Questões de Concurso Sobre aspectos linguísticos | linguistic aspects em inglês

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Q3243922 Inglês

The mysterious death of Alexander the Great


    When Alexander the Great’s body seemingly remained unchanged for six days after his death in 323 BCE, his contemporaries could offer only one explanation. Alexander must have been a god. So… was he?

    Alexander the Great first fell ill during a days-long series of parties, during one of which he collapsed, complaining of a searing pain in his back. After 10 days of intense fever, Alexander’s soldiers were brought in to see him one final time. As reported by the historian Arrian, at that point the king “could no longer speak… but he struggled to raise his head and gave each man a greeting with his eyes.”

    When Alexander was declared dead on June 13, theories began forming. Had he been poisoned? Sabotaged? Had he been killed by drinking too much wine? Today we have an explanation for Alexander’s death and his period of bodily freshness that relies less on the supernatural and more on science. In 2018 Dr. Katherine Hall, a lecturer in New Zealand, proposed that Alexander the Great had Guillain-Barré syndrome, an acute autoimmune condition that results in muscle paralysis. In other words, Alexander may have been alive when he was declared dead—a mistake that could have been made when physicians mistook the shallow breathing of a coma patient for no breathing at all. If this was the case, Alexander may have been effectively murdered during embalming—a process that would have seen him disemboweled.

    While we can’t travel back in time to confirm Hall’s theory, it is the only one that takes into account all the details of Alexander’s death—and his body’s mysterious life.


Encyclopaedia Britannica. Adaptation 

Throughout the text, an apostrophe and “s” are seen. What does that indicate? 
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Q3235087 Inglês
Leia o texto para responder à questão.


ELF: English as a lingua franca


    The Vienna Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE), a collection of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) currently under construction, defines lingua franca as an additionally acquired language system that serves as a means of communication for speakers from different speech communities, who use it to communicate with each other but for whom it is not their native language.

    Early findings from the VOICE corpus tentatively identify a number of features which point to systematic lexicogrammatical differences between native-speaker English and ELF, for example dropping the third person present tense ‘s’ (e.g. she wear), omitting definite and indefinite articles, insertion of prepositions (e.g. can we discuss about this issue). These features are not a threat to comprehension, as they involve typical errors that most English teachers would correct and remediate. However, Seidlhofer (2004) points out that they appear to be generally unproblematic and do not cause an obstacle to communicative success in ELF. 

    The work of Jenkins (1996, 2000, 2004, 2005) has also been very influential in relation to the teaching of pronunciation for ELF. Her research finds that a number of items common to most native-speaker varieties of English were not necessary in successful ELF interactions; for example, the substitution of voiceless and voiced th with /t/ or /s/ and /d/ or /z/ (e.g. think became sink or tink, and this became dis or zis). Jenkins argues that such features occur regularly in ELF interactions and do not cause intelligibility problems.

    Problems may arise in the (perhaps unfair) equation between a reduced or ‘stripped down’ ELF syllabus and an impoverished experience of the L2. Indeed, it could be argued that learners of any language always end up producing less than the input they are exposed to, and that if that input itself is deliberately restricted, then even less will be the outcome.


(O’KEEFFE, A., MCCARTHY, M. & CARTER, R. From corpus to classroom. Language Use and Language Teaching. Cambridge, CUP. 2007. Adaptado)
The VOICE has identified the insertion of prepositions as an emerging pattern in ELF. An example of such a linguistic deviation is found in alternative
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Q3235086 Inglês
Leia o texto para responder à questão.


ELF: English as a lingua franca


    The Vienna Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE), a collection of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) currently under construction, defines lingua franca as an additionally acquired language system that serves as a means of communication for speakers from different speech communities, who use it to communicate with each other but for whom it is not their native language.

    Early findings from the VOICE corpus tentatively identify a number of features which point to systematic lexicogrammatical differences between native-speaker English and ELF, for example dropping the third person present tense ‘s’ (e.g. she wear), omitting definite and indefinite articles, insertion of prepositions (e.g. can we discuss about this issue). These features are not a threat to comprehension, as they involve typical errors that most English teachers would correct and remediate. However, Seidlhofer (2004) points out that they appear to be generally unproblematic and do not cause an obstacle to communicative success in ELF. 

    The work of Jenkins (1996, 2000, 2004, 2005) has also been very influential in relation to the teaching of pronunciation for ELF. Her research finds that a number of items common to most native-speaker varieties of English were not necessary in successful ELF interactions; for example, the substitution of voiceless and voiced th with /t/ or /s/ and /d/ or /z/ (e.g. think became sink or tink, and this became dis or zis). Jenkins argues that such features occur regularly in ELF interactions and do not cause intelligibility problems.

    Problems may arise in the (perhaps unfair) equation between a reduced or ‘stripped down’ ELF syllabus and an impoverished experience of the L2. Indeed, it could be argued that learners of any language always end up producing less than the input they are exposed to, and that if that input itself is deliberately restricted, then even less will be the outcome.


(O’KEEFFE, A., MCCARTHY, M. & CARTER, R. From corpus to classroom. Language Use and Language Teaching. Cambridge, CUP. 2007. Adaptado)
Das palavras a seguir, retiradas do texto, assinale aquela em que as vogais /ea/ em negrito possuem a mesma pronúncia encontrada na palavra feature.
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Q3223436 Inglês
Hanji

    Hanji is the name of the handmade paper produced in ancient Korea from the 1st century BCE. Made from mulberry trees, its exceptional quality made it a successful export, and it was widely used not only for writing but also for interior walls and everyday objects, such as fans and umbrellas. Hanji, famed throughout Asia for its whiteness, texture, and strength, is still made today in specialized Korean workshops.

   Initially Korean paper was made using hemp fiber, but the highest quality hanji was, for many centuries, made only from the pith of mulberry trees (tak in Korean, Latin: Broussonetia papyrifera). The toughness of hanji meant that it was ideally suited for use in printing presses that used blocks made from magnolia wood, which had been soaked and boiled in saltwater and then dried for several years before use. Each block was 24x4x64cm and carried 23 lines of vertical text on each side. These were then covered in ink and paper was pressed against them. The resilience of hanji was especially useful from the 12th century CE when printing was done using heavier moveable metal type made of bronze, a Korean invention.

    In the Joseon Period (from the 15th century CE), such was the demand for hanji, that Sejong the Great (r. 1418 - 1450 CE) permitted other plant materials to be used in its manufacture, especially bamboo. The paper was made in specialized workshops in the capital and the five provincial capitals. The hanji which was produced for state use was supervised by a government agency, the Chonjo-chang.


World History Encyclopedia. Adaptation.
Mark “T” (true) for the words that present the same “gh” sound as in “toughness” and “F” (false) for those who don’t. Then, mark the correct sequence.

( ) Ghost.
( ) Enough.
( ) Cough.
( ) Ghetto. 
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Q3220304 Inglês
Read Text II and answer question

TEXT II

Uses of AI in Education

     In May 2023, the U.S. Department of Education released a report titled Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and Learning: Insights and Recommendations. The department had conducted listening sessions in 2022 with more than 700 people, including educators and parents, to gauge their views on AI. The report noted that “constituents believe that action is required now in order to get ahead of the expected increase of AI in education technology – and they want to roll up their sleeves and start working together.” People expressed anxiety about “future potential risks” with AI but also felt that “AI may enable achieving educational priorities in better ways, at scale, and with lower costs.

    AI could serve – or is already serving – in several teachingand-learning roles, for instance: instructional assistants: AI’s ability to conduct human-like conversations opens up possibilities for adaptive tutoring or instructional assistants that can help explain difficult concepts to students. AI-based feedback systems can offer constructive critiques on student writing, which can help students fine-tune their writing skills. Some research also suggests certain kinds of prompts can help children generate more fruitful questions about learning. AI models might also support customized learning for students with disabilities and provide translation for English language learners; and teaching assistants: AI might tackle some of the administrative tasks that keep teachers from investing more time with their peers or students. Early uses include automated routine tasks such as drafting lesson plans, creating differentiated materials, designing worksheets, developing quizzes, and exploring ways of explaining complicated academic materials. AI can also provide educators with recommendations to meet student needs and help teachers reflect, plan, and improve their practice.

    Along with these potential benefits come some difficult challenges and risks the education community must navigate. For example, both teachers and students face the risk of becoming overly reliant on AI-driven technology. For students, this could stifle learning, especially the development of critical thinking. This challenge extends to educators as well. While AI can expedite lesson-plan generation, speed does not equate to quality. Teachers may be tempted to accept the initial AI-generated content rather than devote time to reviewing and refining it for optimal educational value.

       In light of these challenges, the Department of Education has stressed the importance of keeping “humans in the loop” when using AI, particularly when the output might be used to inform a decision. As the department encouraged in its 2023 report, teachers, learners, and others need to retain their agency. AI cannot “replace a teacher, a guardian, or an education leader as the custodian of their students’ learning,” the report stressed.

Adapted from: https://www.educationnext.org/a-i-in-education-leap-into-new-eramachine-intelligence-carries-risks-challenges-promises/
Based on the context of text II, it is CORRECT to say that “roll up their sleeves” is used:
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Q3220295 Inglês

Read the following dialogue.


Mr. Humphrey: All right, are you excited for today’s class?

Students: Yeah.

Mr. Humphrey: Okay! Anna, could you read the article on page 271?

Anna: Sure, Mr. Humphrey.

[Anna finishes reading]

Mr. Humphrey: Now, let’s discuss the author’s main point of view, shall we?


Analyze the assertions below based on the dialogue.


I. Mr. Humphrey uses the modal verb “could” to make a polite request.

II. “All right”, “yeah”, “okay”, “sure” and “now” are used as discourse markers.

III. In the last sentence, “shall we” is being incorrectly used as a tag question.


Then choose the CORRECT alternative.

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Q3217353 Inglês
What is the main phonetic difference between the words "ship" and "sheep"?
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Q3215239 Inglês

Read the text and answer question.


    Disappointment with both grammar-translation and audiolingual methods for their inability to prepare learners for the interpretation, expression, and negotiation of meaning, along with enthusiasm for an array of alternative methods increasingly labeled communicative, has resulted in no small amount of uncertainty as to what are and are not essential features of CLT. Thus, this summary description would be incomplete without brief mention of what CLT is not.

   

     CLT is not exclusively concerned with face-to-face oral communication. The principles of CLT apply equally to reading and writing activities that involve readers and writers engaged in the interpretation, expression, and negotiation of meaning; the goals of CLT depend on learner needs in a given context. CLT does not require small-group or pair work; group tasks have been found helpful in many contexts as a way of providing increased opportunity and motivation for communication. However, classroom group or pair work should not be considered an essential feature and may well be inappropriate in some contexts. Finally, CLT does not exclude a focus on metalinguistic awareness or knowledge of rules of syntax, discourse, and social appropriateness. The essence of CLT is the engagement of learners in communication in order to allow them to develop their communicative competence. Terms sometimes used to refer to features of CLT include process oriented, task-based, and inductive, or discovery oriented. Inasmuch as strict adherence to a given text is not likely to be true to its processes and goals, CLT cannot be found in any one textbook or set of curricular materials. In keeping with the notion of context of situation, CLT is properly seen as an approach or theory of intercultural communicative competence to be used in developing materials and methods appropriate to a given context of learning. And contexts change.


(Celce-Murcia, M. 2001. Adaptado)

Sociolinguistic competences include being aware of the type of register used in communication. In the sentences below, the one that needs to be reviewed as to degree of formality is
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Q3206836 Inglês
Swan (2005) explains that phonology is the study of the sound systems of languages, particularly how sounds function to convey meaning. This involves analyzing the arrangement and patterns of sounds (phonemes) in a particular language.
Which phonological process is responsible for the phenomenon where the sound /t/ is pronounced as [ʧ] (a voiceless postalveolar affricate) in the word "nature" due to the influence of the following /ʊr/? 
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Q3206385 Inglês
Read the following excerpt:

“ELF is now the most common use of English in the world (Jenkins 2007), so a study of its linguistic features and the ways it allows people to achieve successful intercultural communication offers insights about international communication and also guidelines for English language teaching. (...) Although ELF shares some grammatical and phonological features with New Englishes (Deterding and Kirkpatrick 2006), ELF speakers generally avoid the use of local lexis and idioms (Kirkpatrick 2007b). This is a key distinction between World Englishes and ELF, as one fundamental role of World Englishes lies in their ability to reflect local phenomena and cultural values, often through the use of borrowings from local languages. In contrast, this is avoided in ELF communication, where the fundamental role is to facilitate cross-cultural communication”

Kirkpatrick and Deterding, p. 382. In: SIMPSON, J. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics. London: Routledge, 2011.)


In relation to New Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), it is correct to state that 
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Q3206383 Inglês
According to Lourdes Ortega (2011), there are different approaches to explaining variability of L2 learning across individuals. The following excerpt is related to a critical approach:


“As Norton and Toohey (2001) explain, in this perspective constructs such as motivation, aptitude, and other individual differences are reconceptualized as stemming from the interplay between people’s understanding of themselves in the world and the constraints, material and symbolic, that their worlds afford them. These understandings are dialectically shaped by the hopes and aspirations of individuals and by the power structures of the societal milieus that they inhabit”

ORTEGA, 2011, p. 179. In: SIMPSON, J. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics. London: Routledge, 2011).


Which statement best exemplifies the critical perspective in language learning?
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Q3206379 Inglês
Effective listening skills can enhance language learning. Consequently, teaching L2 listening effectively has become a crucial responsibility for language educators. Anna Chang (In: RENANDYA & WIDODO, 2016) outlines a theory-driven listening lesson, consisting of three stages: pre-listening, while-listening and post-listening. Connect each stage with its purposes, using the following code:

I. Pre-listening II. While-listening III. Post-listening

( ) Verify understanding, clear up any confusion, and consider challenges faced during listening.
( ) Engage in straightforward tasks that require minimal writing or reading.
( ) Complete tasks of various difficulty levels, focusing on different elements of the information.
( ) Define the objectives for listening exercises.
( ) Stimulate relevant prior knowledge and provide language support.

The correct association, from top to bottom, is:
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Q3206367 Inglês
According to Alves (et al., 2020), considering teaching pronunciation in English as a Foreign Language class, mark T for True statements and F for False ones.

( ) Learners have more difficulty learning sounds that are phonetically closer, because they tend not to perceive them as different.
( ) The goal of learning pronunciation is to teach learners to speak like native speakers.
( ) It is important to highlight specific differences in the vowel systems of the native language and the target language in order to avoid intelligibility problems in communication.
( ) Students need resources to be able to understand speakers with different profiles, as well as to make their speech more intelligible.

The correct sequence of True and False statements, from top to bottom, is
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Q3206366 Inglês
The vowel system, the consonant system, and the syllabic and accentual patterns of the English language present differences and similarities in relation to those of the Portuguese language (ALVES et al., 2020). With this in mind, mark T for True statements and F for False ones.

( ) There are more vowels in the Portuguese language compared to the English language.
( ) Regarding the consonants of the English language, there is phonetic variability depending on the syllabic position occupied by such segments within the word.
( ) The stress is distinctive in both English and Portuguese. In both languages, it can be used to differentiate verbs from nouns, for example.
( ) In the English language, words can be stressed on any syllable, unlike Portuguese, where words are stressed on one of the last three syllables.

The correct sequence of True and False statements, from top to bottom, is 
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Q3206364 Inglês
The agenda in language acquisition studies was set by Noam Chomsky’s assertion (1965) that language is an innately acquired faculty. Chomsky’s arguments were based upon aspects of acquisition which are difficult to account for unless genetic transmission gives the child a head start.
The correct sequence of True and False statements, according to Chomsky’s considerations on language acquisition, from top to bottom, include:

( ) the short period of time within which a child achieves grammatical competence.
( ) the lack of correction or explicit teaching by adults.
( ) the ‘poverty of the stimulus’ available to the child in the form of natural speech with its hesitations, false starts and syntactic errors.
( ) the fact that not all normally developing children acquire full competence, regardless of differences in their intellectual capacity. 
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Q3206363 Inglês
Saussure, considered the “father” of Applied linguistics, establishes, in the beginning of the XIX century, four pairs of linguistic concepts, which he calls dichotomies.
The option that names his four dichotomies is
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Q3206362 Inglês
Speech is a complex system and not a complicated system. In fact, this system is organized in the service, not of meaningless bits of sound, but meaningful words and phrases, intended for symbolic communication between embodied, socially situated agents. This view is compatible with current thinking across a range of ________________of language.
The group of words that best completes the blank is
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Q3206348 Inglês
Listening skills are acquired abilities that enable a person to listen without great deal of deliberate effort or conscious planning.

Listening strategies are ways of _________ that are _________ and consciously _________ to improve _________ and _________ as well as cope with listening _________.

The words that complete the sentence correctly, from left to right, are
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Q3206347 Inglês
English is used as an intranational and international language, rather than as a native language only (B.B. Kachur, 1985). The author’s well known representation of three concentric circles of English is the following:



Imagem associada para resolução da questão



The expanding circle is related to 
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Q3184338 Inglês
Na literatura e na comunicação cotidiana, as figuras de linguagem desempenham um papel importante na construção de significados. No trecho abaixo, qual figura de linguagem está presente?

"The wind howled through the trees, whispering secrets of the night."
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Respostas
1: C
2: B
3: E
4: A
5: D
6: D
7: B
8: A
9: D
10: A
11: D
12: A
13: C
14: A
15: D
16: C
17: A
18: C
19: B
20: D