Questões de Concurso Comentadas para professor - inglês

A instituição escolar em tempos de intolerância
Conceituar a educação como bem de consumo ajuda a promover uma mentalidade consumista em seus usuários, professorado e alunado; estimula-os a abraçarem o trabalho escolar e as ofertas de formação pensando como consumidores, ou seja, em seu valor de intercâmbio com o mercado ou nos benefícios que podem auferir ao cursarem uma disciplina, especialidade ou titulação. A instituição escolar aparece como imprescindível somente enquanto proporcionadora de recursos para se obterem, no dia de amanhã, benefícios estritamente privados, visando ao enriquecimento a título individual.
Contudo, ao mesmo tempo que se produz esta aposta na mercantilização do sistema educativo, surgem diagnósticos acerca da degradação das sociedades atuais, da decadência moral, violência e egoísmo das pessoas que habitam os países desenvolvidos. Vivemos uma época que algumas pessoas, bem como grupos sociais, definem como de pânico moral; para alguns grupos, a educação é responsável por tudo e, ao mesmo tempo, quase todo mundo a considera tábua de salvação capaz de nos conduzir a um futuro social diferente.
Uma população atemorizada, que vive em situação de pânico moral, surge da constatação de que aquilo que até determinado momento eram ideais compartilhados, estilos de vida que serviam de modelo e parâmetros de avaliação da convivência e do modo de viver de uma comunidade, está sendo destruído. Insegurança e medo do desconhecido se convertem em pânico à medida que alguns meios de comunicação amplificam os delitos cometidos pelas pessoas, especialmente as de determinados grupos sociais – que são absolutamente rotuladas como perigosas. Assim, algumas etnias minoritárias – como a cigana, os imigrantes marroquinos ou nigerianos, ou grupos juvenis específicos, como os punks, cabeças raspadas, roqueiros, hooligans etc. – acabam convertendo-se nos principais inimigos da sociedade e acusadas de toda a violência que existe em nosso entorno, devido à forma como os meios de comunicação de massa relatam suas ações, destacando-as, normalmente, com exagero. Dessa maneira, gera-se na sociedade uma forte hostilidade contra estes grupos sociais marginalizados, vistos como ameaça à paz social, capazes de destruir o mundo de valores hegemônicos e de levarem os cidadãos a submergirem em um ambiente de caos e destruição.
SANTOMÉ, Jurjo Torres. A instituição escolar em tempos de intolerância. TEIAS: Revista da Faculdade de Educação / UERJ – n. 3, jun. 2001.
O texto pertence gênero artigo, por isso, nele é defendido um ponto de vista, através de sequências predominantemente:

A instituição escolar em tempos de intolerância
Conceituar a educação como bem de consumo ajuda a promover uma mentalidade consumista em seus usuários, professorado e alunado; estimula-os a abraçarem o trabalho escolar e as ofertas de formação pensando como consumidores, ou seja, em seu valor de intercâmbio com o mercado ou nos benefícios que podem auferir ao cursarem uma disciplina, especialidade ou titulação. A instituição escolar aparece como imprescindível somente enquanto proporcionadora de recursos para se obterem, no dia de amanhã, benefícios estritamente privados, visando ao enriquecimento a título individual.
Contudo, ao mesmo tempo que se produz esta aposta na mercantilização do sistema educativo, surgem diagnósticos acerca da degradação das sociedades atuais, da decadência moral, violência e egoísmo das pessoas que habitam os países desenvolvidos. Vivemos uma época que algumas pessoas, bem como grupos sociais, definem como de pânico moral; para alguns grupos, a educação é responsável por tudo e, ao mesmo tempo, quase todo mundo a considera tábua de salvação capaz de nos conduzir a um futuro social diferente.
Uma população atemorizada, que vive em situação de pânico moral, surge da constatação de que aquilo que até determinado momento eram ideais compartilhados, estilos de vida que serviam de modelo e parâmetros de avaliação da convivência e do modo de viver de uma comunidade, está sendo destruído. Insegurança e medo do desconhecido se convertem em pânico à medida que alguns meios de comunicação amplificam os delitos cometidos pelas pessoas, especialmente as de determinados grupos sociais – que são absolutamente rotuladas como perigosas. Assim, algumas etnias minoritárias – como a cigana, os imigrantes marroquinos ou nigerianos, ou grupos juvenis específicos, como os punks, cabeças raspadas, roqueiros, hooligans etc. – acabam convertendo-se nos principais inimigos da sociedade e acusadas de toda a violência que existe em nosso entorno, devido à forma como os meios de comunicação de massa relatam suas ações, destacando-as, normalmente, com exagero. Dessa maneira, gera-se na sociedade uma forte hostilidade contra estes grupos sociais marginalizados, vistos como ameaça à paz social, capazes de destruir o mundo de valores hegemônicos e de levarem os cidadãos a submergirem em um ambiente de caos e destruição.
SANTOMÉ, Jurjo Torres. A instituição escolar em tempos de intolerância. TEIAS: Revista da Faculdade de Educação / UERJ – n. 3, jun. 2001.
A “mentalidade consumista” entre professores e alunos, é resultado, segundo o autor:

A instituição escolar em tempos de intolerância
Conceituar a educação como bem de consumo ajuda a promover uma mentalidade consumista em seus usuários, professorado e alunado; estimula-os a abraçarem o trabalho escolar e as ofertas de formação pensando como consumidores, ou seja, em seu valor de intercâmbio com o mercado ou nos benefícios que podem auferir ao cursarem uma disciplina, especialidade ou titulação. A instituição escolar aparece como imprescindível somente enquanto proporcionadora de recursos para se obterem, no dia de amanhã, benefícios estritamente privados, visando ao enriquecimento a título individual.
Contudo, ao mesmo tempo que se produz esta aposta na mercantilização do sistema educativo, surgem diagnósticos acerca da degradação das sociedades atuais, da decadência moral, violência e egoísmo das pessoas que habitam os países desenvolvidos. Vivemos uma época que algumas pessoas, bem como grupos sociais, definem como de pânico moral; para alguns grupos, a educação é responsável por tudo e, ao mesmo tempo, quase todo mundo a considera tábua de salvação capaz de nos conduzir a um futuro social diferente.
Uma população atemorizada, que vive em situação de pânico moral, surge da constatação de que aquilo que até determinado momento eram ideais compartilhados, estilos de vida que serviam de modelo e parâmetros de avaliação da convivência e do modo de viver de uma comunidade, está sendo destruído. Insegurança e medo do desconhecido se convertem em pânico à medida que alguns meios de comunicação amplificam os delitos cometidos pelas pessoas, especialmente as de determinados grupos sociais – que são absolutamente rotuladas como perigosas. Assim, algumas etnias minoritárias – como a cigana, os imigrantes marroquinos ou nigerianos, ou grupos juvenis específicos, como os punks, cabeças raspadas, roqueiros, hooligans etc. – acabam convertendo-se nos principais inimigos da sociedade e acusadas de toda a violência que existe em nosso entorno, devido à forma como os meios de comunicação de massa relatam suas ações, destacando-as, normalmente, com exagero. Dessa maneira, gera-se na sociedade uma forte hostilidade contra estes grupos sociais marginalizados, vistos como ameaça à paz social, capazes de destruir o mundo de valores hegemônicos e de levarem os cidadãos a submergirem em um ambiente de caos e destruição.
SANTOMÉ, Jurjo Torres. A instituição escolar em tempos de intolerância. TEIAS: Revista da Faculdade de Educação / UERJ – n. 3, jun. 2001.
O tempo verbal empregado no texto é coerente com o gênero textual a que pertence. Analisando-se tal aspecto na construção das suas sequências, pode-se perceber a recorrência do:

A professora Kátia tem como referência a tendência pedagógica sócio-histórico e crítica da Didática, por nortear o PPP, construído coletivamente. Nele são ressaltados dois aspectos da interação professor-aluno no trabalho docente: o aspecto cognoscitivo e o aspecto sócio-emocional. O aspecto cognoscitivo diz respeito: 

A instituição escolar em tempos de intolerância
Conceituar a educação como bem de consumo ajuda a promover uma mentalidade consumista em seus usuários, professorado e alunado; estimula-os a abraçarem o trabalho escolar e as ofertas de formação pensando como consumidores, ou seja, em seu valor de intercâmbio com o mercado ou nos benefícios que podem auferir ao cursarem uma disciplina,  especialidade ou titulação. A instituição escolar aparece como imprescindível somente enquanto proporcionadora de recursos para se obterem, no dia de amanhã, benefícios estritamente privados, visando ao enriquecimento a título individual.
Contudo, ao mesmo tempo que se produz esta aposta na mercantilização do sistema educativo, surgem diagnósticos acerca da degradação das sociedades atuais, da decadência moral, violência e egoísmo das pessoas que habitam os países desenvolvidos. Vivemos uma época que algumas pessoas, bem como grupos sociais, definem como de pânico moral; para alguns grupos, a educação é responsável por tudo e, ao mesmo tempo, quase todo mundo a considera tábua de salvação capaz de nos conduzir a um futuro social diferente.
Uma população atemorizada, que vive em situação de pânico moral, surge da constatação de que aquilo que até determinado momento eram ideais compartilhados, estilos de vida que serviam de modelo e parâmetros de avaliação da convivência e do modo de viver de uma comunidade, está sendo destruído. Insegurança e medo do desconhecido se convertem em pânico à medida que alguns meios de comunicação amplificam os delitos cometidos pelas pessoas, especialmente as de determinados grupos sociais – que são absolutamente rotuladas como perigosas. Assim, algumas etnias minoritárias – como a cigana, os imigrantes marroquinos ou nigerianos, ou grupos juvenis específicos, como os punks, cabeças raspadas, roqueiros, hooligans etc. – acabam convertendo-se nos principais inimigos da sociedade e acusadas de toda a violência que existe em nosso entorno, devido à forma como os meios de comunicação de massa relatam suas ações, destacando-as, normalmente, com exagero. Dessa maneira, gera-se na sociedade uma forte hostilidade contra estes grupos sociais marginalizados, vistos como ameaça à paz social, capazes de destruir o mundo de valores hegemônicos e de levarem os cidadãos a submergirem em um ambiente de caos e destruição.
SANTOMÉ, Jurjo Torres. A instituição escolar em tempos de intolerância. TEIAS: Revista da Faculdade de Educação / UERJ – n. 3, jun. 2001.
O autor do texto é doutor em Pedagogia e catedrático de Didática e Organização Escolar da Universidade da Corunha, na Espanha, e, portanto, pesquisador de temas e problemas da área de Educação. Neste texto, interessa-lhe, principalmente, destacar:

Read this text, taken from a site named My Read: Strategies for teaching reading in the middle years, which supports teachers of underperforming students.      All students can be successful readers    Reading is a complex and challenging process. Yet for all but the 5 - 10% of students who have intellectual, sensory or learning disabilities the issue is one of underperformance rather than ability. For the majority of students reaching the middle years of school, recurrent experience of failure and negative perceptions about themselves as readers will be major obstacles to learning. For these students, performance in reading is likely to be a consequence of a well-learned selfpreservation strategy of non-engagement. 
Underperforming middle years readers must first be motivated to engage and re-engage with texts. Specific reading skills can only develop as an outcome of that engagement. Engagement is an interactive process. It requires teachers to have a close knowledge of students and their reading, and so be able both to provide sufficiently challenging learning experiences as well as the necessary support for those experiences to ensure successful learning. Student engagement can only occur as they recognise that they can be successful partners in this process. 
(http://www.myread.org/BELIEFS.HTM. Accessed on March 2nd, 2013.) 
Read the sentence: “It requires teachers to have a close knowledge of students and their reading, and so be able both to provide sufficiently challenging learning experiences as well as the necessary support for those experiences to ensure successful learning.” The pronoun ‘their’ here refers to 

How can we explain “will” in the following context: “If he sticks to his word about there being no plan B, the bilateral ceasefire will be lifted and the war will resume, our correspondent says.” 

Read the BBC news and choose the right statement:
The deal was signed last week by President Juan Manuel Santos and Farc leader Timoleon Jimenez after nearly four years of negotiations. But it needed to be ratified by Colombians in order to come into force. Farc rebels had agreed to lay down their weapons after 52 years of conflict to join the political process. President Santos has previously warned that there is no plan B for ending the war, which has killed 260,000 people. With votes in from more than 99% of polling stations counted, 50.2% opposed the accord while 49.8% supported it - a difference of less than 63,000 votes out of 13 million ballots. Turnout was low at less than 40%. The surprise result means the peace process is now shrouded by uncertainty. It is a major setback to President Juan Manuel Santos, who since his election in 2010 had pledged to end a conflict blamed for displacing about eight million people. Less than a week ago, President Santos was celebrating with world leaders and Farc commanders the end of Latin America's last and longest-running armed conflict at a ceremony in the historic city of Cartagena. The rebels were making plans to lay down their weapons and become a political party within six months. But the president is now facing one of the most difficult moments in Colombia's recent history. If he sticks to his word about there being no plan B, the bilateral ceasefire will be lifted and the war will resume, our correspondent says. Opposition to the peace accord was led by influential former President Alvaro Uribe. He argued that the government was treating Farc too leniently. He said that if the 'no' vote prevailed, the government should go back to the negotiating table. Correspondents say that the government had been accused of taking victory for granted. 

Choose the best synonym to “shroud” in the following context “The surprise result means the peace process is now shrouded by uncertainty.” 

TEXT 2 The taxi, an old Rover smelling of old cigarette smoke, trundled along the empty, country road at an unhurried pace. It was early afternoon at the very end of February, a magic winter day of bitter cold, frost, and pale, cloudless skies. The sun shone, sending long shadows, but there was little warmth in it, and the ploughed fields lay hard as iron. From the chimneys of scattered farmhouses and small stone cottages, smoke rose, straight as columns, up into the still air, and flocks of sheep, heavy with wool and incipient pregnancy, gathered around feeding troughs, stuffed with hay. Sitting in the back of the taxi, gazing through the dusty window, Penelope Keeling decided that she had never seen the familiar countryside look so beautiful. The road curved steeply; ahead stood the wooden signpost marking the lane that led to Temple Pudley. The driver slowed and with a painful change of gear, turned, bumping downhill between high and blinding hedges. Moments later they were in the village, with its golden Cotswold stone houses, newsagent butcher, the Sudeley Arms, and the church – set back from the street behind an ancient graveyard and the dark foliage of some suitably gloomy yews. There were few people about. The children were all in school, and the bitter weather kept others indoors. Only an old man, mittened and scarved, walked his ancient dog. “Which house is it?” the taxi driver inquired over his shoulder. She leaned forward, ridiculously excited and expectant. “Just a little way on. Through the village. The white gates on the right. They’re open. There! Here we are.” He turned in through the gates and the car drew up at the back of the house. She opened the door and got out, drawing her dark blue cape around her against the cold. She opened her bag and found her key, went to unlock the door. Behind her, the taxi driver manhandled open the boot of the car and lifted out her small suitcase. She turned to take it from him, but he held on to it, somewhat concerned. “is there nobody here to meet you?” “No. Nobody. I live alone, and everybody thinks I’m still in the hospital.” “Be all right, will you?” She smiled into his kindly face. He was quite young, with fair bushy hair. “Of course.” He hesitated, not wishing to presume. ‘If you want, I’ll carry the case in. Carry it upstairs, if needs be.’ “Oh, that’s kind of you. But I can easily manage…” “No bother.” He told her, and followed her into the kitchen. She opened the door, and led him up the narrow, cottage stairs. Everything smelt clinically clean. Mrs. Plackett, bless her heart, had not been wasting time during the few days of Penelope’s absence. She quite liked it when Penelope went away, because then she could do things like wash the white paint of the bannisters, and boil dusters, and buff up the brass and silver. Her bedroom door stood ajar. She went in, and the young man followed her, setting her case on the floor. “Anything else I can do?” he asked. “Not a thing. Now, how much do I owe you?” He told her, looking shamefaced, as though it were an embarrassment to him. She paid him, and told him to keep the change. He thanked her, and they went back down the stairs. But still he hung about, seeming reluctant to leave. He probably, she told herself, had some old granny, of his own, for whom he felt the same sort of responsibility. “You’ll be all right, then?” “I promise you. And tomorrow my friend Mrs. Plackett will come. So then I won’t be alone anymore.” This, for some reason, reassured him. “I’ll be off then.’” “No trouble.” PILCHER, Rosamund. The shell seekers. London: Coronet Books, Hodder and Stoughton,1989. p. 9-11.
In the phrase “Only an old man, mittened and scarved”, the two words “mittened” and “scarved” are

Check the correct answer to fill in the blanks.
My mother ____ already ____ ten books.

TEXT 2 The taxi, an old Rover smelling of old cigarette smoke, trundled along the empty, country road at an unhurried pace. It was early afternoon at the very end of February, a magic winter day of bitter cold, frost, and pale, cloudless skies. The sun shone, sending long shadows, but there was little warmth in it, and the ploughed fields lay hard as iron. From the chimneys of scattered farmhouses and small stone cottages, smoke rose, straight as columns, up into the still air, and flocks of sheep, heavy with wool and incipient pregnancy, gathered around feeding troughs, stuffed with hay. Sitting in the back of the taxi, gazing through the dusty window, Penelope Keeling decided that she had never seen the familiar countryside look so beautiful. The road curved steeply; ahead stood the wooden signpost marking the lane that led to Temple Pudley. The driver slowed and with a painful change of gear, turned, bumping downhill between high and blinding hedges. Moments later they were in the village, with its golden Cotswold stone houses, newsagent butcher, the Sudeley Arms, and the church – set back from the street behind an ancient graveyard and the dark foliage of some suitably gloomy yews. There were few people about. The children were all in school, and the bitter weather kept others indoors. Only an old man, mittened and scarved, walked his ancient dog. “Which house is it?” the taxi driver inquired over his shoulder. She leaned forward, ridiculously excited and expectant. “Just a little way on. Through the village. The white gates on the right. They’re open. There! Here we are.” He turned in through the gates and the car drew up at the back of the house. She opened the door and got out, drawing her dark blue cape around her against the cold. She opened her bag and found her key, went to unlock the door. Behind her, the taxi driver manhandled open the boot of the car and lifted out her small suitcase. She turned to take it from him, but he held on to it, somewhat concerned. “is there nobody here to meet you?” “No. Nobody. I live alone, and everybody thinks I’m still in the hospital.” “Be all right, will you?” She smiled into his kindly face. He was quite young, with fair bushy hair. “Of course.” He hesitated, not wishing to presume. ‘If you want, I’ll carry the case in. Carry it upstairs, if needs be.’ “Oh, that’s kind of you. But I can easily manage…” “No bother.” He told her, and followed her into the kitchen. She opened the door, and led him up the narrow, cottage stairs. Everything smelt clinically clean. Mrs. Plackett, bless her heart, had not been wasting time during the few days of Penelope’s absence. She quite liked it when Penelope went away, because then she could do things like wash the white paint of the bannisters, and boil dusters, and buff up the brass and silver. Her bedroom door stood ajar. She went in, and the young man followed her, setting her case on the floor. “Anything else I can do?” he asked. “Not a thing. Now, how much do I owe you?” He told her, looking shamefaced, as though it were an embarrassment to him. She paid him, and told him to keep the change. He thanked her, and they went back down the stairs. But still he hung about, seeming reluctant to leave. He probably, she told herself, had some old granny, of his own, for whom he felt the same sort of responsibility. “You’ll be all right, then?” “I promise you. And tomorrow my friend Mrs. Plackett will come. So then I won’t be alone anymore.” This, for some reason, reassured him. “I’ll be off then.’” “No trouble.” PILCHER, Rosamund. The shell seekers. London: Coronet Books, Hodder and Stoughton,1989. p. 9-11.
In the phrase “for whom he felt the same sort of responsibility.”, the pronoun “whom” refers to the

TEXT 2 The taxi, an old Rover smelling of old cigarette smoke, trundled along the empty, country road at an unhurried pace. It was early afternoon at the very end of February, a magic winter day of bitter cold, frost, and pale, cloudless skies. The sun shone, sending long shadows, but there was little warmth in it, and the ploughed fields lay hard as iron. From the chimneys of scattered farmhouses and small stone cottages, smoke rose, straight as columns, up into the still air, and flocks of sheep, heavy with wool and incipient pregnancy, gathered around feeding troughs, stuffed with hay. Sitting in the back of the taxi, gazing through the dusty window, Penelope Keeling decided that she had never seen the familiar countryside look so beautiful. The road curved steeply; ahead stood the wooden signpost marking the lane that led to Temple Pudley. The driver slowed and with a painful change of gear, turned, bumping downhill between high and blinding hedges. Moments later they were in the village, with its golden Cotswold stone houses, newsagent butcher, the Sudeley Arms, and the church – set back from the street behind an ancient graveyard and the dark foliage of some suitably gloomy yews. There were few people about. The children were all in school, and the bitter weather kept others indoors. Only an old man, mittened and scarved, walked his ancient dog. “Which house is it?” the taxi driver inquired over his shoulder. She leaned forward, ridiculously excited and expectant. “Just a little way on. Through the village. The white gates on the right. They’re open. There! Here we are.” He turned in through the gates and the car drew up at the back of the house. She opened the door and got out, drawing her dark blue cape around her against the cold. She opened her bag and found her key, went to unlock the door. Behind her, the taxi driver manhandled open the boot of the car and lifted out her small suitcase. She turned to take it from him, but he held on to it, somewhat concerned. “is there nobody here to meet you?” “No. Nobody. I live alone, and everybody thinks I’m still in the hospital.” “Be all right, will you?” She smiled into his kindly face. He was quite young, with fair bushy hair. “Of course.” He hesitated, not wishing to presume. ‘If you want, I’ll carry the case in. Carry it upstairs, if needs be.’ “Oh, that’s kind of you. But I can easily manage…” “No bother.” He told her, and followed her into the kitchen. She opened the door, and led him up the narrow, cottage stairs. Everything smelt clinically clean. Mrs. Plackett, bless her heart, had not been wasting time during the few days of Penelope’s absence. She quite liked it when Penelope went away, because then she could do things like wash the white paint of the bannisters, and boil dusters, and buff up the brass and silver. Her bedroom door stood ajar. She went in, and the young man followed her, setting her case on the floor. “Anything else I can do?” he asked. “Not a thing. Now, how much do I owe you?” He told her, looking shamefaced, as though it were an embarrassment to him. She paid him, and told him to keep the change. He thanked her, and they went back down the stairs. But still he hung about, seeming reluctant to leave. He probably, she told herself, had some old granny, of his own, for whom he felt the same sort of responsibility. “You’ll be all right, then?” “I promise you. And tomorrow my friend Mrs. Plackett will come. So then I won’t be alone anymore.” This, for some reason, reassured him. “I’ll be off then.’” “No trouble.” PILCHER, Rosamund. The shell seekers. London: Coronet Books, Hodder and Stoughton,1989. p. 9-11.
The sentence “No. Nobody. I live alone, and everybody thinks I’m still in the hospital.”, if reported will read as:

TEXT 2 The taxi, an old Rover smelling of old cigarette smoke, trundled along the empty, country road at an unhurried pace. It was early afternoon at the very end of February, a magic winter day of bitter cold, frost, and pale, cloudless skies. The sun shone, sending long shadows, but there was little warmth in it, and the ploughed fields lay hard as iron. From the chimneys of scattered farmhouses and small stone cottages, smoke rose, straight as columns, up into the still air, and flocks of sheep, heavy with wool and incipient pregnancy, gathered around feeding troughs, stuffed with hay. Sitting in the back of the taxi, gazing through the dusty window, Penelope Keeling decided that she had never seen the familiar countryside look so beautiful. The road curved steeply; ahead stood the wooden signpost marking the lane that led to Temple Pudley. The driver slowed and with a painful change of gear, turned, bumping downhill between high and blinding hedges. Moments later they were in the village, with its golden Cotswold stone houses, newsagent butcher, the Sudeley Arms, and the church – set back from the street behind an ancient graveyard and the dark foliage of some suitably gloomy yews. There were few people about. The children were all in school, and the bitter weather kept others indoors. Only an old man, mittened and scarved, walked his ancient dog. “Which house is it?” the taxi driver inquired over his shoulder. She leaned forward, ridiculously excited and expectant. “Just a little way on. Through the village. The white gates on the right. They’re open. There! Here we are.” He turned in through the gates and the car drew up at the back of the house. She opened the door and got out, drawing her dark blue cape around her against the cold. She opened her bag and found her key, went to unlock the door. Behind her, the taxi driver manhandled open the boot of the car and lifted out her small suitcase. She turned to take it from him, but he held on to it, somewhat concerned. “is there nobody here to meet you?” “No. Nobody. I live alone, and everybody thinks I’m still in the hospital.” “Be all right, will you?” She smiled into his kindly face. He was quite young, with fair bushy hair. “Of course.” He hesitated, not wishing to presume. ‘If you want, I’ll carry the case in. Carry it upstairs, if needs be.’ “Oh, that’s kind of you. But I can easily manage…” “No bother.” He told her, and followed her into the kitchen. She opened the door, and led him up the narrow, cottage stairs. Everything smelt clinically clean. Mrs. Plackett, bless her heart, had not been wasting time during the few days of Penelope’s absence. She quite liked it when Penelope went away, because then she could do things like wash the white paint of the bannisters, and boil dusters, and buff up the brass and silver. Her bedroom door stood ajar. She went in, and the young man followed her, setting her case on the floor. “Anything else I can do?” he asked. “Not a thing. Now, how much do I owe you?” He told her, looking shamefaced, as though it were an embarrassment to him. She paid him, and told him to keep the change. He thanked her, and they went back down the stairs. But still he hung about, seeming reluctant to leave. He probably, she told herself, had some old granny, of his own, for whom he felt the same sort of responsibility. “You’ll be all right, then?” “I promise you. And tomorrow my friend Mrs. Plackett will come. So then I won’t be alone anymore.” This, for some reason, reassured him. “I’ll be off then.’” “No trouble.” PILCHER, Rosamund. The shell seekers. London: Coronet Books, Hodder and Stoughton,1989. p. 9-11.
In the sentence “The taxi, an old Rover smelling of old cigarette smoke, trundled along the empty, country road at an unhurried pace”, the words “empty” and “country” are used as

De acordo com Vygotsky:

TEXT 2 The taxi, an old Rover smelling of old cigarette smoke, trundled along the empty, country road at an unhurried pace. It was early afternoon at the very end of February, a magic winter day of bitter cold, frost, and pale, cloudless skies. The sun shone, sending long shadows, but there was little warmth in it, and the ploughed fields lay hard as iron. From the chimneys of scattered farmhouses and small stone cottages, smoke rose, straight as columns, up into the still air, and flocks of sheep, heavy with wool and incipient pregnancy, gathered around feeding troughs, stuffed with hay. Sitting in the back of the taxi, gazing through the dusty window, Penelope Keeling decided that she had never seen the familiar countryside look so beautiful. The road curved steeply; ahead stood the wooden signpost marking the lane that led to Temple Pudley. The driver slowed and with a painful change of gear, turned, bumping downhill between high and blinding hedges. Moments later they were in the village, with its golden Cotswold stone houses, newsagent butcher, the Sudeley Arms, and the church – set back from the street behind an ancient graveyard and the dark foliage of some suitably gloomy yews. There were few people about. The children were all in school, and the bitter weather kept others indoors. Only an old man, mittened and scarved, walked his ancient dog. “Which house is it?” the taxi driver inquired over his shoulder. She leaned forward, ridiculously excited and expectant. “Just a little way on. Through the village. The white gates on the right. They’re open. There! Here we are.” He turned in through the gates and the car drew up at the back of the house. She opened the door and got out, drawing her dark blue cape around her against the cold. She opened her bag and found her key, went to unlock the door. Behind her, the taxi driver manhandled open the boot of the car and lifted out her small suitcase. She turned to take it from him, but he held on to it, somewhat concerned. “is there nobody here to meet you?” “No. Nobody. I live alone, and everybody thinks I’m still in the hospital.” “Be all right, will you?” She smiled into his kindly face. He was quite young, with fair bushy hair. “Of course.” He hesitated, not wishing to presume. ‘If you want, I’ll carry the case in. Carry it upstairs, if needs be.’ “Oh, that’s kind of you. But I can easily manage…” “No bother.” He told her, and followed her into the kitchen. She opened the door, and led him up the narrow, cottage stairs. Everything smelt clinically clean. Mrs. Plackett, bless her heart, had not been wasting time during the few days of Penelope’s absence. She quite liked it when Penelope went away, because then she could do things like wash the white paint of the bannisters, and boil dusters, and buff up the brass and silver. Her bedroom door stood ajar. She went in, and the young man followed her, setting her case on the floor. “Anything else I can do?” he asked. “Not a thing. Now, how much do I owe you?” He told her, looking shamefaced, as though it were an embarrassment to him. She paid him, and told him to keep the change. He thanked her, and they went back down the stairs. But still he hung about, seeming reluctant to leave. He probably, she told herself, had some old granny, of his own, for whom he felt the same sort of responsibility. “You’ll be all right, then?” “I promise you. And tomorrow my friend Mrs. Plackett will come. So then I won’t be alone anymore.” This, for some reason, reassured him. “I’ll be off then.’” “No trouble.” PILCHER, Rosamund. The shell seekers. London: Coronet Books, Hodder and Stoughton,1989. p. 9-11.

The taxi driver learnt during their conversation that the narrator was

Vygotsky rejeitou a ideia de funções fundamentais fixas e imutáveis, “trabalhando com a noção do cérebro como um sistema aberto, de grande plasticidade, cuja estrutura e modos de funcionamento são moldados ao longo da história da espécie e do desenvolvimento individual”. Para ele, o cérebro é formado por sistemas funcionais complexos, isto é: 
I. As funções não se localizam em pontos específicos, mas se organizam a partir da ação de diversos elementos que atuam de forma articulada.  II. O cérebro tem uma estrutura básica, resultante da evolução da espécie, que cada membro traz consigo ao nascer.  III. A estrutura cerebral pode ser articulada de diferentes formas pelo sujeito, isto é, um mesmo problema pode ser solucionado de diferentes formas e mobilizar a mesma parte do cérebro. 
Estão corretas as afirmativas

Read the text below and answer the question:
To exercise or not to exercise ...
Are more young people overweight than in the past and do they exercise enough? We decided to ask four young people what they thought about this problem.
1- HEATHEROHURUOGU, aged 14 from Leeds, tells us what she thinks about keeping fit.   “I know there have been a lot of stories in newspapers about how fat young people are getting, but we're not all sitting at home at a computer eating crisps and chocolate. Some of us do actually realise that keeping fit is quite important. If anybody should be blamed, I think schools and parents are the problem. At my school we have fewer hours of PE lessons than we used to have. The school has decided we need to spend more time preparing for our exams. My mum and dad trust me to take a bus home if I stay late at school for hockey training, but my friend Carly can't come because her parents work and they are worried about her travelling alone.”
2- OLIVER MCKENNA, aged 15, Edinburgh, sees things differently.
“I don't like organised sport or spending my time with guys skateboarding. I love computers – programming them, playing games on them, surfing the Internet and in my free time that's what I do. It's true that I do need to lose some weight, though. Next week, Mum's taking me to a doctor so we can ask about going on a diet. Dad wants me to join the gym he goes to, but I think it's a bit boring working out all the time. In fact, there's a computer game now called Wii. I'm thinking of getting it because you actually do the actions of the games – you know, things like swinging your arm to hit the ball in tennis. That'd be a good way to get some exercise!”
3- REECEWILKINS, aged 13, Swansea, has another view.
“I'm an active person and so are most of my friends. We all like to spend some time on our Nintendos, PlayStations or whatever – all young people enjoy computer games – but we also belong to football teams or some kind of sports club. We don't have to make an effort to be fit – young people like active games. No, our problem is that we eat too much rubbish. In fact, we drink a lot of bad things – sweet, fizzy drinks which are full of sugar and very unhealthy. Also, we all love fast food and often eat hamburgers and chips. If we ate better, I think most of us would lose the extra weight we have.”

4- HANK DARROW, aged 14, London, shares his opinions with us.
“I've spent the last four years trying to lose weight, and it hasn't been easy. My problem started when I was a baby – it wasn't really my fault. You see, I wasn't very interested in food, and so my mum made all kinds of delicious things to get me to eat. Of course, all those tasty foods were very fattening. My mum used to carry a bowl of food everywhere we went and would follow me around the house or playground trying to get me to eat just one more bite. Well, I got used to eating constantly and, by the time we all realised that I had gained too much weight, the damage had been done. Now I follow a special diet – it was hard at first, but once I got used to it, I actually like it.And I look and feel so much better – I don't want to go back to the way I was.”
Taken from: CHAPMAN, Joanne. Laser B1 +. Teacher's book. Macmillan, 2008.
In the sentence: “Some of us do actually realise that keeping fit is quite important” (Heather's opinion), ACTUALLY means:

Read the text below and answer the question:
To exercise or not to exercise ...
Are more young people overweight than in the past and do they exercise enough? We decided to ask four young people what they thought about this problem.
1- HEATHEROHURUOGU, aged 14 from Leeds, tells us what she thinks about keeping fit.   “I know there have been a lot of stories in newspapers about how fat young people are getting, but we're not all sitting at home at a computer eating crisps and chocolate. Some of us do actually realise that keeping fit is quite important. If anybody should be blamed, I think schools and parents are the problem. At my school we have fewer hours of PE lessons than we used to have. The school has decided we need to spend more time preparing for our exams. My mum and dad trust me to take a bus home if I stay late at school for hockey training, but my friend Carly can't come because her parents work and they are worried about her travelling alone.”
2- OLIVER MCKENNA, aged 15, Edinburgh, sees things differently.
“I don't like organised sport or spending my time with guys skateboarding. I love computers – programming them, playing games on them, surfing the Internet and in my free time that's what I do. It's true that I do need to lose some weight, though. Next week, Mum's taking me to a doctor so we can ask about going on a diet. Dad wants me to join the gym he goes to, but I think it's a bit boring working out all the time. In fact, there's a computer game now called Wii. I'm thinking of getting it because you actually do the actions of the games – you know, things like swinging your arm to hit the ball in tennis. That'd be a good way to get some exercise!”
3- REECEWILKINS, aged 13, Swansea, has another view.
“I'm an active person and so are most of my friends. We all like to spend some time on our Nintendos, PlayStations or whatever – all young people enjoy computer games – but we also belong to football teams or some kind of sports club. We don't have to make an effort to be fit – young people like active games. No, our problem is that we eat too much rubbish. In fact, we drink a lot of bad things – sweet, fizzy drinks which are full of sugar and very unhealthy. Also, we all love fast food and often eat hamburgers and chips. If we ate better, I think most of us would lose the extra weight we have.”

4- HANK DARROW, aged 14, London, shares his opinions with us.
“I've spent the last four years trying to lose weight, and it hasn't been easy. My problem started when I was a baby – it wasn't really my fault. You see, I wasn't very interested in food, and so my mum made all kinds of delicious things to get me to eat. Of course, all those tasty foods were very fattening. My mum used to carry a bowl of food everywhere we went and would follow me around the house or playground trying to get me to eat just one more bite. Well, I got used to eating constantly and, by the time we all realised that I had gained too much weight, the damage had been done. Now I follow a special diet – it was hard at first, but once I got used to it, I actually like it.And I look and feel so much better – I don't want to go back to the way I was.”
Taken from: CHAPMAN, Joanne. Laser B1 +. Teacher's book. Macmillan, 2008.
The sentences below express the ages of the young people mentioned in the text.
Choose the correct sentence.