Questões de Concurso Sobre vocabulário | vocabulary em inglês

British troops move black rhinos to Malawi

British troops have helped to move a group of critically endangered black rhinos from South Africa to Malawi to protect them against poaching. Soldiers from the 2nd Battalion Royal Gurkha Rifles moved 17 of the animals, which are hunted for their horns, in the hope they can be better protected. They were transported by air and road from KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa to Liwonde National Park in Malawi.

The troops then spent three months training rangers to keep them safe. Major Jez England, the officer commanding the British Army counter-poaching team in Liwonde, said the operation had been “hugely successful”. “Not only do we share skills with the rangers, improving their efficiency and ability to patrol larger areas, but it also provides a unique opportunity for our soldiers to train in a challenging environment”, he said.

The UK government says it has committed more than £36m to tackle the illegal wildlife trade between 2014 and 2021. Part of this is to help support trans-boundary work to allow animals to move more safely between areas and across national borders.

(Site: BBC - adaptado.)

Read the text below and answer questions 35 to 40

1. A new study from archaeologists at University of Sydney and Simon
2. Fraser University in Vancouver, has provided important new evidence
3. to answer the question "Who exactly were the Anglo‐Saxons?" New
4. findings based on studying skeletal remains clearly indicate the Anglo‐
5. Saxons were a melting pot of people from both migrant and local
6. cultural groups and not one homogenous group from Western Europe.
7. Professor Keith Dobney said the team’s results indicate that "the
8. Anglo‐Saxon kingdoms of early Medieval Britain were strikingly similar
9. to contemporary Britain ‐‐ full of people of different ancestries sharing
10. a common language and culture." The collaborative study looked at the
11. three‐dimensional shape of the base of the skull. "Baased on this, we
12. collected 3D data from suitably dated skeletal collections from Britain
13. and Denmark, and then analysed the data to estimate the ancestry of
14. the Anglo‐Saxon individuals in the sample."
15. The researchers found that between two‐thirds and three‐quarters of
16. early Anglo‐Saxon individuals were of continental European ancestry,
17. while between a quarter and one‐third were of local ancestry. When
18. they looked at skeletons dated to the Middle Anglo‐Saxon period
19. (several hundred years after the original migrants arrived), they found
20. that 50 to 70 percent of the individuals were of local ancestry, while
21. 30 to 50 percent were of continental European ancestry, which
22. probably indicates a change in the rate of migration and/or local
23. adoption of culture over time. "These findings tell us that being Anglo‐
24. Saxon was more likely a matter of language and culture, not genetics."
25. Although Anglo‐Saxon origins can clearly be traced to a migration of
26. Germanic‐speaking people from mainland Europe between the 5th
27. and 7th centuries AD, the number of individuals who settled in Britain
28. is still contested, as is the nature of their relationship with the pre-
29. existing inhabitants of the British Isles, who were Romano‐Celts.
30. The ongoing and unresolved argument is whether hordes of European
31. invaders largely replaced the existing Romano‐British inhabitants, or
32. did smaller numbers of migrants settle and interact with the locals,
33. who then rapidly adopted the new language and culture of the Anglo‐
34. Saxons? "The reason for the ongoing confusion is the apparent
35. contradiction between early historical texts (written sometime after
36. the events that imply that the newcomers were both numerous and
37. replaced the Romano‐British population) and some recent
38. biomolecular markers directly recovered from Anglo‐Saxon skeletons
39. that appears to suggest numbers of immigrants were few," said
40. Professor Dobney. "Our new data sits at the interface of this debate
41. and implies that early Anglo‐Saxon society was a mix of both
42. newcomers and immigrants and, instead of wholesale population
43. replacement, a process of acculturation resulted in Anglo‐Saxon
44. language and culture being adopted wholesale by the local
45. population." "It could be this new cultural package was attractive,
46. filling a vacuum left at the end of the Roman occupation of Britain.
47. Whatever the reason, it lit the fuse for the English nation we have today
48. ‐‐ still comprised of people of different origins who share the same
49. language," Professor Dobney said.

Adapted from article available at:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210623144901.htm

Accessed on: July 13, 2021.

TEXTO 01

O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 01 a 08.

HEALTH CHECK

TAKE THIS CANCER QUIZ TO DETERMINE YOUR RISK OF DEVELOPING DISEASE - AS 1 IN 2 FACE DIAGNOSIS

(1º§) Around one in three cases of the most common cancers could be prevented by eating a healthy diet, keeping to a healthy weight and being more active, according to Macmillan Cancer Support.

(2º§) The following factors are asked about in the quiz.

Smoking

(3º§) At the top of the risk factor list, the WCRF says "not smoking is the best way to protect yourself from cancer".

Weight

(4º§) "Being a healthy weight is one of the most important ways ____ protect yourself against 12 types of cancer," the WCRF says. This includes bowel, kidney, womb and oesophagus cancer.

Exercise

(5º§) There is a reason exercise is encouraged - and not to just look fit.

(6º§) The WCRF says: "Being moderately active for at least 150 minutes or vigorously active for at least 75 minutes a week helps protect against three types of cancer. "Doing 45-60 minutes of moderate activity a day increases the benefit even more."

Fruit and veg

(7º§) You should aim to eat five portions of fruit and five of veg every day. "Fruit and vegetables can protect against cancers of the mouth and throat and digestive tract," WCRF says.

Wholegrains

(8º§) Wholegrain versions of carbohydrates not only help you keep a healthy weight, but have also been shown to reduce the risk of bowel cancer, the WCRF says. Generally it's important to eat a balanced diet as a way to prevent cancer.

Sugary drinks

(9º§) How many sugary drinks do you drink a week? This includes fizzy drinks, sugar-sweetened tea and coffee and squash. "Limiting sugar-sweetened drinks helps to prevent weight gain, which reduces your cancer risk," the WCRF says.

High fat and sugar foods

(10º§) Similarly to sugary drinks, consuming too much junk food will lead to weight gain - and weight gain is an independent cancer risk factor.

(11º§) It doesn't mean you can never have your favourite chocolate bar, cake or crisps. But it's about simple daily swaps. The WCRF suggests swapping a whole chocolate bar for a small piece of chocolate and a piece of fruit, for example.

Red and processed meats

(12º§) A diet abundant in red meat, like beef, lamb and pork, should be avoided. Similarly processed meats, such as bacon, sausages and ham, shouldn't be consumed ____ much. Both are linked to bowel cancer risk.

(13º§) "Limiting your intake [of red meat] to no more than three portions a week (350-500g cooked weight) can protect against bowel cancer," the WCRF says.

Alcohol

(14º§) The best way to avoid this risk would be to stop drinking at all.

(15º§) But if you do like a tipple, stick to the guidelines of no more than 14 units a week - equivalent to around four to five pints of beer or large glasses of wine.

Sun exposure

(16º§) Do you go the extra measure to protect yourself ____ the sun?

(17º§) We're talking suncream used regularly, avoiding the sun between 11am and 3pm, wearing a hat and sunglasses and avoiding sunbeds. "By not using sun beds and protecting yourself from sun exposure, you'll reduce your risk of skin cancers," the WCRF says.

https://www.thesun.co.uk/health/15912985/cancer-quiz-determine-risk/

Leia o texto para responder às questões de números 43 a 46.

In 1972 a British linguist, D. A. Wilkins, proposed a functional or communicative definition of language that could serve as a basis for developing communicative syllabuses for language teaching. Wilkins’s contribution was an analysis of the communicative meanings that a language learner needs to understand and express. Rather than describe the core of language through traditional concepts of grammar and vocabulary, Wilkins attempted to demonstrate the systems of meanings that lay behind the communicative uses of language. He described two types of meanings: notional categories (concepts such as time, sequence, quantity, location) and categories of communicative function (requests, denials, offers, complaints).

Proponents of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) see it as an approach that aims to (a) make communicative competence the goal of language teaching and (b) develop procedures for the teaching of language skills that acknowledge the interdependence of language and communication. Its comprehensiveness thus makes it different in scope and status from any of the earlier traditions in language teaching. There is no single text or authority on it, nor any single model that is universally accepted as authoritative. What is essential in all of them is that at least two parties are involved in an interaction of some kind where one party has an intention and the other party expands or reacts to the intention.

(RICHARDS, J.C. & RODGERS,T. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. Adaptado)