Questões de Vestibular de Inglês - Sinônimos | Synonyms
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TEXT 1
World Health Officials Describe Progress Against Tetanus, H.I.V. and Malaria
Infant and maternal tetanus was officially eliminated from the Americas this year, the Pan American Health Organization
announced on Thursday. At one time, the infection killed about 10,000 newborns annually in the Western Hemisphere; tetanus
still kills about 35,000 infants around the world. It was one of several significant global health advances, including new programs
against malaria and H.I.V., announced last week in conjunction with the meeting of the United Nations General Assembly in
New York.
Haiti was the last country in the Americas to eliminate neonatal tetanus. That does not mean complete eradication,
because the bacteria that cause tetanus exist everywhere in soil and animal droppings. Rather, elimination means that
thanks to vaccination of mothers and clean birth procedures — less than one case occurs per 1,000 live births.
The Americas have generally led the world in eliminating diseases for which vaccines exist. In this hemisphere, smallpox
was eliminated in 1971, polio in 1994, rubella in 2015 and measles in 2016 (the diseases are sometimes reintroduced, as
measles was at Disneyland in 2014, but outbreaks are usually brought quickly under control).
Also this week, the President’s Malaria Initiative said it would expand its work to new countries in West and Central
Africa, protecting 90 million more people. The initiative, founded in 2005 as part of the United States Agency for International
Development, has been a major force in driving down worldwide malaria deaths by about 40 percent in the past decade. The
disease most often kills young children and pregnant women. The expansion in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Niger, Sierra Leone
and Burkina Faso was made possible because Congress increased funding for the initiative in fiscal year 2017, a representativ
said
In his speech to the United Nations on Tuesday, President Trump praised the malaria initiative and the President’s
Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief as examples of leadership in humanitarian assistance by the United States.
A combination of aid agencies, drug companies and g
cocktail to treat H.I.V. would soon be available to 92 countries, including virtually all of Africa, for about $75 a year. The new AIDS cocktail is the first available in poor countries to contain dolutegravir, which is widely used in wealthy countries because it is highly effective and has few side effects. The pill also contains lamivudine, an older but still effective drug, and tenof
disoproxil fumarate, another modern drug whose inclus
effects and resistance.
Almost 37 million people in the world have H.I.V., according to Unaids, the U.N.’s AIDS-fighting agency, but fewer than 20 million are now on antiretroviral medicine, which not only saves their lives but prevents them from passing on the disease.
McNEIL Jr., Donald. Disponível em: < https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/health/world-health-tetanus-infants.html?mcubz=1>. Acesso em: 22/09/2017.
Text1
Autism's Drug Problem
Many people on the spectrum take multiple medications, which can lead to serious side effects and may not even be effective
Connor was diagnosed with autism early — when he was just 18 months old. His condition was already obvious by then. “He
was lining things up, switching lights on and off, on and off,” says his mother, Melissa. He was bright, but he didn’t speak much
until age 3, and he was easily frustrated. Once he started school, he couldn’t sit still in class, called out answers without raising
his hand and got visibly upset when he couldn’t master a math concept or a handwriting task quickly enough. “One time, he
rolled himself up into the carpet like a burrito and wouldn’t come out until I got there,” Melissa recalls. (All families in this story
are identified by first name only, to protect their privacy.)
Connor was prescribed his first psychiatric drug, methylphenidate (Ritalin), at age 6. That didn’t last long, but when he was 7,
his parents tried again. A psychiatrist suggested a low dose of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine (Adderall), a stimulant
commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The drug seemed to improve his time at school: He was
able to sit still for longer periods of time and focus on what his teachers were saying. His chicken-scratch handwriting became
legible. Then, it became neat. Then perfect. And then it became something Connor began to obsess over.
“We were told that these are the gives and takes; if it’s helping him enough to get through school, you have to decide if it’s worth
it,” Melissa says. It was worth it — for a while.
But when the Adderall wore off each day, Connor had a tougher time than ever. He spent afternoons crying and refusing to do
much of anything. The stimulant made it difficult for him to fall asleep at night. So after a month or two, his psychiatrist added a
second medication — guanfacine (Intuniv), which is commonly prescribed for ADHD, anxiety and hypertension, but can also
help with insomnia. The psychiatrist hoped it might both ease Connor’s afternoons and help him sleep.
In some ways, it had the opposite effect. His afternoons did get slightly better, but Connor developed intense mood swings and
was so irritable that every evening was a struggle. Rather than simply tossing and turning in bed, he refused to even get under
the covers. “He wouldn’t go to bed because he was always angry about something,” Melissa says. “He was getting himself all
wound up, carrying on, getting upset at night and crying.”
wound up, carrying on, getting upset at night and crying.”
After seven months, his parents declared the combination unsustainable. They swapped guanfacine for over-the-counter
melatonin, which helped Connor fall asleep with no noticeable side effects. But within a year, he had acquired a tolerance for
Adderall. Connor’s psychiatrist increased his dosage and that, in turn, triggered tics: Connor began jerking his head and
snorting. Finally, at his 9-year physical, his doctor discovered that he’d only grown a few inches since age 7. He also hadn’t
gained any weight in two years; he’d dropped from the 50th percentile in weight to the 5th.
That was the end of all the experiments. His parents took him off all prescription drugs, and today, at almost 13 years old,
Connor is still medication-free. His tics have mostly disappeared. Although he has trouble maintaining focus in class, his mother
says that the risk-benefit ratio of trying another drug doesn’t seem worth it. “Right now we’re able to handle life without it, so we
do.”
(...)
For Connor, eliminating prescription drugs was difficult, but doable. For others, multiple medications may seem indispensable.
It’s not unusual for children with autism to take two, three, even four medications at once. Many adults with the condition do so,
too. Data are scant in both populations, but what little information there is suggests multiple prescriptions are even more
common among adults with autism than in children. Clinicians are particularly concerned about children with the condition
because psychiatric medications can have long-lasting effects on their developing brains, and yet are rarely tested in children.
In general, polypharmacy — most often defined as taking more than one prescription medication at once — is commonplace in
people with autism. In one study of more than 33,000 people under age 21 with the condition, at least 35 percent had taken two
psychotropic medications simultaneously; 15 percent had taken three.
“Psychotropic medications are used pretty extensively in people with autism because there aren’t a lot of treatments available,”
says Lisa Croen, director of the Autism Research Program at Kaiser Permanente in Oakland, California. “Is heavy drug use
bad? That’s the question. We don’t know; it hasn’t been studied.”
Disponível em: <https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/autisms-drug-problem/>. Texto adaptado.
the word “interests” (line 16) could be replaced by the word “investments” without changing the meaning.
LONGENECKER, C. W. The Victor. Disponível em:
“a cinch” (l. 4): certo.
Texto
TRUMP-KIM SUMMIT: DONALD TRUMP VOWS TO 'END WAR GAMES' IN 'NEW HISTORY' WITH NORTH KOREA
By Ben Riley-Smith, US editor, in Singapore 13 JUNE 2018 • 8:10AM – The Telegraph
Donald Trump unexpectedly suspended "war games" on the Korean peninsula yesterday as he convinced Kim Jong-un to back "complete denuclearisation" in a written agreement. The US has been carrying out joint military exercises for years in the region as a signal of its military alliance with Seoul (South Korea), and as a show of strength against North Korean aggression.
The US president said in a press conference after the Singapore summit: "It is a very great day, it is a very great moment, in the history of the world." He predicted Kim would start denuclearise "very quickly" and revealed that the North Korean leader had already agreed to destroy a missile engine testing site.
The climax of Mr Trump‘s meeting with Kim — the first between a sitting North Korean and American leader — was the signing of a joint agreement. The 400-word statement followed more than four hours of talks, first between the leaders one-on-one and then with a wider group of advisers.
It read: "President Trump and Chairman Kim Jong-un conducted a comprehensive, in-depth, and sincere exchange of opinions on the issues related to the establishment of new United States - North Korea relations and the building of a lasting and robust peace regime on the Korean Peninsula.
The statement went on to list four specific pledges that both Mr Trump and Kim agreed to stand by: The first was that both countries would establish "new relations" in the pursuit of "peace and prosperity" — an attempt to draw a line under the insults and threats of last year. The second said that America and North Korea would "join their efforts to build a lasting and stable peace regime on the Korean Peninsula". The third said that Kim‘s regime "commits to work toward complete denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula" — a key demand from the Americans. And the fourth promised that the remains of fallen US soldiers who died fighting in the Korean War would be repatriated to the United States.
Mr Trump said he "absolutely" would invite Kim to the White House and expressed enthusiasm for visiting North Korea, but said no dates had been set. Mr Trump also praised the leaders of Japan, South Korea and China as well as Kim himself for the progress made on the issue of denuclearisation.
Source: < https://goo.gl/dEim38> Date of retrieval: June 13th, 2018.
(Goodhouse Keeping 2007 – October)
A respeito dos recursos expressivos utilizados no texto, analise as afirmativas.
I - O conector whether é usado para enfatizar a idéia de condição.
II - O termo look expressa idéia de aparência.
III - A expressão as well confirma o sentido da oração anterior.
IV - A palavra Which pode ser substituída por That sem mudança de sentido.
Estão corretas as afirmativas
TEXT II
SPEAKING two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.
This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development.
They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.
The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.
The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age. Nobody ever doubted the power of language. But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint?
It is correct to affirm about the following vocabulary in the text.
“traders” (line 6) and “merchants” (line 15) are
synonyms.
Drinking coffee could help you live longer Coffee not only helps you feel full of beans, it might add years to your life as well, two major studies have shown. Scientists in Europe and the US have uncovered the clearest evidence yet that drinking coffee reduces the risk of death.
One study of more than half a million people from 10 European countries found that men who downed at least three cups of coffee a day were 18% less likely to die from any cause than non-coffee drinkers. Women drinking the same amount benefited less, but still experienced an 8% reduction in mortality over the period measured.
Similar results were reported by American scientists who conducted a separate investigation, recruiting 185855 participants from different ethnic backgrounds. Irrespective of ethnicity, people who drank two to three cups of coffee daily had an 18% reduced risk of death.
Each of the studies, both published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, showed no advantage from drinking either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee. Experts believe the antioxidant plant compounds in coffee rather than caffeine are responsible for the life-extending effect. Previous research has suggested that drinking coffee can reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, liver disease, and some cancers.
Dr Marc Gunter, from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, who led the European study with colleagues from Imperial College London, said: “We found that higher coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk of death from any cause and specifically for circulatory diseases and digestive diseases. Importantly, these results were similar across all of the 10 European countries, with variable coffee drinking habits and customs. Our study also offers important insights into the possible mechanisms for the beneficial health effects of coffee.”
(www.huffingtonpost.co.uk, 11.07.2017. Adaptado.)
INSTRUÇÃO: Responda à questão com base no texto abaixo.
Disponível em: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/impact-of-smartphones-on-behaviour-in-lessons-to-be-reviewed. Acesso em: 13 set. 2015
I - “However” (linha 09) poderia ser substituída, sem prejuízo de significado, por “Moreover”.
II - “Don’t take my word for it” (linha 12) equivale à “Não precisa acreditar em mim”.
III - “They” (linha 21) refere-se a “immigrants” (linha 21).
IV- A palavra “acknowledge“ pode ser usada como antônimo de “deny” (linha 23).
Estão corretas as afirmativas
( ) “Expat” has the same meaning of “immigrant”.
( ) The blog of “The Wall Street Journal” does not support the author’s point of view.
( ) Social class is one of the factors which differentiates an “expat” from an “immigrant”.
( ) The author is against the supremacist ideology.
A sequência correta de preenchimento dos parênteses, de cima para baixo, é
INSTRUÇÃO: Para responder à questão, considere o texto abaixo.
(Excerpt from Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, By Robert M. Pirsig. New York: Harpertorch, 1974)
INSTRUÇÃO: Para responder à questão, considere o texto abaixo.
(Excerpt from Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, By Robert M. Pirsig. New York: Harpertorch, 1974)
Conheça nossos planos