoul. The killer initially claimed that he had done it
because he had been ignored by women. “I lived right around the corner, and I thought: that
could have been me,” says Kim. Like many other women, she was upset by media coverage
that ignored the misogynist motives for his crime and blamed it entirely on his mental-health
problems.
The murder prompted South Korean women to come together, initially in online
communities, and discuss how to fight back against sexism. Then they took to the streets.
In 2018 there was a series of protests against the widespread practice of recording illegal
footage of women by hiding small cameras in public toilets or changing rooms.
Kim founded the Woolf Social Club in 2017. “I thought, we talk to each other on the internet,
but it would be good to have a physical space in which to do that,” she says. “If you walk
around Seoul, you see all these cafés aimed at couples, where women look pretty and lower
their voices. I wanted a space where they could raise them.”
[Fonte: Lena Schipper. “Virginia Woolf is inspiring South Korean feminists”. In: The
Economist, 09/05/2022,<http://www.economist.com/1843/2022/05/09/virginia-woolf-is-inspiring-south-korean-feminists>. Adaptado. Data de acesso: 27/08/2023.]
Dentre as razões expostas no texto sobre as dificuldades encontradas pelas
mulheres coreanas, são corretas as afirmações, EXCETO:
Q2280163
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão
On the surface, there is little to distinguish the Woolf Social Club from any other hipster
hangout in Seoul, South Korea. Customers perch on wooden stools at formica tables,
tapping on laptops while they sip their coffee. Records and cds line the walls, soft jazz
trickles from speakers. On the white wall above the bar, in big black letters, is the statement:
“More dignity, less bullshit”.
It is only on closer inspection that you realise this is more than just another coffee shop. On
the mugs are cartoon drawings of Virginia Woolf, an angry wolf roaring from her shirt. A
bookshelf contains South Korean feminist novels and works of self-help (titles include
“Lessons on Being Unmarried”) alongside “The Second Sex” by Simone de Beauvoir and
“The Handmaid’s Tale” by Margaret Atwood. On the wall is a poster for an exhibition of
feminist art at a nearby gallery.
“I wanted a space for like-minded women to meet and talk,” says Kim Jina, a 47-year-old
former advertising executive and politician who founded the café six years ago. Kim was
inspired by Woolf’s dictum that in order to write fiction, a woman needed “five hundred
[pounds] a year and a room with a lock on the door”. That is, financial independence and a
place to think. The café’s casual vibe is deliberate: she wanted to avoid creating barriers to
entry for women who were merely curious, rather than fully committed to the movement.
Besides, she adds, “If I limited myself to feminist customers, I could never make a living.”
South Korea, even its trendy capital, is a difficult place to be a woman. The wage gap
between the sexes is the highest in the rich world. Traditional expectations about gender
roles, beauty standards and the way women should conduct themselves remain pervasive.
“Misogyny surrounds you so naturally that you barely even notice it,” says Kim. “I had no
role models, so my idea of how a successful woman should be came straight from ‘Sex and
the City’.” For much of her 20s and 30s, she spent most of her money on make-up and
expensive handbags, partying every weekend and dreaming about meeting her version of
Mr Big, the rich, smooth-talking love interest of the show’s main character, Carrie.
“I never worried about misogyny because I thought being sexually attractive was a form of
power,” says Kim. “But eventually I realised that men with real power don’t wear make-up
and expensive dresses.” Her epiphany came when she was passed over for promotion in
favour of a male colleague. “My boss said, ‘He needs it more than you because he has a
wife and a child to take care of,’ and I realised that I had been wrong to think that all I needed
to do was work hard and be good at my job.”
Kim’s burgeoning feminism crystallised in the summer of 2016, after a woman was murdered
in a public toilet in an upmarket part of Seoul. The killer initially claimed that he had done it
because he had been ignored by women. “I lived right around the corner, and I thought: that
could have been me,” says Kim. Like many other women, she was upset by media coverage
that ignored the misogynist motives for his crime and blamed it entirely on his mental-health
problems.
The murder prompted South Korean women to come together, initially in online
communities, and discuss how to fight back against sexism. Then they took to the streets.
In 2018 there was a series of protests against the widespread practice of recording illegal
footage of women by hiding small cameras in public toilets or changing rooms.
Kim founded the Woolf Social Club in 2017. “I thought, we talk to each other on the internet,
but it would be good to have a physical space in which to do that,” she says. “If you walk
around Seoul, you see all these cafés aimed at couples, where women look pretty and lower
their voices. I wanted a space where they could raise them.”
[Fonte: Lena Schipper. “Virginia Woolf is inspiring South Korean feminists”. In: The
Economist, 09/05/2022,<http://www.economist.com/1843/2022/05/09/virginia-woolf-is-inspiring-south-korean-feminists>. Adaptado. Data de acesso: 27/08/2023.]
In the excerpt from the third paragraph “I wanted a space for like-minded
women to meet and talk,” the underlined term expresses an idea of:
Q2280157
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão.
Read Your Way Through Salvador
By Itamar Vieira Junior and translated by Johnny Lorenz. July 19, 2023.
I was born in Salvador, in the Brazilian state of Bahia, and lived in the general vicinity until I
reached the age of 15. But it was when I left that I really came to know my city. How was I
able to discover more about my birthplace while traveling far from home? It might sound
rather clichéd but, I assure you, literature made this possible: It took me on a journey, long
and profound, back home, enveloping me in words and imagination.
To understand the formation of our unique society and, consequently, the cityscape of
Salvador, one should read, before anything else, “The Story of Rufino: Slavery, Freedom
and Islam in the Black Atlantic,” by João José Reis, Flávio dos Santos Gomes and Marcus
J.M. de Carvalho. Rufino was an alufá, or Muslim spiritual leader, born in the Oyo empire in
present-day Nigeria and enslaved during his adolescence. “The Story of Rufino” is an epic
tale, encapsulating the life of one man in search of freedom as well as the history of the
development of Salvador itself, a place inextricably linked with the diaspora across the Black
Atlantic. Another book for which I have deep affection is “The City of Women,” by the
American anthropologist Ruth Landes. It offers an intriguing perspective, focusing on
matriarchal power in candomblé, an Afro-Brazilian sacred practice, and revealing how the
social organization of its spiritual communities reverberates across the city.
If you want to feel the intensity of life on the streets of Salvador, these two books, both by
Amado, are indispensable: “Captains of the Sands” and “Dona Flor and Her Two
Husbands.” The first is a coming-of-age story in which we follow a group of children and
adolescents living on the streets and on the beaches around the Bay of All Saints. Written
more than 80 years ago, the book was banned and even burned in the public square during
the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas in the first half of the 20th century. As a portrait of
Salvador, it is still relevant and reveals our deep inequalities. “Dona Flor and her Two
Husbands” is one of Amado’s most popular novels, translated into more than 30 languages
and adapted many times for theater, cinema, and television. The book is a kind of manifesto
for a woman’s liberation. Dona Flor possesses great culinary talent, and oppressed by a
patriarchal society, finds herself divided between two men, one being her deceased
husband. While the novel captures the daily life of the city in the 1940s, it is also a wonderful
guide to the cuisine of Salvador, with its African and Portuguese influences.
I invite readers to travel into the interior of Bahia, many hours by car from Salvador to the
region known as the Sertão, whose name translates loosely to “backwoods.” Two books can
also transport you there, and they are sides of the same story: “Backlands: The Canudos
Campaign,” by Euclides da Cunha, and “The War of the End of the World,” by Mario
Vargas Llosa.
“Backlands” is one of the most important works in the history of Brazilian literature. It is a
journalistic telling that introduces us not only to the brutal War of Canudos, but also to the
intriguing landscape of the Sertão, a place so full of contradictions. In his writing of the
conflict, da Cunha tells the story of the genesis of the tough sertanejo: a mythic,
cowboyesque figure of the drought-stricken, lawless interior. “The War of the End of the
World” is an essential epic that amplifies the narrative of “Backlands,” bringing a more imaginative, creative aspect to the story of Antônio Conselheiro, the spiritual leader of a
rebellion, and of the multitude that followed him to their deaths.
[Fonte: “Read Your Way Through Salvador”. In: The New York Times, 19/07/2023,<http://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/19/books/salvador-bahia-brazil-books.html> . Adaptado. Data
de acesso: 01/09/2023.]
No trecho do terceiro parágrafo “As a portrait of Salvador, it is still relevant and
reveals our deep inequalities”, o termo sublinhado contém um prefixo de negação. Assinale
a alternativa que apresenta o termo que NÃO contém prefixo de negação.
Ano: 2023
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Texto associado
“It’s a very nice book and very lively, but in the section on
‘Processes’ for example all the exercises are about unusual
things for our country. We are a hot country and also have
many Muslims. The exercises are about snow, ice, cold
mornings, and making wine. I can tell you I can’t do making
wine and smoking pot in my country!” (Experienced school
teacher from the Ivory Coast, Africa)
“Previous materials were not based on life in Brazil which
is why I don’t think they worked very well …” (Brazilian teacher
of English in school)
“Sir … what is opera?” (Iraqi student in mixed nationality
class using materials designed to practise reading narrative)
The implications of these three quotations are not simply
linguistic; rather, they address the problem of appropriate
contextual realisation for materials. For the teacher in the
Ivory Coast, the materials offered would be outside the cultural
experience of his students (possibly even threatening) and
thus effectively useless; conversely, for the Brazilian teacher,
the choice of Brazilian settings and familiar mores would have clear advantages over distant foreign contexts as they are
essentially more motivating. The quote from the Iraqi student
suggests that complete unfamiliarity with the notion of opera
may reduce the efficacy of the reading exercises, but in this
case the student is curious and likely to regard the material as
exotic rather than merely alien.
(D. Jolly e R. Bolitho, A framework for materials writing.
In B. Tomlinson, (ed). Material Development in Language Teaching.
Cambridge: CUP. 1998/2011. Adaptado)
No quarto parágrafo, é um adjetivo a palavra
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Many assumptions of a communicative orientation
towards language teaching need questioning in a global
context. Ozóg (1989) discusses the idea of the ‘information
gap’, which is supposed to induce students to speak. ‘Are we
as Europeans’, he asks, ‘not making a cultural assumption
that speakers the world over are uneasy in silence and that
they have an overwhelming desire to fill gaps which occur
in natural discourse?’ (p.399). Silence is a salient feature of
conversation in the Malay world, he points out, a feature that
has also been noted in Japan and a number of other cultures.
Indeed, the whole question of requiring others to speak
needs to be questioned in terms of both cultural and gender
differences. The point here is not to exoticize some notion
of cultural difference, but rather to suggest that language is
a cultural practice, that both language and thinking about
language are always located in very particular social,
cultural and political contexts. How language (including
silence, paralanguage, and so on) is used, therefore, differs
extensively from one context to another, and thus any
approach to language teaching based on one particular
view of language may be completely inapplicable in another
context. If particular language teaching practices (advertised
and exported as the best, newest and most scientific) support
certain views of language, then such practices clearly present
a particular cultural politics and make the English language
classroom a site of struggle over different ways of thinking
about and dealing with language.
(A. Pennycook, The Cultural Politics of English as an International
Language.London and New York: Routledge. 2017. Adaptado)
A exposição do autor no segundo parágrafo traz a seguinte implicação para o ensino de inglês no contexto brasileiro:
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Texto associado
Many assumptions of a communicative orientation
towards language teaching need questioning in a global
context. Ozóg (1989) discusses the idea of the ‘information
gap’, which is supposed to induce students to speak. ‘Are we
as Europeans’, he asks, ‘not making a cultural assumption
that speakers the world over are uneasy in silence and that
they have an overwhelming desire to fill gaps which occur
in natural discourse?’ (p.399). Silence is a salient feature of
conversation in the Malay world, he points out, a feature that
has also been noted in Japan and a number of other cultures.
Indeed, the whole question of requiring others to speak
needs to be questioned in terms of both cultural and gender
differences. The point here is not to exoticize some notion
of cultural difference, but rather to suggest that language is
a cultural practice, that both language and thinking about
language are always located in very particular social,
cultural and political contexts. How language (including
silence, paralanguage, and so on) is used, therefore, differs
extensively from one context to another, and thus any
approach to language teaching based on one particular
view of language may be completely inapplicable in another
context. If particular language teaching practices (advertised
and exported as the best, newest and most scientific) support
certain views of language, then such practices clearly present
a particular cultural politics and make the English language
classroom a site of struggle over different ways of thinking
about and dealing with language.
(A. Pennycook, The Cultural Politics of English as an International
Language.London and New York: Routledge. 2017. Adaptado)
The first paragraph criticizes
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Since ChatGPT can engage in conversation and
generate essays and graphs that closely resemble those
created by humans, educators worry students may use it
to cheat. The main reason students cheat is their academic
motivation. Sometimes they are just motivated to get a high
grade, whereas other times they wish to learn all that they
can about a topic. The decision to cheat or not often relates
to how academic assignments and tests are constructed and
assessed, not on the availability of technological shortcuts.
Research demonstrates that students are more likely to
cheat when assignments are designed in ways that encourage
them to outperform their classmates. There is less cheating
when teachers assign academic tasks that prompt them to
work collaboratively and to focus on mastering content instead
of getting a good grade.
An important way to boost students’ confidence is to
provide them with opportunities to experience success. For
example, suppose students are asked to attempt to design
a hypothetical vehicle that can use gasoline more efficiently
than a traditional car. Students who struggle with the project
can use ChatGPT to break down the larger problem into
smaller challenges or tasks. ChatGPT might suggest they first
develop an overall concept for the vehicle before determining
the size and weight of the vehicle and deciding what type
of fuel will be used. Teachers could also ask students to
compare the steps suggested by ChatGPT with steps that are
recommended by other sources.
(Kui Xie e Eric M. Anderman. http://www.theconversation.com.
06.06.2023. Adaptado)
Read the cover of the book by A.A. Kabir.
(amazon.com)
Ajudar seu aluno a desenvolver a habilidade de leitura
em inglês significa, entre outros, ajudá-lo a comparar
diferentes textos. Ao confrontar o artigo sobre ChatGPT
e a capa do livro de A.A. Kabir, ele deverá perceber que
ambos mencionam
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Texto associado
Since ChatGPT can engage in conversation and
generate essays and graphs that closely resemble those
created by humans, educators worry students may use it
to cheat. The main reason students cheat is their academic
motivation. Sometimes they are just motivated to get a high
grade, whereas other times they wish to learn all that they
can about a topic. The decision to cheat or not often relates
to how academic assignments and tests are constructed and
assessed, not on the availability of technological shortcuts.
Research demonstrates that students are more likely to
cheat when assignments are designed in ways that encourage
them to outperform their classmates. There is less cheating
when teachers assign academic tasks that prompt them to
work collaboratively and to focus on mastering content instead
of getting a good grade.
An important way to boost students’ confidence is to
provide them with opportunities to experience success. For
example, suppose students are asked to attempt to design
a hypothetical vehicle that can use gasoline more efficiently
than a traditional car. Students who struggle with the project
can use ChatGPT to break down the larger problem into
smaller challenges or tasks. ChatGPT might suggest they first
develop an overall concept for the vehicle before determining
the size and weight of the vehicle and deciding what type
of fuel will be used. Teachers could also ask students to
compare the steps suggested by ChatGPT with steps that are
recommended by other sources.
(Kui Xie e Eric M. Anderman. http://www.theconversation.com.
06.06.2023. Adaptado)
Read this short except.
There are three areas where our behaviour can directly influence our students’ continuing participation: goals and goal setting; learning environment; interesting classes.
(J. Harmer, The practice of English language teaching. 4th ed. Essex: Pearson Longman, 2007. Adaptado)
The task proposed in the last paragraph of the text on ChatGPT illustrates the following motivational behavior on the part of teachers:
There are three areas where our behaviour can directly influence our students’ continuing participation: goals and goal setting; learning environment; interesting classes.
(J. Harmer, The practice of English language teaching. 4th ed. Essex: Pearson Longman, 2007. Adaptado)
The task proposed in the last paragraph of the text on ChatGPT illustrates the following motivational behavior on the part of teachers:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
EsFCEx
Prova:
VUNESP - 2023 - EsFCEx - Oficial - Magistério em Inglês |
Q2259754
Inglês
Texto associado
Since ChatGPT can engage in conversation and
generate essays and graphs that closely resemble those
created by humans, educators worry students may use it
to cheat. The main reason students cheat is their academic
motivation. Sometimes they are just motivated to get a high
grade, whereas other times they wish to learn all that they
can about a topic. The decision to cheat or not often relates
to how academic assignments and tests are constructed and
assessed, not on the availability of technological shortcuts.
Research demonstrates that students are more likely to
cheat when assignments are designed in ways that encourage
them to outperform their classmates. There is less cheating
when teachers assign academic tasks that prompt them to
work collaboratively and to focus on mastering content instead
of getting a good grade.
An important way to boost students’ confidence is to
provide them with opportunities to experience success. For
example, suppose students are asked to attempt to design
a hypothetical vehicle that can use gasoline more efficiently
than a traditional car. Students who struggle with the project
can use ChatGPT to break down the larger problem into
smaller challenges or tasks. ChatGPT might suggest they first
develop an overall concept for the vehicle before determining
the size and weight of the vehicle and deciding what type
of fuel will be used. Teachers could also ask students to
compare the steps suggested by ChatGPT with steps that are
recommended by other sources.
(Kui Xie e Eric M. Anderman. http://www.theconversation.com.
06.06.2023. Adaptado)
While reading the text, students mention they do not
understand the word “boost” in “An important way to
boost students’ confidence”. One of the ways to arrive at
meaning of the word without resorting to the dictionary is
by means of the compensatory strategy named
Ano: 2023
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VUNESP
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Q2259753
Inglês
Texto associado
Since ChatGPT can engage in conversation and
generate essays and graphs that closely resemble those
created by humans, educators worry students may use it
to cheat. The main reason students cheat is their academic
motivation. Sometimes they are just motivated to get a high
grade, whereas other times they wish to learn all that they
can about a topic. The decision to cheat or not often relates
to how academic assignments and tests are constructed and
assessed, not on the availability of technological shortcuts.
Research demonstrates that students are more likely to
cheat when assignments are designed in ways that encourage
them to outperform their classmates. There is less cheating
when teachers assign academic tasks that prompt them to
work collaboratively and to focus on mastering content instead
of getting a good grade.
An important way to boost students’ confidence is to
provide them with opportunities to experience success. For
example, suppose students are asked to attempt to design
a hypothetical vehicle that can use gasoline more efficiently
than a traditional car. Students who struggle with the project
can use ChatGPT to break down the larger problem into
smaller challenges or tasks. ChatGPT might suggest they first
develop an overall concept for the vehicle before determining
the size and weight of the vehicle and deciding what type
of fuel will be used. Teachers could also ask students to
compare the steps suggested by ChatGPT with steps that are
recommended by other sources.
(Kui Xie e Eric M. Anderman. http://www.theconversation.com.
06.06.2023. Adaptado)
An English teacher believes this is a good text to give
their more advanced students to read, since it is about
a recent and polemic topic. A post-reading classroom
discussion aimed at helping students critically react to the
text’s content could include reflecting about
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