Questões de Concurso Comentadas sobre aspectos linguísticos | linguistic aspects em inglês

Leia o anúncio a seguir.

Multidict.net. Advertising language. Multidict.net, 2024. Disponível em: https://multidict.net/clilstore/page.php?id=5243. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
Uma das formas de identificar a função social de um texto é a partir dos recursos linguísticos usados. O anúncio publicitário acima tem a função social de induzir o leitor a ter um certo comportamento, que é alcançada, também, pelo uso de 

Em um evento da escola, os alunos decidiram recitar esse poema em voz alta, mas estavam confundindo a pronúncia de algumas palavras dos versos, devido à semelhança na grafia. Para ajudá-los, a professora agrupou três palavras que possuíam sons vocálicos semelhantes e grafias distintas, como ocorre em 

Which of the following techniques is most effective for improving fluency in oral language production by focusing specifically on rhythm and intonation patterns?

In phonetics and phonology, the relationship between phonemes and graphemes can vary significantly. Which of the following words demonstrates the concept of a "silent grapheme" where one or more letters are written but not pronounced?

Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between voiced and voiceless consonants in English phonetics?

The two groups of words, submitted for oral practice, have been both constituted according to the criteria of:
Group 1 would- could-took-crook-food-facebook-push-put
Group 2 drawer-door-explore-dinosaur-before-folklore-your-more

Phonological awareness can be described as the ability to identify and manipulate the smallest sounds in spoken words. The skills developed from phonological awareness are important for early reading and writing, and notably involve oral language, as they engage listening to the spoken word. The following are components of phonological awareness, EXCEPT for: 

The vowel sound in “taught” (2^nd paragraph) is the same as in: 

Brazilian learners often base their pronunciation on spelling. This tendency is understandable, given that Portuguese pronunciation closely aligns with its orthography, making it easier to transfer these habits to the acquisition of a second language. Nonetheless, it is crucial to recognize pronunciation as a vital component of effective communication, demanding clarity and comprehensibility. In order to foment that habit, educators may use the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which provides symbols that accurately represent the standard sounds produced during speech. Integrating the IPA to various pedagogical approaches can significantly enhance students’ pronunciation skills. According to IPA transcriptions quoted by Swan (2005, p.xxx), the words house, occasion, cheap, with, think are pronounced as follows:

Marque a alternativa que contém a pronúncia correta da palavra:

Total Physical Response (TPR) is a teaching method that uses physical movement to help students learn language and vocabulary. It is a method of teaching language or vocabulary concepts by using physical movement to react to verbal input. The process mimics the way that infants learn their first language, and it reduces student inhibitions and lowers stress. In TPR, instructors give commands to students in the target language with body movements, and students respond with whole-body actions. Total Physical Response is particularly useful for, but not limited to, teaching beginners and, or younger students and is highly effective for teaching imperative-based languages, where the commands are easily expressed through actions. Having that said, check the alternative, whose statement is not associated with the one of the core principles of TPR.

The way we use language depends on factors such as the situation we are in (at a friend’s house, in a job interview, in a tutorial); who we are talking to (friends, potential employer, tutor); and our means of communication (conversation face to face, telephone, email, report). Our decisions about the way we use language are to a great extent unconscious ones: we instinctively know how to adapt our language to the situation. For example, there are a number of differences between spoken and written language. This being so, we can characterize spoken language as quite informal, colloquial and presumably unstructured (since it is often spontaneous). Furthermore, spoken language mostly takes place in the form of a dialogue with another speaker. Written language, on the other hand, is generally more structured, formal, impersonal and wordy. Also, written language is considered more formal and should follow the rules of the English language. Spoken language is generally less formal, and the rules are less important. Slang, an informal language understood only by certain groups, is acceptable in spoken language but not in written language. That said, read the statements that follow, then check ( T ) for TRUE and ( F ) for FALSE while indicating the correct answer (by also checking it).

( )Written English is more complex grammatically than spoken English, with longer and more complex sentences, fewer contractions, and more subordinate clauses.

( ) Spoken English is more likely to be face-to-face communication, while written English is more likely to be communication through the written word.

( ) Spoken English is more fixed and stable than written English, which is more fleeting.

( ) Spoken English is usually more organized and carefully formulated than written English.

( ) Written English is typically more structured and forms a monologue rather than a dialogue, while spoken English is more likely to be a dialogue.

( ) Written English communicates across time and space for as long as the medium exists and the language is understood. Spoken English is more immediate.

( ) Spoken English normally uses a generally acceptable standard variety of the language, whereas written English may sometimes be in a regional or other limited-context dialect.

( ) In Spoken English, the content is presented much more densely. In written English, the information is “diluted” and conveyed through many more words: there are a lot of repetitions, glosses, “fillers”, producing a text is noticeably longer and with more redundant passages. 

The history of English language teaching (ELT) is unarguably linked to the history of imperialism and colonialism, which materializes in a certain extent the explicit or implicit cultural domination. Such domination inevitably involves the insertion of the colonizer's language into the lives of the colonized peoples. In this regard, the history of English language teaching has always been experienced in terms of cycles, such as theoretical principles and techniques that appear as a trend, disappear for a time and reappear for another period time, sometimes with new principles and fundamentals, and the cycles tend to follow one another. In this regard, studies in Applied Linguistics and Methods and Approaches in English Language Teaching suggest Grammar Translation Method, Direct Method, Oral Approach and Audiolingualism Method to be the first ones in ELT history. Having that in mind match the second column based on the information provided in the first one. Then, check the correct answer.

( A ) GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHOD ( B ) DIRECT METHOD ( C ) ORAL APPROACH ( D) AUDIOLINGUALISM METHOD

( ) Grammatical rules are not presented formally and the texts used for reading and writing activities are no longer literary since this method is based on certain principles, such as: selection, gradation and presentation.

( ) Learning is associated with syntactic, morphological and phonological structures which are learned from a system of stimulus, response and reinforcement.

( ) In this method, the writing skill is also developed, but not with a communicative purpose.

( ) Adopting the monolingual principle, this method involves the use of objects, gestures and images to explain the meanings of words, since the students' native language is prohibited from being used.

( ) Language learning would be associated with the formation of readers and the intellectual development of students.

( ) This method involves automatic correction and immediate assessment of students' mistakes by teachers in order to prevent the students from forming or acquiring bad habits and behaviors during the learning process.

( ) As a theoretical systematization of foreign language teaching, its objective would be the development of students' oral skills as the vocabulary and grammatical structures they have learned would be controlled in terms of frequency of occurrence.

( ) In this method, learning must be directly connected to the target language without going through the process of translation into the students' native language.

( ) The language to be taught is the spoken language and the new elements of the language are practiced situationally as the grammatical items are proposed gradually, that is, from the simplest to the most complex forms.

( ) In this method, language is both seen and considered as a behavior, for it is a means of oral communication.

“Cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike apologized after an update to its antivirus software”.
About the indefinite articles “an/a”, mark the option which it is NOT properly used 

Brazilian Portuguese learners of English tend to mispronounce and misperceive ‘final s’ in plural forms (nouns) and third person singular forms (in the present simple tense) as well as ‘final ed’ in simple past forms of regular verbs. Another common difficulty is choosing between “a” or “an”. In fact, there are simple phonological rules that can help learners overcome such difficulties. Mark (T) for the true statements and (F) for the false ones.

( ) The words moved, laughed, played, and rained have the same final sound.

( ) The words moved, laughed, hated, and shaked have two syllables.

( ) Considering the use of the indefinite article (a, an), it is correct to say: a car, a house, a dog, a one-eyed man, a university, an umbrella, and, an apple.

( ) The words cats, umbrellas, candles, and birds have the same final sound.

( ) The words books, chiefs, tops, and fakes have the same final sound.

Mark the alternative which contains the CORRECT sequence from the first to the last propositions.

Concerning Bilingualism, analyze the following statements (Gleason, J. B. e Ratner, N. B. The Development of Language. Pearson: Boston, 2009):

I. When a speaker gains a second language while retaining a first language, the process is called additive language. Often, the acquisition of the second language is seen as an asset, as enhancing the prestige and social and economic prowess of the speaker.

II. Subtractive bilingualism refers to the loss of fluency in one’s native language that occurs when acquiring a second language.

III. Being younger is an advantage in terms of the rate of acquisition, as younger learners acquire a second language more rapidly than older learners in untutored settings.

IV. The acquisition of a second language could occur in submersion settings in which the person is surrounded by native speakers of that second language, or in immersion settings, in which the person and other people received instruction in that second language only.

V. Children growing up learning two or more languages simultaneously can do so without difficulty and in much the same way as do monolingual children.

Check the alternative that presents the number of the CORRECT statements:

Norman Fairclough is one of the founders of Critical discourse analysis (CDA), which studies how power is exercised through language. According to him, CDA is a positioning concerning language that associates linguistic text analysis with a social theory of the functioning of language in political and ideological processes (Fairclough, N. Critical Language Awareness. Routledge: London, 1992). Write (T) for those that are true and (F) for those that are false in relation to the CDA theoretical basis.

( ) The object of analysis is linguistic texts which are analyzed in terms of their own specificity.

( ) In addition to text, the processes of text production and interpretation are themselves analyzed. Analysis is interpretation.

( ) Texts must be homogeneous and ambiguous and features of different genre types might be drawn upon in interpreting them.

( ) Discourse is socially constructive, constituting social subjects, social relations and systems of knowledge and belief.

( ) Discourse analysis is concerned only with power relations in discourse and how it transform the social practices of a society.

( ) Analysis of discourse attends to its functioning in the creative transformation of ideologies and practices as well as its function in securing their reproduction.

Check the alternative that shows the CORRECT sequence: