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Q2030433 Português
Reinvenção 

A vida só é possível
reinventada.


Anda o sol pelas campinas
e passeia a mão dourada
pelas águas, pelas folhas...
Ah! tudo bolhas
que vem de fundas piscinas
de ilusionismo... — mais nada.


Mas a vida, a vida, a vida,
a vida só é possível
reinventada.

Vem a lua, vem, retira
as algemas dos meus braços.

Projeto-me por espaços
cheios da tua Figura.
Tudo mentira! Mentira
da lua, na noite escura.

Não te encontro, não te alcanço...
Só — no tempo equilibrada,
desprendo-me do balanço
que além do tempo me leva.
Só — na treva,
fico: recebida e dada.

Porque a vida, a vida, a vida,
a vida só é possível
reinventada.

MEIRELES, Cecília. Reinvenção. In. MEIRELES, Cecília.
Vaga música. São Paulo: Global Editora, 1942.
Sobre o poema “Reinvenção”, de Cecília Meireles, é correto afirmar que
Alternativas
Q2030432 Português
Reinvenção 

A vida só é possível
reinventada.


Anda o sol pelas campinas
e passeia a mão dourada
pelas águas, pelas folhas...
Ah! tudo bolhas
que vem de fundas piscinas
de ilusionismo... — mais nada.


Mas a vida, a vida, a vida,
a vida só é possível
reinventada.

Vem a lua, vem, retira
as algemas dos meus braços.

Projeto-me por espaços
cheios da tua Figura.
Tudo mentira! Mentira
da lua, na noite escura.

Não te encontro, não te alcanço...
Só — no tempo equilibrada,
desprendo-me do balanço
que além do tempo me leva.
Só — na treva,
fico: recebida e dada.

Porque a vida, a vida, a vida,
a vida só é possível
reinventada.

MEIRELES, Cecília. Reinvenção. In. MEIRELES, Cecília.
Vaga música. São Paulo: Global Editora, 1942.
Ao tratar do tema da vida, o texto apresenta uma 
Alternativas
Q2030431 Português
TEXTO 3
Meu Caro Amigo
Chico Buarque


Meu caro amigo, me perdoe, por favor
Se eu não lhe faço uma visita
Mas como agora apareceu um portador
Mando notícias nessa fita

Aqui na terra tão jogando futebol
Tem muito samba, muito choro e rock'n'roll
Uns dias chove, noutros dias bate o sol
Mas o que eu quero é lhe dizer que a coisa
 [aqui tá preta

Muita mutreta pra levar a situação
Que a gente vai levando de teimoso e de
 [pirraça
E a gente vai tomando que também sem a
 [cachaça

Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu não pretendo provocar
Nem atiçar suas saudades
Mas acontece que não posso me furtar
A lhe contar as novidades

É pirueta pra cavar o ganha-pão
Que a gente vai cavando só de birra,
 [só de sarro
E a gente vai fumando que, também,
 [sem um cigarro
Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu quis até telefonar
Mas a tarifa não tem graça
Eu ando aflito pra fazer você ficar
A par de tudo que se passa

Muita careta pra engolir a transação
Que a gente tá engolindo cada sapo no
 [caminho
E a gente vai se amando que, também,
 [sem um carinho
Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu bem queria lhe
 [escrever
Mas o correio andou arisco

Se me permitem, vou tentar lhe remeter
Notícias frescas nesse disco
A Marieta manda um beijo para os seus
Um beijo na família, na Cecília e nas crianças
O Francis aproveita pra também mandar
 [lembranças
A todo o pessoal
Adeus!


BUARQUE, Chico. Phonogram, 1976.

Atente para a relação das seguintes figuras de linguagem, presentes no texto 3, com as respectivas classificações:
I. “Que a gente tá engolindo cada sapo no caminho” (linha 57-58) — METÁFORA II. “Meu caro amigo, eu quis até telefonar/ Mas a tarifa não tem graça” (linhas 52-53) — METONÍMIA III. “Tem muito samba, muito choro e rock'n'roll/ Uns dias chove, noutros dias bate o sol” (linhas 32-33) — EUFEMISMO IV. “Mas o correio andou arisco” (linha 64) — CATACRESE
Estão corretas as classificações contidas em
Alternativas
Q2030430 Português
TEXTO 3
Meu Caro Amigo
Chico Buarque


Meu caro amigo, me perdoe, por favor
Se eu não lhe faço uma visita
Mas como agora apareceu um portador
Mando notícias nessa fita

Aqui na terra tão jogando futebol
Tem muito samba, muito choro e rock'n'roll
Uns dias chove, noutros dias bate o sol
Mas o que eu quero é lhe dizer que a coisa
 [aqui tá preta

Muita mutreta pra levar a situação
Que a gente vai levando de teimoso e de
 [pirraça
E a gente vai tomando que também sem a
 [cachaça

Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu não pretendo provocar
Nem atiçar suas saudades
Mas acontece que não posso me furtar
A lhe contar as novidades

É pirueta pra cavar o ganha-pão
Que a gente vai cavando só de birra,
 [só de sarro
E a gente vai fumando que, também,
 [sem um cigarro
Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu quis até telefonar
Mas a tarifa não tem graça
Eu ando aflito pra fazer você ficar
A par de tudo que se passa

Muita careta pra engolir a transação
Que a gente tá engolindo cada sapo no
 [caminho
E a gente vai se amando que, também,
 [sem um carinho
Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu bem queria lhe
 [escrever
Mas o correio andou arisco

Se me permitem, vou tentar lhe remeter
Notícias frescas nesse disco
A Marieta manda um beijo para os seus
Um beijo na família, na Cecília e nas crianças
O Francis aproveita pra também mandar
 [lembranças
A todo o pessoal
Adeus!


BUARQUE, Chico. Phonogram, 1976.

Manifestada por elementos formais que assinalam o vínculo entre os componentes do texto, contribuindo para a construção do sentido intentado pelo autor, a coesão textual é compreendida como a conexão entre palavras, expressões ou frases. Considerando esses aspectos, assinale a afirmação verdadeira.
Alternativas
Q2030429 Português
TEXTO 3
Meu Caro Amigo
Chico Buarque


Meu caro amigo, me perdoe, por favor
Se eu não lhe faço uma visita
Mas como agora apareceu um portador
Mando notícias nessa fita

Aqui na terra tão jogando futebol
Tem muito samba, muito choro e rock'n'roll
Uns dias chove, noutros dias bate o sol
Mas o que eu quero é lhe dizer que a coisa
 [aqui tá preta

Muita mutreta pra levar a situação
Que a gente vai levando de teimoso e de
 [pirraça
E a gente vai tomando que também sem a
 [cachaça

Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu não pretendo provocar
Nem atiçar suas saudades
Mas acontece que não posso me furtar
A lhe contar as novidades

É pirueta pra cavar o ganha-pão
Que a gente vai cavando só de birra,
 [só de sarro
E a gente vai fumando que, também,
 [sem um cigarro
Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu quis até telefonar
Mas a tarifa não tem graça
Eu ando aflito pra fazer você ficar
A par de tudo que se passa

Muita careta pra engolir a transação
Que a gente tá engolindo cada sapo no
 [caminho
E a gente vai se amando que, também,
 [sem um carinho
Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu bem queria lhe
 [escrever
Mas o correio andou arisco

Se me permitem, vou tentar lhe remeter
Notícias frescas nesse disco
A Marieta manda um beijo para os seus
Um beijo na família, na Cecília e nas crianças
O Francis aproveita pra também mandar
 [lembranças
A todo o pessoal
Adeus!


BUARQUE, Chico. Phonogram, 1976.

O texto acima, embora classificado como uma canção, apresenta muitas características dos gêneros 
Alternativas
Q2030428 Português
TEXTO 3
Meu Caro Amigo
Chico Buarque


Meu caro amigo, me perdoe, por favor
Se eu não lhe faço uma visita
Mas como agora apareceu um portador
Mando notícias nessa fita

Aqui na terra tão jogando futebol
Tem muito samba, muito choro e rock'n'roll
Uns dias chove, noutros dias bate o sol
Mas o que eu quero é lhe dizer que a coisa
 [aqui tá preta

Muita mutreta pra levar a situação
Que a gente vai levando de teimoso e de
 [pirraça
E a gente vai tomando que também sem a
 [cachaça

Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu não pretendo provocar
Nem atiçar suas saudades
Mas acontece que não posso me furtar
A lhe contar as novidades

É pirueta pra cavar o ganha-pão
Que a gente vai cavando só de birra,
 [só de sarro
E a gente vai fumando que, também,
 [sem um cigarro
Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu quis até telefonar
Mas a tarifa não tem graça
Eu ando aflito pra fazer você ficar
A par de tudo que se passa

Muita careta pra engolir a transação
Que a gente tá engolindo cada sapo no
 [caminho
E a gente vai se amando que, também,
 [sem um carinho
Ninguém segura esse rojão

Meu caro amigo, eu bem queria lhe
 [escrever
Mas o correio andou arisco

Se me permitem, vou tentar lhe remeter
Notícias frescas nesse disco
A Marieta manda um beijo para os seus
Um beijo na família, na Cecília e nas crianças
O Francis aproveita pra também mandar
 [lembranças
A todo o pessoal
Adeus!


BUARQUE, Chico. Phonogram, 1976.

Considerando que a letra da canção “Meu caro amigo” foi escrita em 1976, um momento de repressão a qualquer denúncia ao governo e aos abusos estatais ou a manifestações contrárias ao regime, constata-se que Chico Buarque faz da música uma das principais formas de protestar indiretamente, para evitar a censura, espalhar uma mensagem de resistência e conscientizar a população. Fruto de uma parceria com Francis Hime, a canção foi criada como uma tentativa de burlar o regime por meio do envio de notícias do Brasil a seu amigo Augusto Boal, que vivia no exílio em Lisboa. Atente para o que se diz a seguir a respeito dessa canção e assinale com V o que for verdadeiro e com F o que for falso.
( ) A expressão “Muita mutreta pra levar a situação” (linha 36) revela o esforço do eu lírico para suportar as dificuldades. ( ) O eu lírico mostra que para segurar “esse rojão” (linhas 41, 51 e 61) o remetente da carta busca refúgio em prazeres momentâneos como a cachaça, o cigarro e o amor. ( ) O autor cita nomes de pessoas reais: Marieta, Francis e Cecília para organizar um discurso que fala de si próprio, passando a ideia da realidade dentro de uma ficção. ( ) O tom formal da mensagem permite identificar uma relação de distanciamento entre o emissor e o seu “caro amigo” (linhas 42, 52, 62).
A sequência correta, de cima para baixo, é:
Alternativas
Q2030427 Português

TEXTO 1 
Pronominais
Dê-me um cigarro
Diz a gramática
Do professor e do aluno
E do mulato sabido
Mas o bom negro e o bom branco
Da Nação Brasileira
Dizem todos os dias
Deixa disso camarada
Me dá um cigarro.

ANDRADE, Oswald. Obras completas.
Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1972.


TEXTO 2
Samba do Arnesto

O Arnesto nos convidô prum samba,
 [ele mora no Brás
Nóis fumo e não encontremos ninguém
Nóis vortemo cuma baita duma reiva
Da outra veiz nóis num vai mais
Nóis não semos tatu!
Outro dia encontremo com o Arnesto
Que pidiu descurpa mais nóis não aceitemos
Isso não se faz, Arnesto, nóis não se importa
Mais você devia ter ponhado um recado na
 [porta
Anssim: “Ói, turma, num deu prá esperá
A vez que isso num tem importância,
 [num faz má
Depois que nóis vai, depois que nóis vorta
Assinado em cruz porque não sei escrever
Arnesto"


BARBOSA, Adoniran, Gravações Elétricas
Continental S/A, 1953.
A variação linguística pode revelar muitas informações acerca de quem a está utilizando. Valendo-se desse fenômeno, o autor do texto 2 apresenta o eu lírico como alguém que não domina a norma culta brasileira, por misturar traços da linguagem caipira com a fala de imigrantes italianos de conhecidos bairros paulistas para figurativizar o personagem. Atente para o que se diz a seguir sobre variação linguística:
I. As línguas têm formas variáveis e há usos de determinada variedade em uma sociedade formada por uma heterogeneidade de falantes advindos de lugares distintos, a exemplo de São Paulo.
II. Os aspectos mais perceptíveis da variação linguística são a pronúncia e o vocabulário, mas pode-se apontar, no texto 2, variações em todos os níveis da língua.
III. O fenômeno da variação é complexo e o princípio de adequação à identidade de quem utiliza, a situação comunicativa e outros fatores podem intervir.
É correto o que se afirma em
Alternativas
Q2030426 Português

TEXTO 1 
Pronominais
Dê-me um cigarro
Diz a gramática
Do professor e do aluno
E do mulato sabido
Mas o bom negro e o bom branco
Da Nação Brasileira
Dizem todos os dias
Deixa disso camarada
Me dá um cigarro.

ANDRADE, Oswald. Obras completas.
Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1972.


TEXTO 2
Samba do Arnesto

O Arnesto nos convidô prum samba,
 [ele mora no Brás
Nóis fumo e não encontremos ninguém
Nóis vortemo cuma baita duma reiva
Da outra veiz nóis num vai mais
Nóis não semos tatu!
Outro dia encontremo com o Arnesto
Que pidiu descurpa mais nóis não aceitemos
Isso não se faz, Arnesto, nóis não se importa
Mais você devia ter ponhado um recado na
 [porta
Anssim: “Ói, turma, num deu prá esperá
A vez que isso num tem importância,
 [num faz má
Depois que nóis vai, depois que nóis vorta
Assinado em cruz porque não sei escrever
Arnesto"


BARBOSA, Adoniran, Gravações Elétricas
Continental S/A, 1953.
Sobre a explicação dada por Oswald de Andrade para o não emprego da ênclise na fala do português do Brasil, é correto afirmar que o autor
Alternativas
Q2030425 Literatura

TEXTO 1 
Pronominais
Dê-me um cigarro
Diz a gramática
Do professor e do aluno
E do mulato sabido
Mas o bom negro e o bom branco
Da Nação Brasileira
Dizem todos os dias
Deixa disso camarada
Me dá um cigarro.

ANDRADE, Oswald. Obras completas.
Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1972.


TEXTO 2
Samba do Arnesto

O Arnesto nos convidô prum samba,
 [ele mora no Brás
Nóis fumo e não encontremos ninguém
Nóis vortemo cuma baita duma reiva
Da outra veiz nóis num vai mais
Nóis não semos tatu!
Outro dia encontremo com o Arnesto
Que pidiu descurpa mais nóis não aceitemos
Isso não se faz, Arnesto, nóis não se importa
Mais você devia ter ponhado um recado na
 [porta
Anssim: “Ói, turma, num deu prá esperá
A vez que isso num tem importância,
 [num faz má
Depois que nóis vai, depois que nóis vorta
Assinado em cruz porque não sei escrever
Arnesto"


BARBOSA, Adoniran, Gravações Elétricas
Continental S/A, 1953.
A característica da temática e do estilo próprios da escrita literária de Oswald de Andrade que NÃO está presente no poema “Pronominais” é
Alternativas
Q2030424 Português

TEXTO 1 
Pronominais
Dê-me um cigarro
Diz a gramática
Do professor e do aluno
E do mulato sabido
Mas o bom negro e o bom branco
Da Nação Brasileira
Dizem todos os dias
Deixa disso camarada
Me dá um cigarro.

ANDRADE, Oswald. Obras completas.
Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1972.


TEXTO 2
Samba do Arnesto

O Arnesto nos convidô prum samba,
 [ele mora no Brás
Nóis fumo e não encontremos ninguém
Nóis vortemo cuma baita duma reiva
Da outra veiz nóis num vai mais
Nóis não semos tatu!
Outro dia encontremo com o Arnesto
Que pidiu descurpa mais nóis não aceitemos
Isso não se faz, Arnesto, nóis não se importa
Mais você devia ter ponhado um recado na
 [porta
Anssim: “Ói, turma, num deu prá esperá
A vez que isso num tem importância,
 [num faz má
Depois que nóis vai, depois que nóis vorta
Assinado em cruz porque não sei escrever
Arnesto"


BARBOSA, Adoniran, Gravações Elétricas
Continental S/A, 1953.
Os textos 1 e 2 se referem ao uso da variante informal da língua portuguesa. O uso dessa variante, em ambos os textos, justifica-se por mostrar ao leitor
Alternativas
Q2030423 Inglês
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and 
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
The superlative forms of the adjectives accurate, large, and easy are, respectively,
Alternativas
Q2030422 Inglês
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and 
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
The phrase “The research, published in Science Advances…” (lines 10-11) can be correctly rewritten as
Alternativas
Q2030421 Inglês
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and 
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
“There are no data standards” (lines 73-74) can be correctly rewritten as
Alternativas
Q2030420 Inglês
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and 
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
In the phrases “Of the total exported” (line 23) and “in countries considered” (line 24), the two verbs are in the
Alternativas
Q2030419 Inglês
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and 
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
“They settled on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent” (lines 66-67) is a/an
Alternativas
Q2030418 Inglês
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and 
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
“At a minimum” (line 41) and “in the team's previous study” (lines 41-43) are examples of
Alternativas
Q2030417 Inglês
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and 
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
“…while the earlier one did not” (lines 17-18) is a/an
Alternativas
Q2030416 Inglês
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and 
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
The verbs in “...ends up in countries considered to have inadequate waste management” (lines 24-25) are, respectively,
Alternativas
Q2030415 Inglês
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and 
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
In the sentence “Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped overseas, he said, data is often not recorded at all” (lines 75-77), the underlined verbs are, respectively,
Alternativas
Q2030414 Inglês
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and 
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
In the sentence “They've put their best estimate, as accurate as they could be with this data, he said, and used ranges, which underscores that...” (lines 83-86), the underlined verbs are, respectively,
Alternativas
Respostas
1841: C
1842: C
1843: B
1844: A
1845: C
1846: C
1847: D
1848: B
1849: D
1850: A
1851: A
1852: C
1853: D
1854: A
1855: B
1856: C
1857: D
1858: A
1859: A
1860: B