Questões de Concurso
Sobre aspectos linguísticos | linguistic aspects em inglês
Foram encontradas 798 questões
The Orality axis in the teaching of English addresses only in-person oral practices, excluding those that occur without face-to-face contact.
Regarding English grammar, judge the following item.
In English, the use of double negatives is generally
considered grammatically incorrect and non-standard in
formal writing and speech, but it is acceptable and
commonly used in some dialects and informal contexts to
emphasize a negative meaning.
Responsible state fiscal policy requires more than just balancing the current year’s budget. It must also include ensuring that the budget is on a sustainable path. Otherwise, policymakers cannot have the lasting impact they hope for. This risk is especially high in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Record budget surpluses, driven largely by federal pandemic aid, empowered states to adopt historically large tax cuts and spending increases from 2021 to 2023.
State leaders must be able to assess whether their decisions will be affordable over the long term or will jeopardize their ability to solve state problems or even sustain programs and services in the future. Unfortunately, the nature of state budget processes discourages such long-term thinking. State policymakers devote much of their time to developing, enacting, and implementing annual or biennial budgets, a prime opportunity to achieve immediate policy goals.
One key strategy for changing this short-term focus is for states to use long-term budget assessments and budget stress tests to regularly measure risks, anticipate potential shortfalls, and identify ways to address impending challenges. Long-term budget assessments project revenue and spending several years into the future, and stress tests estimate the size of temporary budget shortfalls that would result from recessions or other economic events and gauge whether states are prepared for these events.
Internet: <https://www.pewtrusts.org> (adapted).
Considering the ideas conveyed in the previous text, as well as its linguistic aspects, judge the following item.
Without harming the meaning and the correctness of the text,
the word “ensuring” (second sentence of the text) could be
correctly replaced with to make sure.
( )Written English is more complex grammatically than spoken English, with longer and more complex sentences, fewer contractions, and more subordinate clauses.
( ) Spoken English is more likely to be face-to-face communication, while written English is more likely to be communication through the written word.
( ) Spoken English is more fixed and stable than written English, which is more fleeting.
( ) Spoken English is usually more organized and carefully formulated than written English.
( ) Written English is typically more structured and forms a monologue rather than a dialogue, while spoken English is more likely to be a dialogue.
( ) Written English communicates across time and space for as long as the medium exists and the language is understood. Spoken English is more immediate.
( ) Spoken English normally uses a generally acceptable standard variety of the language, whereas written English may sometimes be in a regional or other limited-context dialect.
( ) In Spoken English, the content is presented much more densely. In written English, the information is “diluted” and conveyed through many more words: there are a lot of repetitions, glosses, “fillers”, producing a text is noticeably longer and with more redundant passages.
( A ) GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHOD ( B ) DIRECT METHOD ( C ) ORAL APPROACH ( D) AUDIOLINGUALISM METHOD
( ) Grammatical rules are not presented formally and the texts used for reading and writing activities are no longer literary since this method is based on certain principles, such as: selection, gradation and presentation.
( ) Learning is associated with syntactic, morphological and phonological structures which are learned from a system of stimulus, response and reinforcement.
( ) In this method, the writing skill is also developed, but not with a communicative purpose.
( ) Adopting the monolingual principle, this method involves the use of objects, gestures and images to explain the meanings of words, since the students' native language is prohibited from being used.
( ) Language learning would be associated with the formation of readers and the intellectual development of students.
( ) This method involves automatic correction and immediate assessment of students' mistakes by teachers in order to prevent the students from forming or acquiring bad habits and behaviors during the learning process.
( ) As a theoretical systematization of foreign language teaching, its objective would be the development of students' oral skills as the vocabulary and grammatical structures they have learned would be controlled in terms of frequency of occurrence.
( ) In this method, learning must be directly connected to the target language without going through the process of translation into the students' native language.
( ) The language to be taught is the spoken language and the new elements of the language are practiced situationally as the grammatical items are proposed gradually, that is, from the simplest to the most complex forms.
( ) In this method, language is both seen and considered as a behavior, for it is a means of oral communication.
About the indefinite articles “an/a”, mark the option which it is NOT properly used
Choose the option that contains a correct correspondence between the verb in bold form and the idea it transmits.
The passage below is the concluding paragraph of the article “Accreditation in Aviation” by Marjo Mitsutomi and Jerry Platt.
Conclusion: Direction Matters “There ______ substantial ______ over the past decade in developing and implementing a global standard for air traffic communication. ______, the current state of affairs can be characterized as chaotic, inconsistent, and somewhat removed from the actual ICAO benchmarks for proficiency. Given nearly 200 member states, with very different needs, resources, and levels of preparedness, it is appropriate that there ______ multiple training paradigms and options, ______ multiple testing instruments. What is missing is an accreditation organization that can help level the playing field, can keep all parties honest, and can protect the consuming public from the current glut of ______.”
Choose the option below that completes the passage correctly.
In terms of reference, it is correct to affirm that
The following excerpt has been extracted from the original version of the article “Accreditation in Aviation” by Marjo Mitsutomi and Jerry Platt.
“Consider the example below, reproduced from the Boeing web site: Examining all fatal accidents during the past decade involving worldwide commercial jets, the report claims “no accidents were noted in … air traffic management, communications, navigation, (or) surveillance”. The industry simply must become more proactive in insisting upon honest and accurate categorization and reporting of all contributing factors to traffic mishaps.”
The excerpt above would adequately fit in the text right after the sentence
Brazilian Portuguese learners of English tend to mispronounce and misperceive ‘final s’ in plural forms (nouns) and third person singular forms (in the present simple tense) as well as ‘final ed’ in simple past forms of regular verbs. Another common difficulty is choosing between “a” or “an”. In fact, there are simple phonological rules that can help learners overcome such difficulties. Mark (T) for the true statements and (F) for the false ones.
( ) The words moved, laughed, played, and rained have the same final sound.
( ) The words moved, laughed, hated, and shaked have two syllables.
( ) Considering the use of the indefinite article (a, an), it is correct to say: a car, a house, a dog, a one-eyed man, a university, an umbrella, and, an apple.
( ) The words cats, umbrellas, candles, and birds have the same final sound.
( ) The words books, chiefs, tops, and fakes have the same final sound.
Mark the alternative which contains the CORRECT sequence from the first to the last propositions.
Concerning Bilingualism, analyze the following statements (Gleason, J. B. e Ratner, N. B. The Development of Language. Pearson: Boston, 2009):
I. When a speaker gains a second language while retaining a first language, the process is called additive language. Often, the acquisition of the second language is seen as an asset, as enhancing the prestige and social and economic prowess of the speaker.
II. Subtractive bilingualism refers to the loss of fluency in one’s native language that occurs when acquiring a second language.
III. Being younger is an advantage in terms of the rate of acquisition, as younger learners acquire a second language more rapidly than older learners in untutored settings.
IV. The acquisition of a second language could occur in submersion settings in which the person is surrounded by native speakers of that second language, or in immersion settings, in which the person and other people received instruction in that second language only.
V. Children growing up learning two or more languages simultaneously can do so without difficulty and in much the same way as do monolingual children.
Check the alternative that presents the number of the CORRECT statements:
Norman Fairclough is one of the founders of Critical discourse analysis (CDA), which studies how power is exercised through language. According to him, CDA is a positioning concerning language that associates linguistic text analysis with a social theory of the functioning of language in political and ideological processes (Fairclough, N. Critical Language Awareness. Routledge: London, 1992). Write (T) for those that are true and (F) for those that are false in relation to the CDA theoretical basis.
( ) The object of analysis is linguistic texts which are analyzed in terms of their own specificity.
( ) In addition to text, the processes of text production and interpretation are themselves analyzed. Analysis is interpretation.
( ) Texts must be homogeneous and ambiguous and features of different genre types might be drawn upon in interpreting them.
( ) Discourse is socially constructive, constituting social subjects, social relations and systems of knowledge and belief.
( ) Discourse analysis is concerned only with power relations in discourse and how it transform the social practices of a society.
( ) Analysis of discourse attends to its functioning in the creative transformation of ideologies and practices as well as its function in securing their reproduction.
Check the alternative that shows the CORRECT sequence:
THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE IN YOUR TEST. EACH QUESTION HAS 4 ALTERNATIVES (A, B, C, AND D) FROM WHICH ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. CHECK THE CORRECT ONE.
The {-s} plural morpheme in the underlined word in “Some theorists have gone so far as to claim that culture not only influences interpretation, but constitutes interpretation” has the same pronunciation of the one in the underlined word in alternative
Read text 1 and answer questions 16 and 17.
TEXT 1
Kofi Annan, the seventh secretary general of the United Nations, who died on Saturday at 80, was always complicated. His legacy is as complicated as he was. The first sub-Saharan African to lead the global organization and the first UN staffer to rise through the ranks to a leadership post that had always gone to someone from the outside, he was a reserved yet engaging diplomat. He consistently expressed a powerful level of concern for global poverty and human rights, as well as a human decency that often distinguished him from his imperious predecessors.
https://www.thenation.com/article/remembering-kofi-annan/
Access on August 22nd, 2018.
In the sentence ‘he was a reserved yet engaging diplomat’,
Please, read the following text in order to answer questions 21 to 25.
Are scientists leaving the net?
The scientists who helped create the Internet may be leaving it for less crowded cyberspaces. Having been on the Internet longer than the rest of us, scientists use it differently.
Premier researchers use the Internet to test projects like real-time, 3D models of colliding galaxies or rampaging tornadoes. For tasks like that, the Internet is no longer fast enough or reliable enough. And some scientists are frustrated. For them, the information superhighway is full of bumper-to-bumper traffic.
Visionary engineers at the National Science Foundation, fortunately, have long foreseen such congestion. As an alternative, they created the very high-speed Backbone Network Service (VBNS). It links a handful of government and university labs at speed of 155,000,000 bits per second, or 10,000 times faster than a standard modem. By the year 2000, a new generation of equipment and another round of research could give scientists data pipes 12 times faster than that. Among other tricks, these new high bandwidth networks will allow scientists to manipulate huge computer files so unwieldy they are now shipped by four-wheeled means. “Never underestimate the bandwidth of a pick-up truck full of data”, jokes Daniel Sandin of the University of Illinois.
Sandin and his team in Chicago will use the VBNS to immerse goggled humans at different locations into the same type of jaw-dropping virtual reality simulation generated by a supercomputer. “You could not do that on the Internet,” says Thomas Defanti, Sandin’s colleague. “The Internet is so congested that for any kind of highbandwidth use, it is essentially rendered useless.”
“Simply adding lanes is not going to work,” adds Beth Gaston of the National Science Foundation. “Our role is to spur the technology forward” – Mark Uheling.
(Popular Science, September 1996, p.60)
The word LIKE in “Premier researchers use the NET to test projects like real-time, 3D models of colliding galaxies or rampaging tornadoes (paragraph 2) introduces elements of:
Instruction: Answer questions 36 to 40 based on the following text.
Klingon to Dothraki: Invented languages gain popularity
- The idea of invented languages is not new. People have been trying to create new tongues
- for a long time. One of the most famous examples is Esperanto, created by Ludwik Zamenhof
- in 1887 which he hoped would become __ globally spoken unifying language. The fact that it
- is based on 16 very simple rules and took words from languages already present makes it very
- easy to learn. This was a conscious decision by Zamenhof who hoped that if everyone spoke
- one language, there would be fewer wars and conflicts.
- So far, none of the existing constructed languages has achieved a large number of
- speakers. Klingon, the invented language of Star Trek has around 20-30 speakers. Na’vi, the
- language created for the movie “Avatar” has one fluent speaker, 10 intermediate speakers,
- and over forty novices. Dothraki, which was crafted specifically for __ series Game of Thrones,
- boasts seven intermediate speakers and around a hundred novices. For now, Garadálava has
- exactly one speaker: Fynn Schlemminger himself.
- However Esperanto is a notable exception: it’s estimated that the language has around
- some 1,000 native speakers, and many parents teach it to their children. TV series, movies,
- books, and especially the Internet have given invented languages a chance like never before.
- According to the BBC, Esperanto, which was created almost exactly 100 years ago, is currently
- experiencing a boost, mostly thanks to the language learning app Duolingo, and a highly
- engaged online community. Wikipedia is also available in this language.
- With the amount of time and effort it takes to learn a new language, it is rather unlikely
- that __ invented tongue will achieve world domination in the same way English has. But it is
- clear that there is rising interest in creating new languages. “Yes, there might be more of them
- in the future, or more people will try their hand at it,” said Carpenter.
Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-
Analyse the following statements:
I. ‘So far’ (l.07) could be replaced by Up to this time.
II. The expression ‘However’ (l.13) introduces a statement that contrast with what has been said.
III. ‘But’ (l.20) introduces an impossibility and could be replaced by Thus.
Which ones are INCORRECT?
Instruction: Answer questions 36 to 40 based on the following text.
Klingon to Dothraki: Invented languages gain popularity
- The idea of invented languages is not new. People have been trying to create new tongues
- for a long time. One of the most famous examples is Esperanto, created by Ludwik Zamenhof
- in 1887 which he hoped would become __ globally spoken unifying language. The fact that it
- is based on 16 very simple rules and took words from languages already present makes it very
- easy to learn. This was a conscious decision by Zamenhof who hoped that if everyone spoke
- one language, there would be fewer wars and conflicts.
- So far, none of the existing constructed languages has achieved a large number of
- speakers. Klingon, the invented language of Star Trek has around 20-30 speakers. Na’vi, the
- language created for the movie “Avatar” has one fluent speaker, 10 intermediate speakers,
- and over forty novices. Dothraki, which was crafted specifically for __ series Game of Thrones,
- boasts seven intermediate speakers and around a hundred novices. For now, Garadálava has
- exactly one speaker: Fynn Schlemminger himself.
- However Esperanto is a notable exception: it’s estimated that the language has around
- some 1,000 native speakers, and many parents teach it to their children. TV series, movies,
- books, and especially the Internet have given invented languages a chance like never before.
- According to the BBC, Esperanto, which was created almost exactly 100 years ago, is currently
- experiencing a boost, mostly thanks to the language learning app Duolingo, and a highly
- engaged online community. Wikipedia is also available in this language.
- With the amount of time and effort it takes to learn a new language, it is rather unlikely
- that __ invented tongue will achieve world domination in the same way English has. But it is
- clear that there is rising interest in creating new languages. “Yes, there might be more of them
- in the future, or more people will try their hand at it,” said Carpenter.
Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-
Consider the following statements:
I. ‘an’ correctly fills in the blank of line 03.
II. In order to correctly fill in the blank of line 10, it should be used ‘a’.
III. In line 20, the blank should be filled with ‘the’.
Which ones are INCORRECT?
Instruction: Answer questions 31 to 35 based on the following text.
German student invents own language
- Fynn Schlemminger _____ exactly what he wanted to do for his A-levels special project:
- create a language from scratch. And that’s exactly what he did. The invented language is
- called Garadálava, and, according to its creator, it is unique. “The premise of creating
- Garadálava was to make it unlike any spoken language. I came up with a phonology people
- usually interpret as harsh or pointed, featuring some guttural sounds and a very unmelodious
- tone,” he explained.
- All languages are, to a point, constructed because they went through corrections and
- reforms over time. However, there is one main difference according to a professor of linguistics
- at Wellesley College. Angela Carpenter, who has been teaching a course on invented languages
- since 2010, said the main difference is that “an invented language originates in someone's
- mind and is developed and expanded upon mostly by that person. A natural language ______
- within a speech community, usually from another language, dialect or creole, over a period of
- time.”
- When Schlemminger began working on Garadálava, he started with a sketch, an idea of
- how the language should sound and feel like.
- “You begin with the more superficial things, the shape of the language so to speak, some
- basic words, a sound inventory, sentence order. After that you simply go into more detail and
- mostly rotate between making up words and grammar rules, until you are done,” he said to
- Euronews. To him, the experience of creating a language was not unlike making a sculpture,
- creating a work of art.
- “Inventing a language is a very creative process that also requires knowledge of linguistic
- structures to make it a viable language. Having to create your own language really ______
- you to understand linguistic structure and the complex nature of language communication,”
- explained Carpenter.
Fonte: adaptado de http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/25/from-klingon-to-dothraki-is-inventing-your-own-language-that-hard-
Consider sentences from the text; then analyse the following statements:
I. A possible synonym of ‘harsh’ (l. 05) is ‘rough’, considering the context of the sentence.
II. Considering the context, ‘who has been teaching’ (l.09) should be translated to ‘que têm ensinado’.
III. Although it has a gerund form, ‘having’ (l.22) is classified as an adjective.
Which ones are correct?
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