Questões de Concurso Comentadas por alunos sobre interpretação de texto | reading comprehension em inglês

    The quest for universal administrative standards to promote the effective application of public laws and policies gave birth to the field of public administration. Woodrow Wilson argued for a distinction between politics and administration, arguing that the former was more concerned with democracy, justice, and equality, while the latter was more concerned with efficiency, as he postulated that “administration lies beyond the proper domain of politics; administrative questions are not political questions” (Wilson, 1887). 

    According to Waldo (1948), the means and measurements of efficiency were the same for all administrations: democracy, if it were to survive, could not afford to ignore the lessons of centralization, hierarchy and discipline. Bureaucracy as an organisational type has seen its heyday in the field of public administration, owing to Woodrow Wilson’s Transfer of Administrative Principles.

    That notwithstanding, the field has gone through paradigmatic evolution over time by a quest for management paradigm derived from the discipline of business administration. The management approach is said to hold the promise of future public sector reform, replacing the administrative approach traditionally provided by public administration. A new concept arises when the management perspective is combined with an emphasis on the public sector: public management. 

    Courses and programmes, as well as whole academic institutions and colleges, are adapting by switching from the term “public administration” to “public management”. Considering the growing demands for efficiency in the public sector, the transition from a public administration to a public management framework seems to be the right step.

M.O. Obimpeh and J.A. Dankwa. Public administration – public management interface: how different is the “management” from the “administration”? Internet: (adapted)

     What is language diversity? Language diversity, or linguistic diversity, is a broad term used to describe the differences between different languages and the ways that people communicate with each other. Language is one of the features of humanity that sets the species apart from others on Earth, as far as scientists are aware. Languages are necessarily systematic, meaning that they are bound by rules. This mechanism has been instrumental in allowing humans to communicate with each other and form complex cultures and civilizations. Understanding what linguistic diversity is, how it applies on a worldwide scale, and how it applies in education can help create a more thorough and lasting understanding of the study of culture in general and the place of language in human life. [...] Examples of Linguistic Diversity

        In terms of variety of languages, there are many examples of linguistic diversity around the world. Linguistic diversity is sometimes measured using a language diversity index, of which there are several. These tools examine the likelihood of two given people in a country or region speaking the same native language. If virtually everyone in a country speaks the same language, the diversity index will approach 0. If there is a very high degree of native language diversity, the index will approach 1. Countries with a low diversity index include Britain, Brazil, Australia, and Japan, all of which have an index score of 0.2 or less. Diversity is also quite low in the U.S., hovering somewhere between 0.2 and 0.4. Countries with a very high diversity index include South Africa (which has 11 official languages), India, and Papua New Guinea. All of these countries have an index score of 0.8 or higher.

        High levels of linguistic diversity often indicate that a country has one or more of the following:

• A very large population

• Many ethnic groups

• Many historical and current trade routes

• A history of being colonized

• Many mountains and other isolating geographical features

     Countries deal with high levels of linguistic diversity in different ways. In some places, a single language emerges as the lingua franca or common language. In other places, languages are combined to form pidgins and creoles, usually in places where people had to learn to communicate very quickly.

      One small island called South Goulburn, located off the coast of Australia, has an unusual way of dealing with and maintaining linguistic diversity. On that island, the population of around 500 people keep nine languages alive and thriving. Many of those are indigenous Australian languages with very few speakers. On South Goulburn, it is considered somewhat taboo to speak a second language, as languages are closely bound up with personal and cultural identity. Everyone on the island understands some or all 12 of the nine languages, but speak only their own, expecting others to respond in their own languages. This is a phenomenon called receptive multilingualism.

Disponível em: study.com/learn/lesson/linguisticdiversity.html#:~:text=Language%20diversity%2C%20or%20linguistic%20diversity,far%20as%20scientists%20are%20aw