Questões Militares

                             Switzerland’s invisible linguistic borders

      There are four official Swiss languages: German, French, Italian and Romansh, an indigenous language with limited status that's similar to Latin and spoken today by only a handful of Swiss. A fifth language, English, is increasingly used to bridge the linguistic divide. In a recent survey by Pro Unguis, three quarters of those queried said they use English at least three times per week.

      In polyglot Switzerland, even linguistic divisions are divided. People in the German-speaking cantons speak Swiss-German at home but learn standard German in school. The Italian spoken in the Ticino canton is peppered with words borrowed from German and French.

      Language may not be destiny, but it does determine much more than the words we speak. Language drives culture, and culture drives life. In that sense, the Rõstigraben is as much a cultural border as a linguistic one. Life on either side of the divide unfolds at a different pace, Bianchi explained. “[In my opinion] French speakers are more laid-back. A glass of white wine for lunch on a workday is still rather usual. German speakers have little sense of humour, and follow rules beyond the rigidity of the Japanese."

      The cultural divide between Italian-speaking Switzerland and the rest of the country - a divide marked by the so-called Polentagraben - is even sharper. Italianspeakers are a distinct minority, accounting for only 8% of the population and living mostly in the far southern canton of Ticino. “When I first moved here, people told me, Ticino is just like Italy except everything works’, and I think that's true,” said Paulo Gonçalves, a Brazilian academic who has been living in Ticino for the past decade.

      Coming from a nation with one official spoken language, Gonçalves marvels at how the Swiss juggle four. “It is quite remarkable how they manage to get along,” he said, recalling going to a conference attended by people who spoke French, German, Italian and English. "You had presentations being given in four different languages in the same conference hall.’’

      Living in such a multilingual environment "really reshapes how I see the world and imagine the possibilities,” Gonçalves said. “I am a significantly different person than I was 10 years ago.”

      Switzerland’s languages are not evenly distributed. Of the country’s 26 cantons, most - 17 - are German speaking, while four are French and one Italian. (Three cantons are bilingual and one, Grisons, trilingual.) A majority of Swiss, 63%, speak German as their first language.

                                                                      (Abridged from http ://www.bbc.com)

                             Switzerland’s invisible linguistic borders

      There are four official Swiss languages: German, French, Italian and Romansh, an indigenous language with limited status that's similar to Latin and spoken today by only a handful of Swiss. A fifth language, English, is increasingly used to bridge the linguistic divide. In a recent survey by Pro Unguis, three quarters of those queried said they use English at least three times per week.

      In polyglot Switzerland, even linguistic divisions are divided. People in the German-speaking cantons speak Swiss-German at home but learn standard German in school. The Italian spoken in the Ticino canton is peppered with words borrowed from German and French.

      Language may not be destiny, but it does determine much more than the words we speak. Language drives culture, and culture drives life. In that sense, the Rõstigraben is as much a cultural border as a linguistic one. Life on either side of the divide unfolds at a different pace, Bianchi explained. “[In my opinion] French speakers are more laid-back. A glass of white wine for lunch on a workday is still rather usual. German speakers have little sense of humour, and follow rules beyond the rigidity of the Japanese."

      The cultural divide between Italian-speaking Switzerland and the rest of the country - a divide marked by the so-called Polentagraben - is even sharper. Italianspeakers are a distinct minority, accounting for only 8% of the population and living mostly in the far southern canton of Ticino. “When I first moved here, people told me, Ticino is just like Italy except everything works’, and I think that's true,” said Paulo Gonçalves, a Brazilian academic who has been living in Ticino for the past decade.

      Coming from a nation with one official spoken language, Gonçalves marvels at how the Swiss juggle four. “It is quite remarkable how they manage to get along,” he said, recalling going to a conference attended by people who spoke French, German, Italian and English. "You had presentations being given in four different languages in the same conference hall.’’

      Living in such a multilingual environment "really reshapes how I see the world and imagine the possibilities,” Gonçalves said. “I am a significantly different person than I was 10 years ago.”

      Switzerland’s languages are not evenly distributed. Of the country’s 26 cantons, most - 17 - are German speaking, while four are French and one Italian. (Three cantons are bilingual and one, Grisons, trilingual.) A majority of Swiss, 63%, speak German as their first language.

                                                                      (Abridged from http ://www.bbc.com)

           Doctor works to save youth from violence before they reach his ER

      As an emergency physician at Kings County Hospital Center [in Brooklyn], Dr. Rob Gore has faced many traumatic situations that he'd rather forget. But some moments stick with him. "Probably the worst thing that I've ever had to do is tell a 15-year-old's mother that her son was killed," Gore said. "If I can't keep somebody alive, I've failed." [...]

      "Conflict's not avoidable. But violent conflict is," Gore said. "Seeing a lot of the traumas that take place at work, or in the neighborhood, you realize, 'I don't want this to happen anymore. What do we do about it?"

      For Gore, one answer is the “Kings Against Violence Initiative" - known as KAVI - which he started in 2009. Today, the nonprofit has anti-violence programs in the hospital, schools and broader community, serving more than 250 young people.

      Victims of violence are more likely to be reinjured, so the first place Gore wanted to work was in the hospital, with an intervention program in which "hospital responders" assist victims of violence and their family - a model pioneered at other hospitals. The idea is that reaching out right after someone has been injured reduces the likelihood of violent retaliation and provides a chance for the victim to address some of the circumstances that may have led to their injury.

      Gore started this program at his hospital with a handful of volunteers from KAVI. Today, the effort is a partnership between KAVI and a few other nonprofits, with teams on call 24/7. 

      Yet Gore wanted to prevent people from being violently injured in the first place. So, in 2011, he and his group began working with a handful of at-risk students at a nearby high school. By the end of the year, more than 50 students were involved. Today, KAVI holds weekly workshops for male and female students in three schools, teaching mediation and conflict resolution. The group also provides free mental health counseling for students who need one-on-one support.

      "Violence is everywhere they turn - home, school, neighborhood, police," Gore said. "You want to make sure they can learn how to process, deal with it and overcome it."

      While Gore still regularly attends workshops, most are now led by peer facilitators - recent graduates and college students, some of whom are former KAVI members - who serve as mentors to the students. School administrators say the program has been a success: lowering violence, raising grades and sending many graduates on to college.

      "This is really about the community in which we live" he said. "This is my home. And I'm going to do whatever is possible to make sure people can actually thrive." 

                                                  (Adapted and abridged from http ://www.cnn.com)

                                   Doctors Know Best

                                                                                        By Ted Spiker

      Along with all the disease stomping, heart reviving, baby delivering, and overall people healing they do, doctors have another full-time job: keeping themselves healthy. Scratch that - keeping themselves healthiest. So instead of peeking into their medical practices, we looked at what they actually practice - in their own lives. Use personal strategies and insider tips from the best medical pros to supercharge your health this year.

( I)-______ "As soon as I feel an illness coming on, I go to sleep for at least nine hours," says Hilda Hutcherson, MD, clinical professor of ob-gyn at Columbia University Medicai Center. "I also lie on the floor with my legs elevated and propped against the wall and breathe deeply for five minutes." It helps lower stress, which weakens the immune system.

(II )-______ Instead of having a garden-variety green salad, Margaret McKenzie, MD, assistant professor of surgery at the Cleveland Clinic, tosses napa cabbage, radicchio, edamame, and carrots with ginger-soy dressing. "It gives me a lot of vitamins, antioxidants, and protein and makes me feel full," she says.

(III)-______ [...] Gary Small, MD, professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles, and author of The Alzheimer's Prevention Program, plays Scrabble and Words With Friends on his smartphone most days. These word games are perfect brain boosters, because they build not only verbal and math skills but also spatial abilities as you position letters to create words. "Combining several mental tasks strengthens multiple neural circuits," Dr. Small says. "It's like cross-training for your brain."

(IV) - _____ Make your bedroom spalike: Dim the lights at least an hour before you go to bed; ban cell phones, laptops, and the TV; ask your partner for a foot rub. "I do deep breathing exercises," Dr. Hutcherson says. "Sometimes I play relaxing music softly."

(V) - _____ The most important meal is breakfast, says David Katz, MD, director and founder of Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center in Derby, Connecticut. He often has two breakfasts, divvying up his morning meal so that he eats half before his workout and half after. "It helps with portion control, and it establishes a daily eating pattern," Dr. Katz says. Plan your breakfast at night to start the next day on a healthy note.

(Abridged from https ://www.fitnessmagazine.com/health/doctors-tips-tostay-healthy/)

                                      Do Diário do Imperador

      Acabo de ler o Diário do Imperador D. Pedro II, escrito exatamente há um sécuio. Por essas pequenas anotações, pode-se acompanhar um ano da sua vida, amostra suficiente das dificuldades com que o Brasil tem lutado sempre para entrar no bom caminho, para melancolia e desânimo de seus mais devotados servidores.

      Assim mesmo se exprimiu o Imperador: "Muitas coisas me desgostam; mas não posso logo remediá-las e isso me aflige profundamente. Se ao menos eu pudesse fazer constar geralmente como penso! Mas pra quê - se tão poucos acreditariam nos embaraços que encontro para que eu faça o que julgo acertado! Há muita falta de zelo, e o amor da pátria só é uma palavra - para a maior parte!"

      A respeito de certo boato que se espalhara, comenta, com desgosto: "Tudo inventam; e triste política é a que vive de semelhantes embustes quando tantos meios honestos havia de fazer oposição; mas para isso é necessário estudar as necessidades da Nação - e onde está o zelo?"

      (A palavra ZELO ocorre numerosas vezes neste diário: é essa "dedicação ardente", essa "diligência", que o Imperador não encontra na maior parte dos que, no entanto, por função, estão encarregados dos problemas nacionais. E isso lhe causa sofrimento.)

      Os moços de hoje deviam ler estas palavras, e entendê-las: "Na educação da mocidade é que sobretudo confio para regeneração da pátria. Gritam que se não pode chegar ao poder senão fazendo oposição como a fazem; mas, quando no poder, não sofrem do mal que fomentaram? A imprensa é inteiramente livre, como julgo deva ser, e na Câmara e no Senado a oposição tem representantes; mas que fazem estes pela maior parte?"

      Os homens públicos também deveríam meditar sobre esta passagem: "...Mas tudo custa a fazer em nossa terra e a instabilidade de ministério não dá tempo aos ministros para iniciarem, depois do necessário estudo, as medidas mais urgentes. É preciso trabalhar, e vejo que não se fala quase senão em política, que é, as mais das vezes, guerra entre interesses individuais."

      Há neste pequeno diário, de um ano e cinco dias, variadas observações sobre agricultura, teatro, ciência, educação; impressões de visitas a diferentes estabelecimentos educacionais e industriais; breves apontamentos sobre ministros e personalidades do tempo. Terminada a leitura, parece-nos que estamos na mesma, que o século não passou; apenas as pessoas mudaram de nome. E o Imperador, há cem anos, escrevendo: "A falta de zelo; a falta de sentimento do dever é nosso primeiro defeito moral. Força é contudo aceitar suas consequências, procurando, aliás, destruir esse mal que nos vai tornando tão fracos.”

      D. Pedro II deixou fama de sabedoria, e comparandose as modestas (mas importantíssimas) observações de seu diário com a verborragia demagógica de que ainda somos vítimas, e dos males que a acompanham, compreende-se que muita gente desesperada até pense em tornar-se monarquista.

      Mas convém não esquecer estas palavras do próprio Imperador: “Nasci para consagrar-me às letras e às ciências; e, a ocupar posição política, preferiría a de presidente da República ou ministro à de Imperador".

      Sejamos, pois, republicanos, democratas, estudiosos, honestos, justiceiros, e cultivemos o ZELO de bem servir à pátria, aos homens, às instituições. Neste particular, estamos com um século de atraso.

MEIRELES, Cecília. Escolha o seu sonho. São Paulo: Global, 2016 (Texto adaptado)