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Pais sem limites
A educação liberal é confortável para os pais. Mas os filhos precisam saber o que são deveres e obrigações
O avião estava cheio. Eu no fundão. Duas poltronas atrás de mim, uma criança começou a chorar. Abriu o berreiro. Ninguém disse uma palavra, fazer o que quando uma criança chora? A mãe, em vez de tentar acalmar o filho, reclamou em voz alta. – Criança chora mesmo, e daí? Vocês ficam me olhando, mas o que posso fazer? Criança é assim: chora.
Tudo bem. Criança chora. Mas a gente ouve. Ninguém havia reclamado do incômodo em voz alta. Suponho que algumas pessoas tenham olhado para a mãe como se pedindo que fizesse alguma coisa. Em vez de acalmar o filho, ela brigou. Sinceramente, nem olhar a gente pode? E mais sinceramente ainda: como será a educação desse menino, se a mãe prefere reclamar com quem se sente incomodado com o choro, no lugar de acalmar o filho? Vai ter noção de limite? Ou se transformará num briguento, achando que tem direito a tudo? No caso dos aviões, eu acho que há uma irresponsabilidade enorme dos pais. Como podem expor um bebê de colo a viagens aéreas? Sim, existem os casos de extrema necessidade. Mas não são a maioria. Um bebê sente dor nos ouvidos, talvez até mais intensa que nós. Quando eu sinto, tento mascar chiclete, chupar bala, ou pelo menos, racionalmente, posso entender o que está acontecendo e suportar. Um bebê não. De repente, vem aquela dor horrível, ele não sabe o porquê. Chora. Grita. Os outros passageiros têm de suportar o barulho, ficam até com dor de cabeça. Mas um bebê é um bebê, e todos temos de entender. E os pais? Como obrigam a criança a suportar essa dor? E os passageiros os gritos? Eu já vim da Turquia certa vez, em uma viagem que durou o dia todo, com duas crianças pequenas logo atrás de mim. Classe executiva. Gritaram e choraram quase a viagem toda. E não têm razão? Como suportariam passar o dia todo sentados, cintos afivelados? Os pais eram pessoas simpáticas. Tinham ido a turismo. É certo deixar os filhos presos um dia inteiro? É justo enlouquecer os outros passageiros? Claro que criança tem o direito de viajar. Mas é preciso escolher o roteiro mais adequado. Certa vez fui a uma pousada na serra carioca. Deliciosa. Um diretor de cinema, mais tarde, comentou:
– Eu ia sempre lá. Mas eu e minha mulher cometemos um crime. Tivemos uma filha. Na pousada não aceitam crianças. É fato. Já existem hotéis e pousadas que não hospedam crianças. Muita gente acha um horror. Por outro lado, o problema não está nos pais? Em qualquer lugar onde os pais estejam com os filhos, agem como se eles tivessem direito a tudo. Podem correr, gritar. Dá para ler um livro embaixo de uma árvore, no alto da serra, com crianças correndo e gritando? E com os pais apreciando a algazarra tranquilamente, sem se importar com os outros hóspedes?
Eu poderia citar outros exemplos. Visitas que chegam com filhos que pulam no sofá. Ou brincam com algum objeto de estimação. Que batem no prato e dizem que não gostam da comida, em restaurantes. (E com razão. Agora criança tem de apreciar sashimi quando quer hambúrguer?) O problema está nos pais. Muitos foram reprimidos quando crianças. Antes era assim: podia, não podia. A educação tradicional impunha limites, às vezes de forma rígida. Eu mesmo acredito que o excesso de rigidez é péssimo. Por outro lado, essas crianças vão crescer, e terão de viver com normas. A vida é cheia de isso pode e aquilo não pode. O respeito ao outro implica entender os próprios limites. Senão é aquilo: todo mundo querendo furar fila, tirando vantagem. O fato é que muitos dos pais modernos, como a mulher que esbravejou no avião, acham que criança pode tudo. Já conversei com professoras, segundo as quais, hoje, boa parte dos pais delega a educação básica dos filhos à escola. Há casos, extremos, em que a professora tem de explicar a importância de escovar os dentes todos os dias. Não estou falando de famílias sem condições financeiras, no caso. Mas também de gente bem de vida, para quem é mais fácil não discutir deveres e obrigações com os filhos. Deixar rolar.
Mas um dia os filhos terão de aprender a viver em sociedade. Podem contar com a mãe ou o pai para chorar as pitangas se forem demitidos. Um ombro sempre é bom. Mas só terão empregos e oportunidades se souberem o que são limites, deveres, obrigações. A educação extremamente liberal é atraente. Principalmente, porque confortável para os pais. Mas fica a pergunta: se os pais não dão noção de limites, como os filhos um dia vão ter?
Carrasco, Walcyr. Pais sem limites. Disponível em: http://epoca.globo.com/colunas-eblogs/walcyr-carrasco/noticia/2015/09/pais-semlimites.html. Acesso em: 12 ago. 2016.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a ideia central do texto.
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
Consider the statements below:
I. The verbs 'claimed' (line 20), 'pointed out' (line 23), and 'affirmed' (line 24) are verbs of saying;
II. The sentence 'Alaska contained nothing' (line 20) can be rewritten as 'Alaska did not contain anything';
III. The sentence 'Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash' (lines 37) means that the Baron won that sum of money only after the negotiations were finished.
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
The word 'pay' may be both a noun, as in 'the pay' (line 19) and a verb, as in 'to pay' (line 35) without having to change its spelling. The same may occur to all the words bellow, EXCEPT for:
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
The clauses 'the castigations would have been comical' and 'had they not influenced American thinking...' present the same grammatical relation as in:
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
The sequence 'was not easily diverted' (line 28) presents the same passive voice structure in all of the following, EXCEPT for:
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
The feature voiceless for the 'th' sound in the word 'worthless' (line 38), considering their ideal phonological pronunciation, is the same as in the following pair of words:
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
The sentence 'But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target' (line 28) could be paraphrased only by the following sentence:
Read the excerpt below and answer the questions 34 to 40.
- The transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States formed one of those unbelievable incidents of
- history because by 1867, Russia was nervously eager to get rid of it, while the United States still
- recovering from the Civil War and immersed in the impending impeachment of President Johnson,
- refused to accept it on any terms.
- At this impasse an extraordinary man monopolized center stage. He was not a Russian, a fact which
- would become important more than a century later, but a soi-disant baron of dubious background; half
- Austrian, half Italian, and a charmer who was picked up in 1841 for temporary duty representing Russia in
- the United States and who lingered there till 1868. In that time, Edouard de Stoeckl, parading himself as a
- nobleman, although no one could say for sure how or when or even if he had earned his title, became
- such an ardent friend of America that he married an American heiress and took upon himself the task of
- acting as marriage broker between Russia, which he called homeland, and the United States, his adopted
- residence.
- He faced a most difficult task, for when the United States showed hesitancy about accepting Alaska,
- support for the sale withered in Russia, and later when Russia wanted to sell, half a dozen of the most
- influential American politicians led by Secretary of State William Seward of New York looked far into the
- future and saw the desirability of acquiring Alaska to serve as America's artic bastion, yet the hard-
- headed businessmen in the Senate, the House and the general public opposed the purchase with all the
- scorn they could summon. 'Seward's Icebox' and 'Seward's Folly' were two of the gentler jibes. Some
- critics accused Seward of being in the pay of the Russians; others accused De Stoeckl of buying votes in
- the House. One sharp satirist claimed that Alaska contained nothing but polar bears and Eskimos, and
- many protested that America should not accept this useless, frozen domain even if Russia wanted to give
- it away.
- Many pointed out that Alaska had no wealth of any kind, not even reindeer, which proliferated in other
- northern areas, and experts affirmed that an arctic area like this could not possibly have any minerals or
- other deposits of value. On and on went the abuse of this unknown and somewhat terrifying land, and the
- castigations would have been comical had they not influenced American thinking and behavior and
- condemned Alaska to decades of neglect.
- But an ingenious man like Baron de Stoeckl was not easily diverted from his main target, and with
- Seward's unflinching support and admirable statesmanship, the sale squeaked by with a favorable margin
- of one vote. By such a narrow margin did the United States come close to losing one of her potentially
- valuable acquisitions, but of course, had one viewed Alaska from the vantage point of frozen Fort Nulato
- in 1867, with the thermometer at minus-fifty-seven and about to be attacked by hostile Athapascans, the
- purchase at more than $7,000,000 would have seemed a poor bargain.
- Now the comedy intensified, became burlesque, for although the U.S Senate had bought the place,
- the U.S. House refused to appropriate the money to pay for it, and for many tense months the sale hung
- in the balance. When a favorable vote was finally taken, it was almost negated by the discovery that
- Baron de Stoeckl had disposed of $125,000 in cash for which he refused to give an accounting. Widely
- suspected of having bribed congressmen to vote for land that was obviously worthless, the baron waited
- until the sale was completed, then quietly slipped out of the country, his life's ambition having been
- achieved.
- One congressman with a keen sense of history, economics and geopolitics said of the whole affair:
- 'If we were so eager to show Russia our appreciation of the help she gave us during the Civil War, why
- didn't we give her the seven million and tell her to keep her damned colony? It'll never be of any use to
- us.'
Excerpt from: MICHENER, James A. Alaska. Fawcett Books: New York, 1988, p. 369 - 370.
Considering the whole excerpt, it is possible to say that:
I. the author depicts the historical facts, but shows his opinion by using irony;
II. the author describes the process by which the USA bought the Alaska territory, which belonged to Russia.
III. the statements ‘One sharp satirist' (line 20) and 'One congressman' (line 41) express the author’s own opinions and the ideas of historical characters whose names were not worth mentioning respectively.
According to Brown (2001, p.54), “it is appropriate [...] to focus on what we do know, what we have learned, and what we can say with some certainty about second language acquisition. We can then clearly see that a great many of a teacher’s choices are grounded in established principles of language learning and teaching. By perceiving and internalizing connections between practice (choices we make in the classroom) and theory (principles derived from research), our teaching is likely to be enlightened”.
The author divided twelve principles into three categories: cognitive, affective and linguistic.
Choose the alternative in which ALL the principles correspond to the given category
“During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, a revolution took place that affected much of the language teaching used in the twentieth century. The revolt was primarily against the stultifying methods of grammatical explanation and translation of texts which were then popular [...]. In its place, the pioneers of the new language teaching [...] emphasized [...] the naturalness of language learning” (COOK, 2013, p.3).
This new proposal generated some common assumptions that have been considered questionable in the past recent years.
Choose the alternative that DOES NOT correspond to any of these assumptions:
“Since the 1990s, research and theories from cognitive psychology have become increasingly central to our understanding of second language development. Some of these theories use the computer as a metaphor for the mind, comparing language acquisition to the capacities of computers for storing, integrating, and retrieving information. Some draw on neurobiology, seeking to relate observed behaviour as directly as possible to brain activity” (LIGHTBOWN; SPADA, 2013, p.108).
The current cognitive perspectives related to second language development are: Information Processing, Usage-based learning and The competition model. Correlate these perspectives with their main propositions:
1. Information Processing
2. Usage-based learning
3. The competition model.
A. This perspective sees second language acquisition as the building up of knowledge that can eventually be called on automatically for speaking and understanding. It has suggested that learners must pay attention (use cognitive resources) at first to any aspect of the language that they are trying to learn or produce. The model also suggests that there is a limit to how much information a learner can pay attention to.
B. This perspective emphasizes the frequency with which the learners encounter specific features in the input and the frequency with which language features occur together. According to this view learners develop a stronger and stronger network of associations or connections between these features as well as between language features and the contexts in which they occur.
C. This perspective is based on the hypothesis that language acquisition occurs without the necessity of a learner's focused attention or the need for any innate brain module that is specifically for language; it can be described as an explanation for language acquisition that takes into account not only language form but also language meaning and language use.
Choose the alternative which CORRECTLY correlates these perspectives with their main propositions:
“Since computers started to be introduced in language learning (and in education in general) people have rightly asked whether the investment we are making in these technologies gives us value for money. As digital technologies have taken a hold in society in general, this particular question is not asked quite so often, but it is still important to make sure that the technologies that we have available are used effectively” (MOTTERAM, 2013, p. 7).
According to the latest research on the use of technology for second language learning and teaching, it is INCORRECT to state that:
“L2 learning strategies are specific behaviors or thought processes that students use to enhance their own L2 learning” (OXFORD, 2003, p. 8).
Considering the six main categories of L2 learning strategies identified by Oxford (1990, apud OXFORD, 2003), it is CORRECT to affirm that:
“The field of English for specific purposes (ESP), which addresses the communicative needs and practices of particular professional or occupational groups, has developed rapidly in the past forty years to become a major force in English language teaching and research. ESP draws its strength from an eclectic theoretical foundation and a commitment to research-based language education which seeks to reveal the constraints of social contexts on language use and the ways learners can gain control over these” (HYLAND, 2006, p.2).
Some of the major perspectives that currently influence ESP are:
1. Needs analysis
2. Ethnography
3. Critical approaches
4. Contrastive rhetoric
5. Social constructionism
6. Discourse analysis
Correlate each perspective with its general ideas about ESP.
( ) This perspective draws attention to the fact that we are members of several such cultures simultaneously and critically highlights the conflicts inherent in these multiple memberships. In particular it emphasizes the potential clashes between the discourse conventions of professional and ethnic cultures. The question of who establishes the linguistic conventions of professional communities and whose norms are used to judge them is a central issue in ESP, and researchers have questioned the traditional view that those familiar with other conventions need to conform to Anglo-American norms when engaging in professional and particularly academic genres.
( ) This perspective suggests that knowledge and social reality are created through daily interactions between people and particularly through their discourse. It takes a critical stance towards taken-for-granted knowledge and, in opposition to positivism and empiricism in traditional science, questions the idea of an objective reality. It says that everything we see and believe is actually filtered through our theories and our language, sustained by social processes, which are culturally and historically specific. Discourse is therefore central to relationships, knowledge, and scientific facts as all are rhetorically constructed by individuals acting as members of social communities. The goal of ESP is therefore to discover how people use discourse to create, sustain, and change these communities; how they signal their membership; how they persuade others to accept their ideas; and so on.
( ) This perspective says that the use of systematic means to define the specific sets of skills, texts, linguistic forms, and communicative practices that a particular group of learners must acquire is central to ESP, informing its curricula and materials and underlining its pragmatic engagement with occupational, academic, and professional realities. It is a crucial link between perception and practice, helping ESP to keep its feet on the ground by tempering any excesses of academic theory-building with practical applications.
( ) It is a sophisticated theory of language concerned with the relationship between language and the functions it uses to perform in social contexts. In this view, language consists of a set of systems from which users make choices to most effectively express their intended meanings, and this fits neatly with ESP’s aims to demystify the academic and professional genres that will enhance or determine learners’ career opportunities.
( ) This perspective has helped to develop a growing sense in ESP that a social-theoretical stance is needed to fully understand what happens in institutions to make discourses the way they are. Increasingly, studies have turned to examine the ideological impact of expert discourses, the social distribution of valued literacies, access to prestigious genres, and the ways control of specialized discourses are related to status and credibility.
( ) This perspective considers that the members of discourse communities and the physical settings in which they work (with detailed observations of behaviors together with interviews and the analysis of texts) are the two main focuses of study which may provide a fuller picture of what is happening.
Choose the alternative which CORRECTLY correlates each perspective with its general ideas about ESP from top to bottom.
Brown (2004, p.19) states five principles of language assessment: “practicality, reliability, validity, authenticity, and washback”.
Read the statements below about these principles and check if they are correct or incorrect.
I. A test is practical when it stays within appropriate time constraints, is relatively easy to administer, has a scoring/evaluation procedure that is specific and time-efficient, and is not excessively expensive.
II. A reliable test is consistent and dependable. If the teacher gives the same test to the same student or matched students on two different occasions, the test should yield similar result. There are a number of factors that may contribute to the unreliability of a test: fluctuations in the student, in scoring, in test administration, and in the test itself.
III. Face validity will likely be high if learners encounter: expected format with familiar tasks, clear directions, reasonable level of difficulty, etc.
IV. Authenticity may be presented in the following ways: the language in the test is as natural as possible; items are contextualized; topics are meaningful (for the students); etc.
V. Language testing washback is a kind of positive reinforcement; the teacher praises the students for their correct answers and “forgets” their mistakes.
In relation to the previous statements, choose the CORRECT alternative:
According to Richards; Rodgers (2001, p.16) “approaches and methods can be studied not as prescriptions for how to teach but as a source of well-used practices, which teachers can adapt or implement based on their own needs”.
Read the following statements about five current communicative approaches and check if they are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).
( ) The Communicative Language Teaching approach states that learning is a process of creative construction and involves trial and error.
( ) According to the Natural Approach, a focus on comprehension and meaningful communication as well as the provision of the right kinds of comprehensible input provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for successful classroom second and foreign language acquisition.
( ) Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups through which students work together without accomplishing shared goals.
( ) Content-Based Instruction refers to an approach to second language teaching in which teaching is organized around the substance or subject matter that students learn or communicate through language rather than the language used to convey it.
( ) In the Task-based Language Teaching approach the activities and tasks can be either those that learners might need to achieve in real life or those that have a pedagogical purpose specific to the classroom.
Choose the alternative which CORRECTLY shows if the statements are TRUE or FALSE:
O autor Jonathan Culler, ao longo do livro “Teoria literária: introdução” (1999, p. 34), aponta que não existe um critério único, absoluto e suficiente para definir um texto como sendo literário ou não, e analisa, no capítulo “O que é literatura e tem ela importância?”, a dificuldade em distingui-los. “A literatura, poderíamos concluir, é um ato de fala ou evento textual que suscita certos tipos de atenção. Contrasta com outros tipos de atos de fala, tais como dar informação, fazer perguntas ou fazer promessas […] Não há maneiras especiais de organizar a linguagem que nos digam que algo é literatura? Ou o fato de sabermos que algo é literatura nos leva a dar-lhe um tipo de atenção que não damos aos jornais e, consequentemente, a encontrar nela tipos especiais de organização e sentidos implícitos? A resposta deve certamente estar no fato de que ambos os casos ocorrem: às vezes o objeto tem traços que o tornam literário mas às vezes é o contexto literário que nos faz tratá-lo como literatura. Mas linguagem altamente organizada não necessariamente transforma algo em literatura: nada é mais altamente padronizado que a lista telefônica […] A "literatura" não é apenas uma moldura na qual colocamos a linguagem: nem toda sentença se tornará literária se registrada na página como um poema. Mas, por outro lado, a literatura não é só um tipo especial de linguagem, pois muitas obras literárias não ostentam sua diferença em relação a outros tipos de linguagem: funcionam de maneiras especiais devido à atenção especial que recebem”.
O autor vai apontar, então, no capítulo “O que é literatura e tem ela importância?”, perspectivas para pensar a obra literária e examina pontos a respeito da natureza da literatura.
Todas as alternativas abaixo correspondem a um ponto examinado pelo autor, EXCETO:
Considere as seguintes análises de Antonio Candido, em “Formação da Literatura Brasileira: momentos decisivos” (2000) sobre poetas da literatura brasileira:
I. Nele, o lirismo é pura expressão da sensibilidade, desligada de qualquer pretensão mais afoita. Saudade, ternura, natureza e desejo são modulados numa frauta singela. Extremamente romântico na fuga à abstração, à generalização, sempre transpõe no poema um sentimento imediato, banhando-se naquela magia desde então ligada ao seu nome. O senso dramático da vida reponta, logo atenuado pela vocação elegíaca e o arrepio sensual. A tristeza, nele, não impede o encantamento da carne; aumenta-o, pelo contrário, como acontece nos temperamentos voluptuosos. Por isso, contribui decisivamente, com seu grande talento poético, para fixar um de seus aspectos românticos: a excitação dos sentidos, bastante viva para despertar e envolver a imaginação e, todavia, mascarada por jogo hábil de negaceios: ora a tristeza da posse inatingível, ora a ironia da possa disfarçada, ora o falso pudor da posse protelada. E, dominando tudo, a capacidade quase virtuosística de elaborar imagens delicadas, a fim de atenuar as consequências finais da corte amorosa. Depois dele - na obra de Castro Alves – a paixão aparecerá mais próxima à natureza, e o drama do espírito não mais sufocará a fruição das coisas.
II. Se as imagens recorrentes valem alguma coisa para entender os poetas, a presença da rocha aponta nele para um anseio profundo de encontrar o alicerce, ponto básico de referência. Quando quer localizar um personagem, é perto ou sobre uma rocha que o situa. Na pedra, quase tanto quanto nos troncos, grava os seus lamentos. Para imagem da dor ou sofrimento, não quer outro símile. Todavia, é como antítese que mais aparecem, servindo para contrastar a ternura do sentimento. Nas Obras a um ciclo de oposição sentimento-rocha, brandura-dureza, em que vem se exprimir, segundo a convenção lírica, a sua sensibilidade profunda.
III. Em nossa literatura é dos maiores poetas, dentro os sete ou oito que trouxeram alguma coisa à nossa visão de mundo. Com ele a pesquisa neoclássica da natureza alcança a expressão mais humana e artisticamente mais pura. A recuperação da naturalidade, cujos artífices foram os primeiros árcades, encontra nele a nota fundamental humana. Ao contrário da tradição impessoal do Cultismo e da delegação poética arcádica, vemos uma personalidade que se revela, mas, ao mesmo tempo, constrói-se no plano literário, que considera a si mesmo como objeto legítimo da arte, e por isso se desvenda, nas suas penas, no seu gosto, em toda a escavação profunda e sinuosa da confidência; mas só desvenda para atingir a imagem eloquente, a frase bela que permite elaborar uma expressão artística, ou seja, uma estilização de si mesma.
Assinale a alternativa CORRETA que indica, respectivamente, os poetas de que tratam as análises I, II e III.
Convocando saber, experiência, imaginação, memória, razão, sensibilidade e tudo o mais que lhe confere a romântica aura de gênio e de “maldito” (pela vida desgraçada que levou e o quanto sofreu na carne o drama da condição humana), o poeta penetra num labirinto, descortinado pela sondagem do “eu”, marcada por estágios de angústia crescente, à medida que progride a vida interior. De onde o tom permanente de dor cósmica, no sentido em que é mais do que sofrimento individual do poeta, é o universal ecoando nele e nele encontrando meio de expressão. O fruto desta incursão nos caminhos da alma consiste numa confissão ou autobiografia moral, marcada pela “ânsia de infinito”. À medida que avança na jornada interior, vai desintegrando o próprio “eu” com a finalidade de erguer o retrato do “Eu”, ou do “Nós”, composto pela soma de todos os “eus” alheios que lhe ficaram impressos na inteligência e na sensibilidade. O núcleo de sua poesia reflexiva pode ser sintetizada como: a vida não tem razão de ser, e descobri-lo e pensá-lo de forma incessante é inútil e perigoso, pois apenas acentua o quanto irremediavelmente miserável é a condição humana.
MASSAUD. Moisés. A Literatura Portuguesa. 37. ed. São Paulo: Cultrix, 2013- texto adaptado
O texto acima se refere a qual poeta da Literatura Portuguesa? Assinale a alternativa CORRETA.
A partir das afirmações de Luiz Roncari (2014), sobre a obra “Memórias de um Sargento de Milícias”, de Manuel Antônio de Almeida, analise as afirmativas identificando com “V” as VERDADEIRAS e com “F” as FALSAS, assinalando a seguir a alternativa CORRETA, na sequência de cima para baixo:
( ) Na obra, Manuel Antônio Almeida busca o ponto de encontro ou fronteira da sociedade da “ordem” com a da “desordem”. Como as duas não existiam separadamente, o que ele observa é o processo de relações e contato de uma com a outra e a contaminação de uma pela outra, através dos processos de transbordamento das personagens de um lugar social para o outro.
( ) Na descrição da preparação do parto organizado pela comadre, a madrinha de Leonardo, os elementos da religião católica são utilizados com finalidades mágicas, dentro de práticas típicas da crendice e da superstição popular, apontando, com isso, que o sincretismo ou a mistura é o elemento constante e organizador de quase todas as manifestações festivas, ritualísticas ou simplesmente da tradução dos costumes que o autor descreve.
( ) Na construção das personagens, Manuel Antônio Almeida ultrapassou as suas caracterizações como tipos, as suas individualidades não estão sujeitas e determinadas às suas condições sociais, raciais, profissionais, pois ao fixar o foco do romance na área de contato intersociais, raciais, éticos e culturais, faz com que as personagens consigam superar e ultrapassar suas condições, além de afirmarem-se como indivíduos de personalidades autônomas.
( ) Manuel Antônio Almeida buscou equilibrar duas forças de sentido oposto, uma coagindo para a “ordem” e outra para “desordem”, uma identificada com o Estado português, de origem externa e extração europeia e civilizada, e a outra identificada com as forças da “terra”, mameluca. No entanto, não conseguiu que tais forças opostas convivessem e criassem uma ordem em que as duas naturezas e dimensões do homem encontrassem espaço de realização e equilíbrio.
( ) Os melhores momentos de apreensão de contato e reunião de culturas e cores raciais diferentes, dentro da obra, são os encontros festivos e comemorativos, como o que ocorre no capítulo “Origem, Nascimento e Batizado”.
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