Questões de Concurso Comentadas para diplomata

It has become clear that preventive diplomacy is only one of a class of actions that can be taken to prevent disputes from turning into armed conflict. Others in this class are preventive deployment of military and(or) police personnel; preventive humanitarian action, for example, to manage and resolve a refugee situation in a sensitive frontier area; and preventive peace-building, which itself comprises an extensive menu of possible actions in the political, economic and social fields, applicable especially to possible internal conflicts.   All these preventive actions share the following characteristics: they all depend on early warning that the risk of conflict exists; they require information about the causes and likely nature of the potential conflict so that the appropriate preventive action can be identified; and they require the consent of the party or parties within whose jurisdiction the preventive action is to take place.   The element of timing is crucial. The potential conflict should be ripe for the preventive action proposed. Timing is also an important consideration in peace-making and peace-keeping. The prevention, control and resolution of a conflict is like the prevention, control and cure of a disease. If treatment is prescribed at the wrong moment in the evolution of a disease, the patient does not improve, and the credibility of both the treatment and the physician who prescribed it is compromised. Internet:                   <http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/SG-Rpt/ch4b.htm> (with adaptations)
Based on text, it can be concluded that
preventive diplomacy usually deals with armed conflicts.

Text 4
           Bertrand Russell once predicted that the socialization of reproduction — the supersession of the family by the state — would “make sex love itself more trivial,” encourage “a certain triviality in all personal relations,” and “make it far more difficult to take an interest in anything after one’s own death.” At first glance, recent developments appear to have refuted the first part of this prediction. Americans today invest personal relations, particularly the relations between men and women, with undiminished emotional importance. The decline of childrearing as a major preoccupation has freed sex from its bondage to procreation and made it possible for people to value erotic life for its own sake. As the family shrinks to the marital unit, it can be argued that men and women respond more readily to each other’s emotional needs, instead of living vicariously through their offspring. The marriage contract having lost its binding character, couples now find it possible, according to many observers, to ground sexual relations in something more solid than legal compulsion. In short, the growing determination to live for the moment, whatever it may have done to the relations between parents and children, appears to have established the preconditions of a new intimacy between men and women.          This appearance is an illusion. The cult of intimacy conceals a growing despair of finding it. Personal relations crumble under the emotional weight with which they are burdened.            The inability “to take an interest in anything after one’s own death,” which gives such urgency to the pursuit of close personal encounters in the present, makes intimacy more elusive than ever. The same developments that have weakened the tie between parents and children have also undermined relations between men and women. Indeed the deterioration of marriage contributes in its own right to the deterioration of care for the young.            This last point is so obvious that only a strenuous propaganda on behalf of “open marriage” and “creative divorce” prevents us from grasping it. It is clear, for example, that the growing incidence of divorce, together with the ever-present possibility that any given marriage will end in collapse, adds to the instability of family life and deprives the child of a measure of emotional security. Enlightened opinion diverts attention from this general fact by insisting that in specific cases, parents may do more harm to their children by holding a marriage together than by dissolving it. More often the husband abandons his children to the wife whose company he finds unbearable, and the wife smothers the children with incessant yet perfunctory attentions. This particular solution to the problem of marital strain has become so common that the absence of the father impresses many observers as the most striking fact about the contemporary family. Under these conditions, a divorce in which the mother retains custody of her children merely ratifies the existing state of affairs — the effective emotional desertion of his family by the father. But the reflection that divorce often does no more damage to children than marriage itself hardly inspires rejoicing.
                                  Christopher Lasch. The Cult of Narcissism. Abacus, Londres, 1980 p. 320-322 (adapted)
Based on the text, decide if the following statement is correct (C) or wrong (E).
Living one’s children’s lives and dreams used to be a far more widespread feature of traditional families in the US than it is nowadays.

Text 4            Bertrand Russell once predicted that the socialization of reproduction — the supersession of the family by the state — would “make sex love itself more trivial,” encourage “a certain triviality in all personal relations,” and “make it far more difficult to take an interest in anything after one’s own death.” At first glance, recent developments appear to have refuted the first part of this prediction. Americans today invest personal relations, particularly the relations between men and women, with undiminished emotional importance. The decline of childrearing as a major preoccupation has freed sex from its bondage to procreation and made it possible for people to value erotic life for its own sake. As the family shrinks to the marital unit, it can be argued that men and women respond more readily to each other’s emotional needs, instead of living vicariously through their offspring. The marriage contract having lost its binding character, couples now find it possible, according to many observers, to ground sexual relations in something more solid than legal compulsion. In short, the growing determination to live for the moment, whatever it may have done to the relations between parents and children, appears to have established the preconditions of a new intimacy between men and women.         This appearance is an illusion. The cult of intimacy conceals a growing despair of finding it. Personal relations crumble under the emotional weight with which they are burdened.         The inability “to take an interest in anything after one’s own death,” which gives such urgency to the pursuit of close personal encounters in the present, makes intimacy more elusive than ever. The same developments that have weakened the tie between parents and children have also undermined relations between men and women. Indeed the deterioration of marriage contributes in its own right to the deterioration of care for the young.           This last point is so obvious that only a strenuous propaganda on behalf of “open marriage” and “creative divorce” prevents us from grasping it. It is clear, for example, that the growing incidence of divorce, together with the ever-present possibility that any given marriage will end in collapse, adds to the instability of family life and deprives the child of a measure of emotional security. Enlightened opinion diverts attention from this general fact by insisting that in specific cases, parents may do more harm to their children by holding a marriage together than by dissolving it. More often the husband abandons his children to the wife whose company he finds unbearable, and the wife smothers the children with incessant yet perfunctory attentions. This particular solution to the problem of marital strain has become so common that the absence of the father impresses many observers as the most striking fact about the contemporary family. Under these conditions, a divorce in which the mother retains custody of her children merely ratifies the existing state of affairs — the effective emotional desertion of his family by the father. But the reflection that divorce often does no more damage to children than marriage itself hardly inspires rejoicing.                                   Christopher Lasch. The Cult of Narcissism. Abacus, Londres, 1980 p. 320-322 (adapted) Based on the text, decide if the following statement is correct (C) or wrong (E).
Men and women in the US have become increasingly aware that it takes money to improve their personal relations.

Considerando que o desenvolvimento capitalista no Brasil tem promovido a reordenação territorial no campo, julgue o item que se segue.
O crescimento agrícola do país se deu não só pela modernização tecnológica, mas também em função do aumento das terras cultivadas, com a instauração de processos erosivos acelerados e perda de solo.

Considerando que o desenvolvimento capitalista no Brasil tem promovido a reordenação territorial no campo, julgue o item que se segue.
O progresso técnico generalizado na produção agrícola brasileira ocasionou o desaparecimento das relações não-capitalistas de produção e comercialização.

Considerando a política econômica do governo Juscelino Kubitschek (JK), classificado como nacional-desenvolvimentista, julgue (C ou E) o item seguinte.
O governo JK promoveu ampla atividade do Estado tanto no setor de infraestrutura quanto no que diz respeito ao incentivo direto à industrialização. 

Considerando a política econômica do governo Juscelino Kubitschek (JK), classificado como nacional-desenvolvimentista, julgue (C ou E) o item seguinte.
O Plano de Metas, implementado nesse governo, fortaleceu o capital nacional, por meio de compras públicas, sem deixar de incentivar a entrada de capital estrangeiro no país.

Considerando a política econômica do governo Juscelino Kubitschek (JK), classificado como nacional-desenvolvimentista, julgue (C ou E) o item seguinte.
 O caráter nacionalista que caracterizou esse nacionaldesenvolvimentismo resultou no robustecimento do Estado empresário em detrimento do capital privado. 

Considerando a política econômica do governo Juscelino Kubitschek (JK), classificado como nacional-desenvolvimentista, julgue (C ou E) o item seguinte.
Ao manter a Instrução n.o 113 da SUMOC, baixada no governo Café Filho, JK fortaleceu as empresas nacionais em detrimento das estrangeiras. 

Julgue (C ou E) o próximo item, relativo à formação histórica do território brasileiro.
No início do século XX, o governo brasileiro assegurou a posse de novas terras por meio de acordos diplomáticos que envolveram questões fronteiriças com a Argentina, Bolívia, Colômbia, Peru e Suriname, nos quais se destacou a figura do Barão do Rio Branco.

O Brasil, que sempre se caracterizou pela existência, em uma região ou em outra, de fronteira de povoamento, viu, com o processo de industrialização do campo, o aparecimento de fronteiras de modernização nas quais se verificaram profundas transformações socioespaciais. Ambos os tipos de fronteira suscitam novos centros de comercialização e beneficiamento de produção agrícola, de distribuição varejista e prestação de serviços ou, em muitos casos, de centros que já nascem como reservatórios de uma força de trabalho temporária. 
R. L. Corrêa. Estudos sobre a rede urbana. Rio de Janeiro:  Bertrand do Brasil, 2006, p. 323 (com adaptações). 
A partir das informações apresentadas no texto acima, julgue (C ou E) o item seguinte.
Contraditoriamente, a criação de novos centros urbanos acentuou a concentração espacial da população brasileira, o que se evidencia na distribuição populacional ainda marcada por vazios populacionais e pela existência de um processo de fragmentação da rede urbana.

Julgue (C ou E) o próximo item, relativo à formação histórica do território brasileiro.
A formação histórica do território brasileiro iniciou-se com a assinatura do Tratado de Madri, que determinou, por meio da criação de uma linha imaginária, o primeiro limite territorial da colônia portuguesa nas Américas.

Julgue (C ou E) o próximo item, relativo à República Liberal de 1945 a 1964.
A política econômica do governo Juscelino Kubitschek priorizou os setores industriais do Plano de Metas e as políticas cambial e de comércio exterior, consolidando a infraestrutura energética, de transportes e de insumos básicos no país, o que resultou em estabilidade financeira, tanto interna quanto externamente, e manutenção do equilíbrio da balança comercial brasileira.

Text 4            Bertrand Russell once predicted that the socialization of reproduction — the supersession of the family by the state — would “make sex love itself more trivial,” encourage “a certain triviality in all personal relations,” and “make it far more difficult to take an interest in anything after one’s own death.” At first glance, recent developments appear to have refuted the first part of this prediction. Americans today invest personal relations, particularly the relations between men and women, with undiminished emotional importance. The decline of childrearing as a major preoccupation has freed sex from its bondage to procreation and made it possible for people to value erotic life for its own sake. As the family shrinks to the marital unit, it can be argued that men and women respond more readily to each other’s emotional needs, instead of living vicariously through their offspring. The marriage contract having lost its binding character, couples now find it possible, according to many observers, to ground sexual relations in something more solid than legal compulsion. In short, the growing determination to live for the moment, whatever it may have done to the relations between parents and children, appears to have established the preconditions of a new intimacy between men and women.         This appearance is an illusion. The cult of intimacy conceals a growing despair of finding it. Personal relations crumble under the emotional weight with which they are burdened.         The inability “to take an interest in anything after one’s own death,” which gives such urgency to the pursuit of close personal encounters in the present, makes intimacy more elusive than ever. The same developments that have weakened the tie between parents and children have also undermined relations between men and women. Indeed the deterioration of marriage contributes in its own right to the deterioration of care for the young.           This last point is so obvious that only a strenuous propaganda on behalf of “open marriage” and “creative divorce” prevents us from grasping it. It is clear, for example, that the growing incidence of divorce, together with the ever-present possibility that any given marriage will end in collapse, adds to the instability of family life and deprives the child of a measure of emotional security. Enlightened opinion diverts attention from this general fact by insisting that in specific cases, parents may do more harm to their children by holding a marriage together than by dissolving it. More often the husband abandons his children to the wife whose company he finds unbearable, and the wife smothers the children with incessant yet perfunctory attentions. This particular solution to the problem of marital strain has become so common that the absence of the father impresses many observers as the most striking fact about the contemporary family. Under these conditions, a divorce in which the mother retains custody of her children merely ratifies the existing state of affairs — the effective emotional desertion of his family by the father. But the reflection that divorce often does no more damage to children than marriage itself hardly inspires rejoicing.                                   Christopher Lasch. The Cult of Narcissism. Abacus, Londres, 1980 p. 320-322 (adapted)
Based on the text, decide whether the following statement about the author's position on the trivialization of personal relationships is right (C) or wrong (E).
He is non-committal about it, assuming this is an inescapable trend in contemporary American life.

A ideia de uma União Europeia, de uma forma ou de outra, não era nova. O século XIX havia experimentado na Europa Central uma variedade de uniões alfandegárias, com diferentes graus de sucesso, e, mesmo antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial, ocasionalmente, falava-se com idealismo a respeito da noção de que o futuro da Europa estava na convergência das diversas partes. A própria Primeira Guerra Mundial, longe de dissipar essas visões otimistas, parece ter-lhes conferido mais vigor: conforme Aristide Briand insistia, chegara o momento de superar rivalidades passadas e pensar e falar como europeu, sentir-se europeu. 
Tony Judt. Pós-guerra: uma história da Europa desde 1945.  Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2008, p. 166 (com adaptações). 
Tendo o texto acima como referência inicial e considerando a temática por ele abordada, julgue (C ou E) o item que se segue.
Exemplo de êxito daquilo que o texto identifica como “variedade de uniões alfandegárias”, o Zollverein foi o passo inicial e decisivo para o processo de unificação política alemã. Liderada pela burguesia austríaca, a crescente integração econômica dos Estados germânicos isolou a aristocracia junker e deu suporte à estratégia bismarckiana.

      ¡Qué descansada vida la del que huye del mundanal ruido, y sigue la escondida senda, por donde han ido los pocos sabios que en el mundo han sido!      Que no le enturbia el pecho de los soberbios grandes el estado, ni del dorado techo se admira, fabricado del sabio moro, en jaspes sustentado.       No cura si la fama canta con voz su nombre pregonera, ni cura si encarama la lengua lisonjera lo que condena la verdad sincera.      ¿Qué presta a mi contento si soy del vano dedo señalado; si, en busca deste viento, ando desalentado con ansias vivas, con mortal cuidado?        ¡Oh monte, oh fuente, oh río! ¡Oh secreto seguro, deleitoso! , roto casi el navío, a vuestro almo reposo huyo de aqueste mar tempestuoso.         Un no rompido sueño, un día puro, alegre, libre quiero; no quiero ver el ceño vanamente severo de a quien la sangre ensalza, o el dinero.         Despiértenme las aves con su cantar sabroso no aprendido; no los cuidados graves de que es siempre seguido el que al ajeno arbitrio está atenido.          Vivir quiero conmigo; gozar quiero del bien que debo al cielo, a solas, sin testigo, libre de amor, de celo, de odio, de esperanzas, de recelo.           Del monte en la ladera, por mi mano plantado tengo un huerto, que con la primavera, de bella flor cubierto ya muestra en esperanza el fruto cierto.          Y como codiciosa por ver y acrecentar su hermosura, desde la cumbre airosa una fontana pura hasta llegar corriendo se apresura.         Y luego, sosegada, el paso entre los árboles torciendo, el suelo de pasada, de verdura vistiendo y con diversas flores va esparciendo.          El aire del huerto orea y ofrece mil olores al sentido; los árboles menea con un manso ruido, que del oro y del cetro pone olvido.          Téngase su tesoro los que de un falso leño se confían; no es mío ver el lloro de los que desconfían cuando el cierzo y el ábrego porfían.           La combatida antena cruje, y en ciega noche el claro día se torna; al cielo suena confusa vocería, y la mar enriquecen a porfía.            A mí una pobrecilla mesa de amable paz bien abastada, me baste; y la vajilla, de fino oro labrada sea de quien la mar no teme airada.           Y mientras miserable- mente se están los otros abrazando con sed insaciable del peligroso mando, tendido yo a la sombra esté cantando.            A la sombra tendido, de yedra y lauro eterno coronado, puesto el atento oído al son dulce, acordado, del plectro sabiamente meneado.                                                                                      Fray Luis de León. Poesías completas. Clásicos Castalia.                                                                                               Madrid, 2001 (con adaptaciones).
El autor
se deleita con el canto de las aves al despertar.

         Os projetos de Bretton Woods se mostraram irrelevantes perto do objetivo urgente de reconstruir as economias das nações que estiveram em guerra. O pior conflito do mundo foi mais destrutivo para economias e sociedades do que o previsto. No pós-guerra, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita dos aliados europeus — URSS, França, Bélgica, Holanda e outros — correspondia a menos de 4/5 do que valia em 1939; na maioria desses países, os índices de 1946 estavam bem menores que os do início da década de 20. As condições nos países derrotados eram muito piores.          A mudança de posição da Europa ocidental na economia internacional dificultaria a recuperação. Para se reconstruir, o continente precisava importar alimentos, matérias-primas e equipamentos tecnológicos. No entanto, boa parte da capacidade europeia de ganhar dinheiro para financiar as importações havia se esgotado. Com a Guerra Fria, a Europa Ocidental passou a não ter mais acesso aos mercados das partes oriental e central do continente. Enquanto isso, os EUA e o restante do hemisfério ocidental desfrutavam de prosperidade.                                                          Jeffry A. Frieden. Capitalismo global: história econômica e política do século                                                             XX. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 2008, p. 283-4 (com adaptações). Tendo ainda o texto de J.A. Frieden acima como referência, julgue (C ou E) o item subsequente, relativo ao quadro histórico europeu e mundial do pós-Segunda Guerra.
O fato de URSS e EUA terem lutado do mesmo lado na Segunda Guerra Mundial explica que, a despeito de todas as diferenças entre ambos, o programa de ajuda norte-americana para a recuperação europeia — Plano Marshall — contemplou também os países identificados como satélites de Moscou.

Julgue (C ou E) o próximo item, relativo à República Liberal de 1945 a 1964.
A Lei Agamenon Magalhães, de 1945, estabeleceu como condição obrigatória para o registro de qualquer agremiação partidária o seu caráter nacional, normativa que rompeu, de forma definitiva, com a tradição republicana brasileira de estruturar partidos políticos regionais.

No que diz respeito à classificação das constituições, ao controle de constitucionalidade e ao processo legislativo, julgue (C ou E) o item subsecutivo.
Considerando que as constituições classificam-se quanto à origem em históricas ou dogmáticas, deve-se considerar a Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF) uma constituição histórica, uma vez que surgiu no bojo de um processo de reconquista democrática e de retomada dos ideais da Constituição de 1946.

Diplomacy, the conduct of inter-state relations, is an old business, and has remained surprisingly constant across three millennia and five continents. Despite vast changes in its social and economic context, its goals and methods have remained strikingly similar over time, so as the shape of the character of the people active in it.   Perpetually, it has the same core activities: representation, negotiation, observation, reporting, analysis and policy advice. Its meat and drink is politics, trade promotion, economic relations, and consular protection. But nowadays, its scope has widened to cover the whole range of government business in a global society.   The diplomat operates in a field of tensions, between war and peace, depending on the relations between the sending and receiving state. He must be adaptable to both. Psychologically, he is always located somewhere along this spectrum, part man of peace, seeking a productive balance of interests, part man of power, seeking national advantage in the global struggle.   He is by nature ambiguous: a voyager between two worlds, an interpreter between alien cultures, a man who can see both points of view and find common ground. He is a front-line officer who risks being shot in the chest or in the back.
<http://www.diplomat21.com/diplomacy/necessity.htm> (with adaptations).
Based on textI, judge the following items.
The diplomat sometimes has to face contradictory situations.