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Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse (Tasunke Witko, 1840-1877) was an Oglala Lakota Sioux warrior and warband leader considered among the greatest defenders of Sioux lands against the forces of the US government in the 19th century. He is one of the most famous Native American figures in history and among the Sioux's most honored heroes. Although he is often referred to as a "chief", Crazy Horse was actually a "Shirt Wearer" – a kind of "subchief" – who carried out the decisions of the council and also served as a war chief of a given band of warriors. Even so, Crazy Horse inspired such devotion in his followers that he was regarded as a "chief" and is referenced as such by others.
His name, Tasunke Witko (Crazy Horse), is accurately translated as "His Crazy Horse" or "His Horse is Crazy" and was his father's and grandfather's name, seemingly referencing a horse that behaved erratically. According to Black Elk, however, the name correlated to Crazy Horse's famous vision in which he saw his horse dancing as though "made only of shadow" in a strange or "crazy" way.
Crazy Horse dedicated himself to opposing the US military as early as 1854 following the Grattan Fight (Grattan Massacre) and the subsequent massacre of Little Thunder's camp in 1855 by Colonel William S. Harney. He continued his resistance over the next eleven years and was named a "Shirt Wearer" in 1865. He fought in the Battle of Plate River Bridge (1865), Red Cloud's War (1866-1868), the Battle of the Rosebud (1876), and the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876). His last full-scale engagement with US forces was the Battle of Wolf Mountain in January 1877.
World History Encyclopedia. Adaptation.
The word “often” (line 3) is an adverb of frequency and could be replaced by seldom without major changes in the meaning.
TEXT I
Is English language teaching for you? A guide to a new career
Marie Therese Swabey
June 14, 2021
Whether you’re just starting out or thinking of a career change, teaching English as a foreign language is one of the most rewarding professional journeys you can embark on.
In English language teaching, there is a lot of career potential. As you develop your skills and take on more responsibilities, you can enjoy a long-term career. Many professionals become senior teachers or teacher trainers, or move into management or materials writing.
Why become an English language teacher?
There are lots of reasons you might want to become an English language teacher. For a start, you can make a real difference in people’s lives. According to a 2019 survey by Wall Street English, 18% of professionals who have learned English report that they feel happier at work; 12% say they feel happier in general; and half of English speakers earn 25% more because of their language skills.
Moreover, English language teaching is an immensely flexible profession. You can decide whether to take a public or private job, or offer lessons on your own. Your working conditions are flexible too. You might prefer to work in a local school or academy, but many English language teaching jobs also allow you to work online from home. And if you’re feeling adventurous, there are lots of opportunities to live and work abroad, in a new country and culture. If you do travel further afield, you might even learn a new language of your own.
English language teaching is a career that encourages creativity. You’ll become an expert at designing lessons and making learning materials to meet the needs of your students. Best of all ... it’s fun! You spend your day with interesting, engaging people who are keen to learn. What could be better than that?
What do English language teachers do every day?
It probably goes without saying that language educators teach students English on a day-to-day basis. But there are plenty of other aspects to the job as well.
English language teachers assess their learners through quick tests and official exams. They use this information to define learning objectives, and then plan courses and classes that meet their students’ needs.
Language teachers use a range of coursebooks and English language teaching materials, including a variety of audio, visual and digital tools. At the same time, they find and create teaching and learning materials of their own.
In the process of developing learners’ reading, listening, speaking andwriting abilities, teachers also help students develop confidence in presenting and communicating ideas. Furthermore, language teachers encourage students to develop important 21st century skills, such as creativity, collaboration, leadership, autonomous learning and adaptability. These skills are transferable and will help learners in many areas throughout their lives.
What do you need to become an English language teacher?
Being a good English teacher requires more than just being able to speak the language fluently. You’ll also need a comprehensive knowledge of English grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, combined with excellent communication skills. Teachers of young learners will also need to have an understanding of how to teach engaging, effective classes to children.
It helps if you are comfortable speaking in front of other people, managing groups of learners, and able to plan and organise your time. And it’s important to have a friendly, sympathetic nature and a good degree of cultural sensitivity. After all, you’ll be working with people from all over the world and all walks of life.
Where can you teach?
There are opportunities to teach the English language almost everywhere. For example, you can teach English in an Englishspeaking country such as the UK, the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand or Ireland. You’ll find many private and public programmes and classes for people who have come to work or study, and who need to improve their English.
Alternatively, you can teach English in schools and universities in countries where English is the official language – but not always how people communicate on a daily basis. Nigeria, Malta, India and Sierra Leone are examples. You might also prefer to teach in non-English-speaking countries, where you’ll have the opportunity to immerse yourself in the local culture and learn a new language too.
In terms of teaching environments, there are opportunities to teach in private academies, public schools, universities, offices, private homes and online.
Who do you teach?
There is an extensive list of people who want to learn to speak English. Many teachers start out with a variety of class types to find out which they like best. Your options include (but are not limited to):
- • adults in private groups or one-to-one classes
- • adults in language schools, colleges or universities
- • professionals such as business people, medical professionals, pilots, etc. who require English for a specific purpose
- • students who are preparing for an official exam
- • people who have moved to an English-speaking country and need to improve their English
- • young learners in one-to-one classes or groups, or online
- • young learners in private language schools, or in secondary/ primary schools.
Adapted from: https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/blog/is-english-language-teachingfor-you. Accessed on May 2, 2024
TEXT I
Is English language teaching for you? A guide to a new career
Marie Therese Swabey
June 14, 2021
Whether you’re just starting out or thinking of a career change, teaching English as a foreign language is one of the most rewarding professional journeys you can embark on.
In English language teaching, there is a lot of career potential. As you develop your skills and take on more responsibilities, you can enjoy a long-term career. Many professionals become senior teachers or teacher trainers, or move into management or materials writing.
Why become an English language teacher?
There are lots of reasons you might want to become an English language teacher. For a start, you can make a real difference in people’s lives. According to a 2019 survey by Wall Street English, 18% of professionals who have learned English report that they feel happier at work; 12% say they feel happier in general; and half of English speakers earn 25% more because of their language skills.
Moreover, English language teaching is an immensely flexible profession. You can decide whether to take a public or private job, or offer lessons on your own. Your working conditions are flexible too. You might prefer to work in a local school or academy, but many English language teaching jobs also allow you to work online from home. And if you’re feeling adventurous, there are lots of opportunities to live and work abroad, in a new country and culture. If you do travel further afield, you might even learn a new language of your own.
English language teaching is a career that encourages creativity. You’ll become an expert at designing lessons and making learning materials to meet the needs of your students. Best of all ... it’s fun! You spend your day with interesting, engaging people who are keen to learn. What could be better than that?
What do English language teachers do every day?
It probably goes without saying that language educators teach students English on a day-to-day basis. But there are plenty of other aspects to the job as well.
English language teachers assess their learners through quick tests and official exams. They use this information to define learning objectives, and then plan courses and classes that meet their students’ needs.
Language teachers use a range of coursebooks and English language teaching materials, including a variety of audio, visual and digital tools. At the same time, they find and create teaching and learning materials of their own.
In the process of developing learners’ reading, listening, speaking andwriting abilities, teachers also help students develop confidence in presenting and communicating ideas. Furthermore, language teachers encourage students to develop important 21st century skills, such as creativity, collaboration, leadership, autonomous learning and adaptability. These skills are transferable and will help learners in many areas throughout their lives.
What do you need to become an English language teacher?
Being a good English teacher requires more than just being able to speak the language fluently. You’ll also need a comprehensive knowledge of English grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, combined with excellent communication skills. Teachers of young learners will also need to have an understanding of how to teach engaging, effective classes to children.
It helps if you are comfortable speaking in front of other people, managing groups of learners, and able to plan and organise your time. And it’s important to have a friendly, sympathetic nature and a good degree of cultural sensitivity. After all, you’ll be working with people from all over the world and all walks of life.
Where can you teach?
There are opportunities to teach the English language almost everywhere. For example, you can teach English in an Englishspeaking country such as the UK, the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand or Ireland. You’ll find many private and public programmes and classes for people who have come to work or study, and who need to improve their English.
Alternatively, you can teach English in schools and universities in countries where English is the official language – but not always how people communicate on a daily basis. Nigeria, Malta, India and Sierra Leone are examples. You might also prefer to teach in non-English-speaking countries, where you’ll have the opportunity to immerse yourself in the local culture and learn a new language too.
In terms of teaching environments, there are opportunities to teach in private academies, public schools, universities, offices, private homes and online.
Who do you teach?
There is an extensive list of people who want to learn to speak English. Many teachers start out with a variety of class types to find out which they like best. Your options include (but are not limited to):
- • adults in private groups or one-to-one classes
- • adults in language schools, colleges or universities
- • professionals such as business people, medical professionals, pilots, etc. who require English for a specific purpose
- • students who are preparing for an official exam
- • people who have moved to an English-speaking country and need to improve their English
- • young learners in one-to-one classes or groups, or online
- • young learners in private language schools, or in secondary/ primary schools.
Adapted from: https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/blog/is-english-language-teachingfor-you. Accessed on May 2, 2024
TEXT I
Is English language teaching for you? A guide to a new career
Marie Therese Swabey
June 14, 2021
Whether you’re just starting out or thinking of a career change, teaching English as a foreign language is one of the most rewarding professional journeys you can embark on.
In English language teaching, there is a lot of career potential. As you develop your skills and take on more responsibilities, you can enjoy a long-term career. Many professionals become senior teachers or teacher trainers, or move into management or materials writing.
Why become an English language teacher?
There are lots of reasons you might want to become an English language teacher. For a start, you can make a real difference in people’s lives. According to a 2019 survey by Wall Street English, 18% of professionals who have learned English report that they feel happier at work; 12% say they feel happier in general; and half of English speakers earn 25% more because of their language skills.
Moreover, English language teaching is an immensely flexible profession. You can decide whether to take a public or private job, or offer lessons on your own. Your working conditions are flexible too. You might prefer to work in a local school or academy, but many English language teaching jobs also allow you to work online from home. And if you’re feeling adventurous, there are lots of opportunities to live and work abroad, in a new country and culture. If you do travel further afield, you might even learn a new language of your own.
English language teaching is a career that encourages creativity. You’ll become an expert at designing lessons and making learning materials to meet the needs of your students. Best of all ... it’s fun! You spend your day with interesting, engaging people who are keen to learn. What could be better than that?
What do English language teachers do every day?
It probably goes without saying that language educators teach students English on a day-to-day basis. But there are plenty of other aspects to the job as well.
English language teachers assess their learners through quick tests and official exams. They use this information to define learning objectives, and then plan courses and classes that meet their students’ needs.
Language teachers use a range of coursebooks and English language teaching materials, including a variety of audio, visual and digital tools. At the same time, they find and create teaching and learning materials of their own.
In the process of developing learners’ reading, listening, speaking andwriting abilities, teachers also help students develop confidence in presenting and communicating ideas. Furthermore, language teachers encourage students to develop important 21st century skills, such as creativity, collaboration, leadership, autonomous learning and adaptability. These skills are transferable and will help learners in many areas throughout their lives.
What do you need to become an English language teacher?
Being a good English teacher requires more than just being able to speak the language fluently. You’ll also need a comprehensive knowledge of English grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, combined with excellent communication skills. Teachers of young learners will also need to have an understanding of how to teach engaging, effective classes to children.
It helps if you are comfortable speaking in front of other people, managing groups of learners, and able to plan and organise your time. And it’s important to have a friendly, sympathetic nature and a good degree of cultural sensitivity. After all, you’ll be working with people from all over the world and all walks of life.
Where can you teach?
There are opportunities to teach the English language almost everywhere. For example, you can teach English in an Englishspeaking country such as the UK, the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand or Ireland. You’ll find many private and public programmes and classes for people who have come to work or study, and who need to improve their English.
Alternatively, you can teach English in schools and universities in countries where English is the official language – but not always how people communicate on a daily basis. Nigeria, Malta, India and Sierra Leone are examples. You might also prefer to teach in non-English-speaking countries, where you’ll have the opportunity to immerse yourself in the local culture and learn a new language too.
In terms of teaching environments, there are opportunities to teach in private academies, public schools, universities, offices, private homes and online.
Who do you teach?
There is an extensive list of people who want to learn to speak English. Many teachers start out with a variety of class types to find out which they like best. Your options include (but are not limited to):
- • adults in private groups or one-to-one classes
- • adults in language schools, colleges or universities
- • professionals such as business people, medical professionals, pilots, etc. who require English for a specific purpose
- • students who are preparing for an official exam
- • people who have moved to an English-speaking country and need to improve their English
- • young learners in one-to-one classes or groups, or online
- • young learners in private language schools, or in secondary/ primary schools.
Adapted from: https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/blog/is-english-language-teachingfor-you. Accessed on May 2, 2024
word “tricky” in line 4 means:
The word in bold is associated with the idea of:
Julgue o item subsequente.
If subject of a sentence is a collective noun, the verb can
either agree with the singular noun as a single unit or with
the plural sense of the collective noun, depending on the
context and intended meaning.
(Available in: https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240114-denmark-s-frederik-x-to-become-king-afterqueen-margrethe-s-abdication – text especially adapted for this test).
I. The word “may” suggests a possibility.
II. In a negative structure, “may not represent” and “cannot represent” have the same meaning.
III. “Will retain” is an example of the Simple Future Verb Tense.
Which statements are correct?
Read text II and answer the four questions that follow it:
Text II
Adapted from: https://br.pinterest.com/pin/428897564482393461/
To be “at odds with ‘the majority’ position” means to
Read text II and answer the four questions that follow it:
Text II
Adapted from: https://br.pinterest.com/pin/428897564482393461/
If a person has an “open-minded attitude”, this person can be
said to be
Read Text I and answer the fourteen questions that follow it
Text I The “literacy turn” in education: reexamining
what it means to be literate
In response to the phenomena of mass migration and the emergence of digital communications media that defined the last decade of the 20th century, the New London Group (NLG) called for a broader view of literacy and literacy teaching in its 1996 manifesto, A Pedagogy of Multiliteracies: Designing Social Futures. The group argued that literacy pedagogy in education must (1) reflect the increasing cultural and linguistic diversity of the contemporary globalized world, and (2) account for the new kinds of texts and textual engagement that have emerged in the wake of new information and multimedia technologies. In order to better capture the plurality of discourses, languages, and media, they proposed the term ‘multiliteracies’.
Within the NLG’s pedagogy of multiliteracies, language and
other modes of communication are viewed as dynamic resources
for meaning making that undergo constant changes in the
dynamics of language use as learners attempt to achieve their
own purposes. Within this broader view of literacy and literacy
teaching, learners are no longer “users as decoders of language”
but rather “designers of meaning.” Meaning is not viewed as
something that resides in texts; rather, deriving meaning is
considered an active and dynamic process in which learners
combine and creatively apply both linguistic and other semiotic
resources (e.g., visual, gesture, sound, etc.) with an awareness of
“the sets of conventions connected with semiotic activity [...] in a
given social space” (NLG, 1996, p. 74).
Grounded within the view that learning develops in social,
cultural, and material contexts as a result of collaborative
interactions, NLG argued that instantiating literacy-based
teaching in classrooms calls on the complex integration and
interaction of four pedagogical components that are neither
hierarchical nor linear and can at times overlap: situated practice,
overt instruction, critical framing, and transformed practice. […]
Although the NLG’s pedagogy of multiliteracies was
conceived as a “statement of general principle” (1996, p. 89) for
schools, the group’s call for educators to recognize the diversity
and social situatedness of literacy has had a lasting impact on
foreign language (FL) teaching and learning. The reception of the
group’s work along with that of other scholars from critical
pedagogy appeared at a time when the field was becoming less
solidly anchored in theories of L2 acquisition and more interested
in the social practice of FL education itself. In the section that
follows, we describe the current state of FL literacy studies as it
has developed in recent years, before finally turning to some very
recent emerging trends that we are likely to see develop going
forward.
(Adapted from: https://www.colorado.edu/center/altec/sites/default/files/ attachedfiles/moving_toward_multiliteracies_in_foreign_language_teaching.pdf)
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