Questões de Concurso Para estatístico

Text II

Off the Deep End in Brazil

_{Gerald Herbert}

With crude still hemorrhaging into the Gulf of

Mexico, deep-water drilling might seem taboo just

now. In fact, extreme oil will likely be the new normal.

Despite the gulf tragedy, the quest for oil and gas in

5 the most difficult places on the planet is just getting

underway. Prospecting proceeds apace in the ultra-

deepwater reserves off the coasts of Ghana and

Nigeria, the sulfur-laden depths of the Black Sea, and

the tar sands of Venezuela’s Orinoco Basin. Brazil’s

10 Petrobras, which already controls a quarter of global

deepwater operations, is just starting to plumb its 9 to

15 billion barrels of proven reserves buried some four

miles below the Atlantic.

The reason is simple: after a century and a

15 half of breakneck oil prospecting, the easy stuff is

history. Blistering growth in emerging nations has

turned the power grid upside down. India and China

will consume 28 percent of global energy by 2030,

triple the juice they required in 1990. China is set to

20 overtake the U.S. in energy consumption by 2014.

And now that the Great Recession is easing, the

earth’s hoard of conventional oil is waning even

faster. The International Energy Agency reckons the

world will need to find 65 million additional barrels a

25 day by 2030. If the U.S. offshore-drilling moratorium

drags on, look for idled rigs heading to other shores.

_{Available in:}

_{<http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/13/off-the-deep-end-in-brazil.html>}

_{Retrieved on: June 19, 2011.}

Text I

Brazil: Platform for growth

_{By Joe Leahy}

On the Cidade de Angra dos Reis oil platform,

surrounded by the deep blue South Atlantic, a

Petrobras engineer turns on a tap and watches black

liquid flow into a beaker.

5____It looks and smells like ordinary crude oil.

Nevertheless, for Brazil, this represents something

much more spectacular. Pumped by the national oil

company from “pre-salt” deposits – so-called because

they lie beneath 2,000m of salt – 300km off the coast

10 of Rio de Janeiro, it is some of the first commercial

oil to flow from the country’s giant new deepwater

discoveries.

Already estimated to contain 50bn barrels, and

with much of the area still to be fully explored, the

15 fields contain the world’s largest known offshore oil

deposits. In one step, Brazil could jump up the world

rankings of national oil reserves and production, from

15th to fifth. So great are the discoveries, and the

investment required to exploit them, that they have

20 the potential to transform the country – for good or for ill.

Having seen out booms and busts before,

Brazilians are hoping that this time “the country

of the future” will at last realise its full economic

potential. The hope is that the discoveries will provide

25 a nation already rich in renewable energy with an

embarrassment of resources with which to pursue the

goal of becoming a US of the south.

The danger for Brazil, if it fails to manage this

windfall wisely, is of falling victim to “Dutch disease”.

30 The economic malaise is named after the Netherlands

in the 1970s, where the manufacturing sector withered

after its currency strengthened on the back of a large

gas field discovery combined with rising energy prices.

Even worse, Brazil could suffer a more severe

35 form of the disease, the “oil curse”, whereby nations

rich in natural resources – Nigeria and Venezuela, for

example – grow addicted to the money that flows from

them.

Petrobras chief executive says neither the

40 company nor the country’s oil industry has so far

been big enough to become a government cash cow.

But with the new discoveries, which stretch across an

800km belt off the coast of south-eastern Brazil, this is

going to change. The oil industry could grow from about

45 10 per cent of GDP to up to 25 per cent in the coming

decades, analysts say. To curb any negative effects,

Brazil is trying to support domestic manufacturing

by increasing “local content” requirements in the oil

industry.

50____Without a “firm local content policy”, says

Petrobras CEO, Dutch disease and the oil curse will

take hold. However, “if we have a firm and successful

local content policy, no – because other sectors in the

economy are going to grow as fast as Petrobras”.

55___The other long-term dividend Brazil is seeking

from the discoveries is in research and development

(R&D). Extracting oil from beneath a layer of salt at

great depth, hundreds of kilometres from the coast, is

so challenging that Brazilian engineers see it as a new

60 frontier. If they can perfect this, they can lead the way

in other markets with similar geology, such as Africa.

For its part, Petrobras is spending $800m-$900m

a year over the next five years on R&D, and has

invested $700m in the expansion of its research

65 centre.

Ultimately, Brazil’s ability to avoid Dutch disease

will depend not just on how the money from the oil

is spent. The country is the world’s second biggest

exporter of iron ore. It is the largest exporter of beef.

70 It is also the biggest producer of sugar, coffee and

orange juice, and the second-largest producer of soya

beans.

Exports of these commodities are already driving

up the exchange rate before the new oil fields have

75 fully come on stream, making it harder for Brazilian

exporters of manufactured goods. Industrial production

has faltered in recent months, with manufacturers

blaming the trend on a flood of cheap Chinese-made

imports.

80____“Brazil has everything that China doesn’t and it’s

natural that, as China continues to grow, it’s just going

to be starved for those resources,” says Harvard’s

Prof Rogoff. “At some level Brazil doesn’t just want

to be exporting natural resources – it wants a more

85 diversified economy. There are going to be some

rising tensions over that.”

_{Adapted from Financial Times - March 15 2011 22:54. Available in:}

_{<http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fa11320c-4f48-11e0-9038-00144feab49a,_i_email=y.html>}

_{Retrieved on: June 17, 2011.}

Text I

Brazil: Platform for growth

_{By Joe Leahy}

On the Cidade de Angra dos Reis oil platform,

surrounded by the deep blue South Atlantic, a

Petrobras engineer turns on a tap and watches black

liquid flow into a beaker.

5____It looks and smells like ordinary crude oil.

Nevertheless, for Brazil, this represents something

much more spectacular. Pumped by the national oil

company from “pre-salt” deposits – so-called because

they lie beneath 2,000m of salt – 300km off the coast

10 of Rio de Janeiro, it is some of the first commercial

oil to flow from the country’s giant new deepwater

discoveries.

Already estimated to contain 50bn barrels, and

with much of the area still to be fully explored, the

15 fields contain the world’s largest known offshore oil

deposits. In one step, Brazil could jump up the world

rankings of national oil reserves and production, from

15th to fifth. So great are the discoveries, and the

investment required to exploit them, that they have

20 the potential to transform the country – for good or for ill.

Having seen out booms and busts before,

Brazilians are hoping that this time “the country

of the future” will at last realise its full economic

potential. The hope is that the discoveries will provide

25 a nation already rich in renewable energy with an

embarrassment of resources with which to pursue the

goal of becoming a US of the south.

The danger for Brazil, if it fails to manage this

windfall wisely, is of falling victim to “Dutch disease”.

30 The economic malaise is named after the Netherlands

in the 1970s, where the manufacturing sector withered

after its currency strengthened on the back of a large

gas field discovery combined with rising energy prices.

Even worse, Brazil could suffer a more severe

35 form of the disease, the “oil curse”, whereby nations

rich in natural resources – Nigeria and Venezuela, for

example – grow addicted to the money that flows from

them.

Petrobras chief executive says neither the

40 company nor the country’s oil industry has so far

been big enough to become a government cash cow.

But with the new discoveries, which stretch across an

800km belt off the coast of south-eastern Brazil, this is

going to change. The oil industry could grow from about

45 10 per cent of GDP to up to 25 per cent in the coming

decades, analysts say. To curb any negative effects,

Brazil is trying to support domestic manufacturing

by increasing “local content” requirements in the oil

industry.

50____Without a “firm local content policy”, says

Petrobras CEO, Dutch disease and the oil curse will

take hold. However, “if we have a firm and successful

local content policy, no – because other sectors in the

economy are going to grow as fast as Petrobras”.

55___The other long-term dividend Brazil is seeking

from the discoveries is in research and development

(R&D). Extracting oil from beneath a layer of salt at

great depth, hundreds of kilometres from the coast, is

so challenging that Brazilian engineers see it as a new

60 frontier. If they can perfect this, they can lead the way

in other markets with similar geology, such as Africa.

For its part, Petrobras is spending $800m-$900m

a year over the next five years on R&D, and has

invested $700m in the expansion of its research

65 centre.

Ultimately, Brazil’s ability to avoid Dutch disease

will depend not just on how the money from the oil

is spent. The country is the world’s second biggest

exporter of iron ore. It is the largest exporter of beef.

70 It is also the biggest producer of sugar, coffee and

orange juice, and the second-largest producer of soya

beans.

Exports of these commodities are already driving

up the exchange rate before the new oil fields have

75 fully come on stream, making it harder for Brazilian

exporters of manufactured goods. Industrial production

has faltered in recent months, with manufacturers

blaming the trend on a flood of cheap Chinese-made

imports.

80____“Brazil has everything that China doesn’t and it’s

natural that, as China continues to grow, it’s just going

to be starved for those resources,” says Harvard’s

Prof Rogoff. “At some level Brazil doesn’t just want

to be exporting natural resources – it wants a more

85 diversified economy. There are going to be some

rising tensions over that.”

_{Adapted from Financial Times - March 15 2011 22:54. Available in:}

_{<http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fa11320c-4f48-11e0-9038-00144feab49a,_i_email=y.html>}

_{Retrieved on: June 17, 2011.}

Text I

Brazil: Platform for growth

_{By Joe Leahy}

On the Cidade de Angra dos Reis oil platform,

surrounded by the deep blue South Atlantic, a

Petrobras engineer turns on a tap and watches black

liquid flow into a beaker.

5____It looks and smells like ordinary crude oil.

Nevertheless, for Brazil, this represents something

much more spectacular. Pumped by the national oil

company from “pre-salt” deposits – so-called because

they lie beneath 2,000m of salt – 300km off the coast

10 of Rio de Janeiro, it is some of the first commercial

oil to flow from the country’s giant new deepwater

discoveries.

Already estimated to contain 50bn barrels, and

with much of the area still to be fully explored, the

15 fields contain the world’s largest known offshore oil

deposits. In one step, Brazil could jump up the world

rankings of national oil reserves and production, from

15th to fifth. So great are the discoveries, and the

investment required to exploit them, that they have

20 the potential to transform the country – for good or for ill.

Having seen out booms and busts before,

Brazilians are hoping that this time “the country

of the future” will at last realise its full economic

potential. The hope is that the discoveries will provide

25 a nation already rich in renewable energy with an

embarrassment of resources with which to pursue the

goal of becoming a US of the south.

The danger for Brazil, if it fails to manage this

windfall wisely, is of falling victim to “Dutch disease”.

30 The economic malaise is named after the Netherlands

in the 1970s, where the manufacturing sector withered

after its currency strengthened on the back of a large

gas field discovery combined with rising energy prices.

Even worse, Brazil could suffer a more severe

35 form of the disease, the “oil curse”, whereby nations

rich in natural resources – Nigeria and Venezuela, for

example – grow addicted to the money that flows from

them.

Petrobras chief executive says neither the

40 company nor the country’s oil industry has so far

been big enough to become a government cash cow.

But with the new discoveries, which stretch across an

800km belt off the coast of south-eastern Brazil, this is

going to change. The oil industry could grow from about

45 10 per cent of GDP to up to 25 per cent in the coming

decades, analysts say. To curb any negative effects,

Brazil is trying to support domestic manufacturing

by increasing “local content” requirements in the oil

industry.

50____Without a “firm local content policy”, says

Petrobras CEO, Dutch disease and the oil curse will

take hold. However, “if we have a firm and successful

local content policy, no – because other sectors in the

economy are going to grow as fast as Petrobras”.

55___The other long-term dividend Brazil is seeking

from the discoveries is in research and development

(R&D). Extracting oil from beneath a layer of salt at

great depth, hundreds of kilometres from the coast, is

so challenging that Brazilian engineers see it as a new

60 frontier. If they can perfect this, they can lead the way

in other markets with similar geology, such as Africa.

For its part, Petrobras is spending $800m-$900m

a year over the next five years on R&D, and has

invested $700m in the expansion of its research

65 centre.

Ultimately, Brazil’s ability to avoid Dutch disease

will depend not just on how the money from the oil

is spent. The country is the world’s second biggest

exporter of iron ore. It is the largest exporter of beef.

70 It is also the biggest producer of sugar, coffee and

orange juice, and the second-largest producer of soya

beans.

Exports of these commodities are already driving

up the exchange rate before the new oil fields have

75 fully come on stream, making it harder for Brazilian

exporters of manufactured goods. Industrial production

has faltered in recent months, with manufacturers

blaming the trend on a flood of cheap Chinese-made

imports.

80____“Brazil has everything that China doesn’t and it’s

natural that, as China continues to grow, it’s just going

to be starved for those resources,” says Harvard’s

Prof Rogoff. “At some level Brazil doesn’t just want

to be exporting natural resources – it wants a more

85 diversified economy. There are going to be some

rising tensions over that.”

_{Adapted from Financial Times - March 15 2011 22:54. Available in:}

_{<http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fa11320c-4f48-11e0-9038-00144feab49a,_i_email=y.html>}

_{Retrieved on: June 17, 2011.}

Text I

Brazil: Platform for growth

_{By Joe Leahy}

On the Cidade de Angra dos Reis oil platform,

surrounded by the deep blue South Atlantic, a

Petrobras engineer turns on a tap and watches black

liquid flow into a beaker.

5____It looks and smells like ordinary crude oil.

Nevertheless, for Brazil, this represents something

much more spectacular. Pumped by the national oil

company from “pre-salt” deposits – so-called because

they lie beneath 2,000m of salt – 300km off the coast

10 of Rio de Janeiro, it is some of the first commercial

oil to flow from the country’s giant new deepwater

discoveries.

Already estimated to contain 50bn barrels, and

with much of the area still to be fully explored, the

15 fields contain the world’s largest known offshore oil

deposits. In one step, Brazil could jump up the world

rankings of national oil reserves and production, from

15th to fifth. So great are the discoveries, and the

investment required to exploit them, that they have

20 the potential to transform the country – for good or for ill.

Having seen out booms and busts before,

Brazilians are hoping that this time “the country

of the future” will at last realise its full economic

potential. The hope is that the discoveries will provide

25 a nation already rich in renewable energy with an

embarrassment of resources with which to pursue the

goal of becoming a US of the south.

The danger for Brazil, if it fails to manage this

windfall wisely, is of falling victim to “Dutch disease”.

30 The economic malaise is named after the Netherlands

in the 1970s, where the manufacturing sector withered

after its currency strengthened on the back of a large

gas field discovery combined with rising energy prices.

Even worse, Brazil could suffer a more severe

35 form of the disease, the “oil curse”, whereby nations

rich in natural resources – Nigeria and Venezuela, for

example – grow addicted to the money that flows from

them.

Petrobras chief executive says neither the

40 company nor the country’s oil industry has so far

been big enough to become a government cash cow.

But with the new discoveries, which stretch across an

800km belt off the coast of south-eastern Brazil, this is

going to change. The oil industry could grow from about

45 10 per cent of GDP to up to 25 per cent in the coming

decades, analysts say. To curb any negative effects,

Brazil is trying to support domestic manufacturing

by increasing “local content” requirements in the oil

industry.

50____Without a “firm local content policy”, says

Petrobras CEO, Dutch disease and the oil curse will

take hold. However, “if we have a firm and successful

local content policy, no – because other sectors in the

economy are going to grow as fast as Petrobras”.

55___The other long-term dividend Brazil is seeking

from the discoveries is in research and development

(R&D). Extracting oil from beneath a layer of salt at

great depth, hundreds of kilometres from the coast, is

so challenging that Brazilian engineers see it as a new

60 frontier. If they can perfect this, they can lead the way

in other markets with similar geology, such as Africa.

For its part, Petrobras is spending $800m-$900m

a year over the next five years on R&D, and has

invested $700m in the expansion of its research

65 centre.

Ultimately, Brazil’s ability to avoid Dutch disease

will depend not just on how the money from the oil

is spent. The country is the world’s second biggest

exporter of iron ore. It is the largest exporter of beef.

70 It is also the biggest producer of sugar, coffee and

orange juice, and the second-largest producer of soya

beans.

Exports of these commodities are already driving

up the exchange rate before the new oil fields have

75 fully come on stream, making it harder for Brazilian

exporters of manufactured goods. Industrial production

has faltered in recent months, with manufacturers

blaming the trend on a flood of cheap Chinese-made

imports.

80____“Brazil has everything that China doesn’t and it’s

natural that, as China continues to grow, it’s just going

to be starved for those resources,” says Harvard’s

Prof Rogoff. “At some level Brazil doesn’t just want

to be exporting natural resources – it wants a more

85 diversified economy. There are going to be some

rising tensions over that.”

_{Adapted from Financial Times - March 15 2011 22:54. Available in:}

_{<http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fa11320c-4f48-11e0-9038-00144feab49a,_i_email=y.html>}

_{Retrieved on: June 17, 2011.}

Text I

Brazil: Platform for growth

_{By Joe Leahy}

On the Cidade de Angra dos Reis oil platform,

surrounded by the deep blue South Atlantic, a

Petrobras engineer turns on a tap and watches black

liquid flow into a beaker.

5____It looks and smells like ordinary crude oil.

Nevertheless, for Brazil, this represents something

much more spectacular. Pumped by the national oil

company from “pre-salt” deposits – so-called because

they lie beneath 2,000m of salt – 300km off the coast

10 of Rio de Janeiro, it is some of the first commercial

oil to flow from the country’s giant new deepwater

discoveries.

Already estimated to contain 50bn barrels, and

with much of the area still to be fully explored, the

15 fields contain the world’s largest known offshore oil

deposits. In one step, Brazil could jump up the world

rankings of national oil reserves and production, from

15th to fifth. So great are the discoveries, and the

investment required to exploit them, that they have

20 the potential to transform the country – for good or for ill.

Having seen out booms and busts before,

Brazilians are hoping that this time “the country

of the future” will at last realise its full economic

potential. The hope is that the discoveries will provide

25 a nation already rich in renewable energy with an

embarrassment of resources with which to pursue the

goal of becoming a US of the south.

The danger for Brazil, if it fails to manage this

windfall wisely, is of falling victim to “Dutch disease”.

30 The economic malaise is named after the Netherlands

in the 1970s, where the manufacturing sector withered

after its currency strengthened on the back of a large

gas field discovery combined with rising energy prices.

Even worse, Brazil could suffer a more severe

35 form of the disease, the “oil curse”, whereby nations

rich in natural resources – Nigeria and Venezuela, for

example – grow addicted to the money that flows from

them.

Petrobras chief executive says neither the

40 company nor the country’s oil industry has so far

been big enough to become a government cash cow.

But with the new discoveries, which stretch across an

800km belt off the coast of south-eastern Brazil, this is

going to change. The oil industry could grow from about

45 10 per cent of GDP to up to 25 per cent in the coming

decades, analysts say. To curb any negative effects,

Brazil is trying to support domestic manufacturing

by increasing “local content” requirements in the oil

industry.

50____Without a “firm local content policy”, says

Petrobras CEO, Dutch disease and the oil curse will

take hold. However, “if we have a firm and successful

local content policy, no – because other sectors in the

economy are going to grow as fast as Petrobras”.

55___The other long-term dividend Brazil is seeking

from the discoveries is in research and development

(R&D). Extracting oil from beneath a layer of salt at

great depth, hundreds of kilometres from the coast, is

so challenging that Brazilian engineers see it as a new

60 frontier. If they can perfect this, they can lead the way

in other markets with similar geology, such as Africa.

For its part, Petrobras is spending $800m-$900m

a year over the next five years on R&D, and has

invested $700m in the expansion of its research

65 centre.

Ultimately, Brazil’s ability to avoid Dutch disease

will depend not just on how the money from the oil

is spent. The country is the world’s second biggest

exporter of iron ore. It is the largest exporter of beef.

70 It is also the biggest producer of sugar, coffee and

orange juice, and the second-largest producer of soya

beans.

Exports of these commodities are already driving

up the exchange rate before the new oil fields have

75 fully come on stream, making it harder for Brazilian

exporters of manufactured goods. Industrial production

has faltered in recent months, with manufacturers

blaming the trend on a flood of cheap Chinese-made

imports.

80____“Brazil has everything that China doesn’t and it’s

natural that, as China continues to grow, it’s just going

to be starved for those resources,” says Harvard’s

Prof Rogoff. “At some level Brazil doesn’t just want

to be exporting natural resources – it wants a more

85 diversified economy. There are going to be some

rising tensions over that.”

_{Adapted from Financial Times - March 15 2011 22:54. Available in:}

_{<http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fa11320c-4f48-11e0-9038-00144feab49a,_i_email=y.html>}

_{Retrieved on: June 17, 2011.}

Text I

Brazil: Platform for growth

_{By Joe Leahy}

On the Cidade de Angra dos Reis oil platform,

surrounded by the deep blue South Atlantic, a

Petrobras engineer turns on a tap and watches black

liquid flow into a beaker.

5____It looks and smells like ordinary crude oil.

Nevertheless, for Brazil, this represents something

much more spectacular. Pumped by the national oil

company from “pre-salt” deposits – so-called because

they lie beneath 2,000m of salt – 300km off the coast

10 of Rio de Janeiro, it is some of the first commercial

oil to flow from the country’s giant new deepwater

discoveries.

Already estimated to contain 50bn barrels, and

with much of the area still to be fully explored, the

15 fields contain the world’s largest known offshore oil

deposits. In one step, Brazil could jump up the world

rankings of national oil reserves and production, from

15th to fifth. So great are the discoveries, and the

investment required to exploit them, that they have

20 the potential to transform the country – for good or for ill.

Having seen out booms and busts before,

Brazilians are hoping that this time “the country

of the future” will at last realise its full economic

potential. The hope is that the discoveries will provide

25 a nation already rich in renewable energy with an

embarrassment of resources with which to pursue the

goal of becoming a US of the south.

The danger for Brazil, if it fails to manage this

windfall wisely, is of falling victim to “Dutch disease”.

30 The economic malaise is named after the Netherlands

in the 1970s, where the manufacturing sector withered

after its currency strengthened on the back of a large

gas field discovery combined with rising energy prices.

Even worse, Brazil could suffer a more severe

35 form of the disease, the “oil curse”, whereby nations

rich in natural resources – Nigeria and Venezuela, for

example – grow addicted to the money that flows from

them.

Petrobras chief executive says neither the

40 company nor the country’s oil industry has so far

been big enough to become a government cash cow.

But with the new discoveries, which stretch across an

800km belt off the coast of south-eastern Brazil, this is

going to change. The oil industry could grow from about

45 10 per cent of GDP to up to 25 per cent in the coming

decades, analysts say. To curb any negative effects,

Brazil is trying to support domestic manufacturing

by increasing “local content” requirements in the oil

industry.

50____Without a “firm local content policy”, says

Petrobras CEO, Dutch disease and the oil curse will

take hold. However, “if we have a firm and successful

local content policy, no – because other sectors in the

economy are going to grow as fast as Petrobras”.

55___The other long-term dividend Brazil is seeking

from the discoveries is in research and development

(R&D). Extracting oil from beneath a layer of salt at

great depth, hundreds of kilometres from the coast, is

so challenging that Brazilian engineers see it as a new

60 frontier. If they can perfect this, they can lead the way

in other markets with similar geology, such as Africa.

For its part, Petrobras is spending $800m-$900m

a year over the next five years on R&D, and has

invested $700m in the expansion of its research

65 centre.

Ultimately, Brazil’s ability to avoid Dutch disease

will depend not just on how the money from the oil

is spent. The country is the world’s second biggest

exporter of iron ore. It is the largest exporter of beef.

70 It is also the biggest producer of sugar, coffee and

orange juice, and the second-largest producer of soya

beans.

Exports of these commodities are already driving

up the exchange rate before the new oil fields have

75 fully come on stream, making it harder for Brazilian

exporters of manufactured goods. Industrial production

has faltered in recent months, with manufacturers

blaming the trend on a flood of cheap Chinese-made

imports.

80____“Brazil has everything that China doesn’t and it’s

natural that, as China continues to grow, it’s just going

to be starved for those resources,” says Harvard’s

Prof Rogoff. “At some level Brazil doesn’t just want

to be exporting natural resources – it wants a more

85 diversified economy. There are going to be some

rising tensions over that.”

_{Adapted from Financial Times - March 15 2011 22:54. Available in:}

_{<http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fa11320c-4f48-11e0-9038-00144feab49a,_i_email=y.html>}

_{Retrieved on: June 17, 2011.}

Text I

Brazil: Platform for growth

_{By Joe Leahy}

On the Cidade de Angra dos Reis oil platform,

surrounded by the deep blue South Atlantic, a

Petrobras engineer turns on a tap and watches black

liquid flow into a beaker.

5____It looks and smells like ordinary crude oil.

Nevertheless, for Brazil, this represents something

much more spectacular. Pumped by the national oil

company from “pre-salt” deposits – so-called because

they lie beneath 2,000m of salt – 300km off the coast

10 of Rio de Janeiro, it is some of the first commercial

oil to flow from the country’s giant new deepwater

discoveries.

Already estimated to contain 50bn barrels, and

with much of the area still to be fully explored, the

15 fields contain the world’s largest known offshore oil

deposits. In one step, Brazil could jump up the world

rankings of national oil reserves and production, from

15th to fifth. So great are the discoveries, and the

investment required to exploit them, that they have

20 the potential to transform the country – for good or for ill.

Having seen out booms and busts before,

Brazilians are hoping that this time “the country

of the future” will at last realise its full economic

potential. The hope is that the discoveries will provide

25 a nation already rich in renewable energy with an

embarrassment of resources with which to pursue the

goal of becoming a US of the south.

The danger for Brazil, if it fails to manage this

windfall wisely, is of falling victim to “Dutch disease”.

30 The economic malaise is named after the Netherlands

in the 1970s, where the manufacturing sector withered

after its currency strengthened on the back of a large

gas field discovery combined with rising energy prices.

Even worse, Brazil could suffer a more severe

35 form of the disease, the “oil curse”, whereby nations

rich in natural resources – Nigeria and Venezuela, for

example – grow addicted to the money that flows from

them.

Petrobras chief executive says neither the

40 company nor the country’s oil industry has so far

been big enough to become a government cash cow.

But with the new discoveries, which stretch across an

800km belt off the coast of south-eastern Brazil, this is

going to change. The oil industry could grow from about

45 10 per cent of GDP to up to 25 per cent in the coming

decades, analysts say. To curb any negative effects,

Brazil is trying to support domestic manufacturing

by increasing “local content” requirements in the oil

industry.

50____Without a “firm local content policy”, says

Petrobras CEO, Dutch disease and the oil curse will

take hold. However, “if we have a firm and successful

local content policy, no – because other sectors in the

economy are going to grow as fast as Petrobras”.

55___The other long-term dividend Brazil is seeking

from the discoveries is in research and development

(R&D). Extracting oil from beneath a layer of salt at

great depth, hundreds of kilometres from the coast, is

so challenging that Brazilian engineers see it as a new

60 frontier. If they can perfect this, they can lead the way

in other markets with similar geology, such as Africa.

For its part, Petrobras is spending $800m-$900m

a year over the next five years on R&D, and has

invested $700m in the expansion of its research

65 centre.

Ultimately, Brazil’s ability to avoid Dutch disease

will depend not just on how the money from the oil

is spent. The country is the world’s second biggest

exporter of iron ore. It is the largest exporter of beef.

70 It is also the biggest producer of sugar, coffee and

orange juice, and the second-largest producer of soya

beans.

Exports of these commodities are already driving

up the exchange rate before the new oil fields have

75 fully come on stream, making it harder for Brazilian

exporters of manufactured goods. Industrial production

has faltered in recent months, with manufacturers

blaming the trend on a flood of cheap Chinese-made

imports.

80____“Brazil has everything that China doesn’t and it’s

natural that, as China continues to grow, it’s just going

to be starved for those resources,” says Harvard’s

Prof Rogoff. “At some level Brazil doesn’t just want

to be exporting natural resources – it wants a more

85 diversified economy. There are going to be some

rising tensions over that.”

_{Adapted from Financial Times - March 15 2011 22:54. Available in:}

_{<http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fa11320c-4f48-11e0-9038-00144feab49a,_i_email=y.html>}

_{Retrieved on: June 17, 2011.}

Texto II

PALAVRA PEJORATIVA

O uso do termo “diferenciada” com sentido negativo ressuscita o preconceito de classe

“Você já viu o tipo de gente que fica ao redor das

estações do metrô? Drogados, mendigos, uma gen-

te diferenciada.” As palavras atribuídas à psicóloga

Guiomar Ferreira, moradora há 26 anos do bairro Hi-

5 gienópolis, em São Paulo, colocaram lenha na polê-

mica sobre a construção de uma estação de metrô na

região, onde se concentra parte da elite paulistana.

Guiomar nega ser a autora da frase. Mas a autoria,

convenhamos, é o de menos. A menção a camelôs

10 e usuários do transporte público ressuscitou velhos

preconceitos de classe, e pode deixar como lembran-

ça a volta de um clichê: o termo “diferenciada”.

A palavra nunca fora usada até então com viés

pejorativo no Brasil. Habitava o jargão corporativo

15 e publicitário, sendo usada como sinônimo vago de

algo “especial”, “destacado” ou “diferente” (sempre

para melhor).

– Não me consta que já houvesse um “diferencia-

do” negativamente marcado. Não tenho nenhum co-

20 nhecimento de existência desse “clichê”. Parece-me

que a origem, aí, foi absolutamente episódica, nas-

cida da infeliz declaração – explica Maria Helena Mou-

ra Neves, professora da Unesp de Araraquara (SP) e

do Mackenzie.

25___Para a professora, o termo pode até ganhar as

ruas com o sentido negativo, mas não devido a um

deslizamento semântico natural. Por natural, entenda-

se uma direção semântica provocada pela con-

figuração de sentido do termo originário. No verbo

30 “diferenciar”, algo que “se diferencia” será bom, ao

contrário do que ocorreu com o verbo “discriminar”,

por exemplo. Ao virar “discriminado”, implicou algo

negativo. Maria Helena, porém, não crê que a nova

acepção de “diferenciado” tenha vida longa.

35___– Não deve vingar, a não ser como chiste, aquelas

coisas que vêm entre aspas, de brincadeira –

emenda ela. [...]

_{MURANO, Edgard.}

_{Disponível em: <http://revistalingua.uol.com.br/textos.asp?codigo=12327>.}

_{Acesso em: 05 jul. 2011. Adaptado.}

Texto II

PALAVRA PEJORATIVA

O uso do termo “diferenciada” com sentido negativo ressuscita o preconceito de classe

“Você já viu o tipo de gente que fica ao redor das

estações do metrô? Drogados, mendigos, uma gen-

te diferenciada.” As palavras atribuídas à psicóloga

Guiomar Ferreira, moradora há 26 anos do bairro Hi-

5 gienópolis, em São Paulo, colocaram lenha na polê-

mica sobre a construção de uma estação de metrô na

região, onde se concentra parte da elite paulistana.

Guiomar nega ser a autora da frase. Mas a autoria,

convenhamos, é o de menos. A menção a camelôs

10 e usuários do transporte público ressuscitou velhos

preconceitos de classe, e pode deixar como lembran-

ça a volta de um clichê: o termo “diferenciada”.

A palavra nunca fora usada até então com viés

pejorativo no Brasil. Habitava o jargão corporativo

15 e publicitário, sendo usada como sinônimo vago de

algo “especial”, “destacado” ou “diferente” (sempre

para melhor).

– Não me consta que já houvesse um “diferencia-

do” negativamente marcado. Não tenho nenhum co-

20 nhecimento de existência desse “clichê”. Parece-me

que a origem, aí, foi absolutamente episódica, nas-

cida da infeliz declaração – explica Maria Helena Mou-

ra Neves, professora da Unesp de Araraquara (SP) e

do Mackenzie.

25___Para a professora, o termo pode até ganhar as

ruas com o sentido negativo, mas não devido a um

deslizamento semântico natural. Por natural, entenda-

se uma direção semântica provocada pela con-

figuração de sentido do termo originário. No verbo

30 “diferenciar”, algo que “se diferencia” será bom, ao

contrário do que ocorreu com o verbo “discriminar”,

por exemplo. Ao virar “discriminado”, implicou algo

negativo. Maria Helena, porém, não crê que a nova

acepção de “diferenciado” tenha vida longa.

35___– Não deve vingar, a não ser como chiste, aquelas

coisas que vêm entre aspas, de brincadeira –

emenda ela. [...]

_{MURANO, Edgard.}

_{Disponível em: <http://revistalingua.uol.com.br/textos.asp?codigo=12327>.}

_{Acesso em: 05 jul. 2011. Adaptado.}

Texto II

PALAVRA PEJORATIVA

O uso do termo “diferenciada” com sentido negativo ressuscita o preconceito de classe

“Você já viu o tipo de gente que fica ao redor das

estações do metrô? Drogados, mendigos, uma gen-

te diferenciada.” As palavras atribuídas à psicóloga

Guiomar Ferreira, moradora há 26 anos do bairro Hi-

5 gienópolis, em São Paulo, colocaram lenha na polê-

mica sobre a construção de uma estação de metrô na

região, onde se concentra parte da elite paulistana.

Guiomar nega ser a autora da frase. Mas a autoria,

convenhamos, é o de menos. A menção a camelôs

10 e usuários do transporte público ressuscitou velhos

preconceitos de classe, e pode deixar como lembran-

ça a volta de um clichê: o termo “diferenciada”.

A palavra nunca fora usada até então com viés

pejorativo no Brasil. Habitava o jargão corporativo

15 e publicitário, sendo usada como sinônimo vago de

algo “especial”, “destacado” ou “diferente” (sempre

para melhor).

– Não me consta que já houvesse um “diferencia-

do” negativamente marcado. Não tenho nenhum co-

20 nhecimento de existência desse “clichê”. Parece-me

que a origem, aí, foi absolutamente episódica, nas-

cida da infeliz declaração – explica Maria Helena Mou-

ra Neves, professora da Unesp de Araraquara (SP) e

do Mackenzie.

25___Para a professora, o termo pode até ganhar as

ruas com o sentido negativo, mas não devido a um

deslizamento semântico natural. Por natural, entenda-

se uma direção semântica provocada pela con-

figuração de sentido do termo originário. No verbo

30 “diferenciar”, algo que “se diferencia” será bom, ao

contrário do que ocorreu com o verbo “discriminar”,

por exemplo. Ao virar “discriminado”, implicou algo

negativo. Maria Helena, porém, não crê que a nova

acepção de “diferenciado” tenha vida longa.

35___– Não deve vingar, a não ser como chiste, aquelas

coisas que vêm entre aspas, de brincadeira –

emenda ela. [...]

_{MURANO, Edgard.}

_{Disponível em: <http://revistalingua.uol.com.br/textos.asp?codigo=12327>.}

_{Acesso em: 05 jul. 2011. Adaptado.}

Texto II

PALAVRA PEJORATIVA

O uso do termo “diferenciada” com sentido negativo ressuscita o preconceito de classe

“Você já viu o tipo de gente que fica ao redor das

estações do metrô? Drogados, mendigos, uma gen-

te diferenciada.” As palavras atribuídas à psicóloga

Guiomar Ferreira, moradora há 26 anos do bairro Hi-

5 gienópolis, em São Paulo, colocaram lenha na polê-

mica sobre a construção de uma estação de metrô na

região, onde se concentra parte da elite paulistana.

Guiomar nega ser a autora da frase. Mas a autoria,

convenhamos, é o de menos. A menção a camelôs

10 e usuários do transporte público ressuscitou velhos

preconceitos de classe, e pode deixar como lembran-

ça a volta de um clichê: o termo “diferenciada”.

A palavra nunca fora usada até então com viés

pejorativo no Brasil. Habitava o jargão corporativo

15 e publicitário, sendo usada como sinônimo vago de

algo “especial”, “destacado” ou “diferente” (sempre

para melhor).

– Não me consta que já houvesse um “diferencia-

do” negativamente marcado. Não tenho nenhum co-

20 nhecimento de existência desse “clichê”. Parece-me

que a origem, aí, foi absolutamente episódica, nas-

cida da infeliz declaração – explica Maria Helena Mou-

ra Neves, professora da Unesp de Araraquara (SP) e

do Mackenzie.

25___Para a professora, o termo pode até ganhar as

ruas com o sentido negativo, mas não devido a um

deslizamento semântico natural. Por natural, entenda-

se uma direção semântica provocada pela con-

figuração de sentido do termo originário. No verbo

30 “diferenciar”, algo que “se diferencia” será bom, ao

contrário do que ocorreu com o verbo “discriminar”,

por exemplo. Ao virar “discriminado”, implicou algo

negativo. Maria Helena, porém, não crê que a nova

acepção de “diferenciado” tenha vida longa.

35___– Não deve vingar, a não ser como chiste, aquelas

coisas que vêm entre aspas, de brincadeira –

emenda ela. [...]

_{MURANO, Edgard.}

_{Disponível em: <http://revistalingua.uol.com.br/textos.asp?codigo=12327>.}

_{Acesso em: 05 jul. 2011. Adaptado.}

Texto I

REPIQUE DAS MESMAS PALAVRAS

Palavras consideradas difíceis, como “engala-

nada”, já não atraem muitos autores de escola de

samba. A busca agora é pela comunicação direta.

Em 2011, “vai” será a palavra mais repetida nos des-

5 files das 12 escolas do Grupo Especial: 19 vezes no

total. Em seguida, uma variação do mesmo verbo:

“vou”, com dez repetições. Essa também será a in-

cidência de “vida” e “amor” (dez vezes cada uma).

“Luz” e “mar” (nove vezes) fecham o pódio das mais

10 populares de 2011. Isto sem considerar as repetições

de uma mesma música, uma vez que ela não muda

durante todo o desfile das escolas.

Outrora clássicas, palavras como “relicário” e “di-

vinal” só aparecerão uma vez cada uma. E “engala-

15 nado”, que já teve seus dias de estrela, ficará mesmo

de fora dos desfiles do Grupo Especial.

Para especialistas, as palavras mais usadas atu-

almente são curtas, chamam o público e motivam os

componentes.

20___– “Vai” é a clara tentativa do compositor de em-

polgar e envolver a plateia desde o concurso das es-

colas, quando tem que mostrar às comissões julgadoras

que suas músicas têm capacidade de empolgar.

25 “Vou” está na linha de “vai”: chama, motiva. Quanto a

“vida” e “amor”, refletem o otimismo do carnaval. Ne-

nhuma palavra fica no campo semântico do pessimismo,

tristeza. E “mundo” deixa claro o aspecto gran-

dioso, assim como “céu” – disse o jornalista Marcelo

de Mello, jurado do estandarte de Ouro desde 1993.

30___Dudu Botelho, compositor do Salgueiro, é um

dos compositores dos sambas de 2007, 2008 e 2011.

O samba de sua escola, aliás, tem três das seis pala-

vras mais recorrentes: “vida”, “luz” e “mar”:

– O compositor tenta, através da letra, estimular

35 o componente e a comunidade a se inserir no roteiro

do enredo.

Todas as palavras mais repetidas no carnaval

estão entre as mais usadas nos sambas das últimas

campeãs dos anos 2000. “Terra” foi a mais escolhida

40 (11 vezes). Em seguida, apareceram “vou” e “pra”

(nove vezes); “luz”, “mar”, e “fé” (oito); “Brasil” (sete);

e “vai”, “amor”, “carnaval” e “liberdade” (seis); e “vida”

(cinco).

Para Marcelo de Mello, a repetição das mesmas

45 palavras indica um empobrecimento das letras:

– O visual ganhou um peso grande. A última es-

cola que venceu um campeonato por causa do sam-

ba foi o Salgueiro em 1993, com o refrão “explode

coração”.

_{MOTTA, Cláudio. Repique das mesmas palavras.}

_{O Globo, 09 fev. 2011. Adaptado}

Texto I

REPIQUE DAS MESMAS PALAVRAS

Palavras consideradas difíceis, como “engala-

nada”, já não atraem muitos autores de escola de

samba. A busca agora é pela comunicação direta.

Em 2011, “vai” será a palavra mais repetida nos des-

5 files das 12 escolas do Grupo Especial: 19 vezes no

total. Em seguida, uma variação do mesmo verbo:

“vou”, com dez repetições. Essa também será a in-

cidência de “vida” e “amor” (dez vezes cada uma).

“Luz” e “mar” (nove vezes) fecham o pódio das mais

10 populares de 2011. Isto sem considerar as repetições

de uma mesma música, uma vez que ela não muda

durante todo o desfile das escolas.

Outrora clássicas, palavras como “relicário” e “di-

vinal” só aparecerão uma vez cada uma. E “engala-

15 nado”, que já teve seus dias de estrela, ficará mesmo

de fora dos desfiles do Grupo Especial.

Para especialistas, as palavras mais usadas atu-

almente são curtas, chamam o público e motivam os

componentes.

20___– “Vai” é a clara tentativa do compositor de em-

polgar e envolver a plateia desde o concurso das es-

colas, quando tem que mostrar às comissões julgadoras

que suas músicas têm capacidade de empolgar.

25 “Vou” está na linha de “vai”: chama, motiva. Quanto a

“vida” e “amor”, refletem o otimismo do carnaval. Ne-

nhuma palavra fica no campo semântico do pessimismo,

tristeza. E “mundo” deixa claro o aspecto gran-

dioso, assim como “céu” – disse o jornalista Marcelo

de Mello, jurado do estandarte de Ouro desde 1993.

30___Dudu Botelho, compositor do Salgueiro, é um

dos compositores dos sambas de 2007, 2008 e 2011.

O samba de sua escola, aliás, tem três das seis pala-

vras mais recorrentes: “vida”, “luz” e “mar”:

– O compositor tenta, através da letra, estimular

35 o componente e a comunidade a se inserir no roteiro

do enredo.

Todas as palavras mais repetidas no carnaval

estão entre as mais usadas nos sambas das últimas

campeãs dos anos 2000. “Terra” foi a mais escolhida

40 (11 vezes). Em seguida, apareceram “vou” e “pra”

(nove vezes); “luz”, “mar”, e “fé” (oito); “Brasil” (sete);

e “vai”, “amor”, “carnaval” e “liberdade” (seis); e “vida”

(cinco).

Para Marcelo de Mello, a repetição das mesmas

45 palavras indica um empobrecimento das letras:

– O visual ganhou um peso grande. A última es-

cola que venceu um campeonato por causa do sam-

ba foi o Salgueiro em 1993, com o refrão “explode

coração”.

_{MOTTA, Cláudio. Repique das mesmas palavras.}

_{O Globo, 09 fev. 2011. Adaptado}

Texto I

REPIQUE DAS MESMAS PALAVRAS

Palavras consideradas difíceis, como “engala-

nada”, já não atraem muitos autores de escola de

samba. A busca agora é pela comunicação direta.

Em 2011, “vai” será a palavra mais repetida nos des-

5 files das 12 escolas do Grupo Especial: 19 vezes no

total. Em seguida, uma variação do mesmo verbo:

“vou”, com dez repetições. Essa também será a in-

cidência de “vida” e “amor” (dez vezes cada uma).

“Luz” e “mar” (nove vezes) fecham o pódio das mais

10 populares de 2011. Isto sem considerar as repetições

de uma mesma música, uma vez que ela não muda

durante todo o desfile das escolas.

Outrora clássicas, palavras como “relicário” e “di-

vinal” só aparecerão uma vez cada uma. E “engala-

15 nado”, que já teve seus dias de estrela, ficará mesmo

de fora dos desfiles do Grupo Especial.

Para especialistas, as palavras mais usadas atu-

almente são curtas, chamam o público e motivam os

componentes.

20___– “Vai” é a clara tentativa do compositor de em-

polgar e envolver a plateia desde o concurso das es-

colas, quando tem que mostrar às comissões julgadoras

que suas músicas têm capacidade de empolgar.

25 “Vou” está na linha de “vai”: chama, motiva. Quanto a

“vida” e “amor”, refletem o otimismo do carnaval. Ne-

nhuma palavra fica no campo semântico do pessimismo,

tristeza. E “mundo” deixa claro o aspecto gran-

dioso, assim como “céu” – disse o jornalista Marcelo

de Mello, jurado do estandarte de Ouro desde 1993.

30___Dudu Botelho, compositor do Salgueiro, é um

dos compositores dos sambas de 2007, 2008 e 2011.

O samba de sua escola, aliás, tem três das seis pala-

vras mais recorrentes: “vida”, “luz” e “mar”:

– O compositor tenta, através da letra, estimular

35 o componente e a comunidade a se inserir no roteiro

do enredo.

Todas as palavras mais repetidas no carnaval

estão entre as mais usadas nos sambas das últimas

campeãs dos anos 2000. “Terra” foi a mais escolhida

40 (11 vezes). Em seguida, apareceram “vou” e “pra”

(nove vezes); “luz”, “mar”, e “fé” (oito); “Brasil” (sete);

e “vai”, “amor”, “carnaval” e “liberdade” (seis); e “vida”

(cinco).

Para Marcelo de Mello, a repetição das mesmas

45 palavras indica um empobrecimento das letras:

– O visual ganhou um peso grande. A última es-

cola que venceu um campeonato por causa do sam-

ba foi o Salgueiro em 1993, com o refrão “explode

coração”.

_{MOTTA, Cláudio. Repique das mesmas palavras.}

_{O Globo, 09 fev. 2011. Adaptado}