Questões de Concurso Para diplomata

No Brasil, o processo interno da independência e os problemas internacionais suscitados apresentam mais pontos divergentes que semelhantes em relação ao restante da América Latina. Um século antes da Sociedade das Nações, primeira tentativa de conferir institucionalidade formal ao sistema internacional, a aceitação de um ator recém-independente no cenário mundial dependia, em última instância, do reconhecimento da legitimidade do novo participante pelas grandes potências. 
Rubens Ricupero. O Brasil no mundo. In: Lilia Moritz Schwarcz (dir.).  História do Brasil nação: 1808-2010, v. 1. Madri: Fundación Mapfre;  Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2011, p. 139 (com adaptações). 
Tendo o texto acima como referência inicial e considerando o contexto histórico da Independência do Brasil bem como aspectos marcantes do Primeiro Reinado (1822-1831), julgue (C ou E) o item que se segue.
A Inglaterra demorou a reconhecer o Brasil independente, porque, a despeito da importância relativamente pequena do mercado brasileiro para as exportações britânicas e do fim do tráfico africano assegurado pelo governo de D. Pedro I, era forte a resistência das elites locais à renovação dos tratados de 1810, extremamente vantajosos para os ingleses.

A ideia de uma União Europeia, de uma forma ou de outra, não era nova. O século XIX havia experimentado na Europa Central uma variedade de uniões alfandegárias, com diferentes graus de sucesso, e, mesmo antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial, ocasionalmente, falava-se com idealismo a respeito da noção de que o futuro da Europa estava na convergência das diversas partes. A própria Primeira Guerra Mundial, longe de dissipar essas visões otimistas, parece ter-lhes conferido mais vigor: conforme Aristide Briand insistia, chegara o momento de superar rivalidades passadas e pensar e falar como europeu, sentir-se europeu. 
Tony Judt. Pós-guerra: uma história da Europa desde 1945.  Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2008, p. 166 (com adaptações). 
Tendo o texto acima como referência inicial e considerando a temática por ele abordada, julgue (C ou E) o item que se segue.
Exemplo de êxito daquilo que o texto identifica como “variedade de uniões alfandegárias”, o Zollverein foi o passo inicial e decisivo para o processo de unificação política alemã. Liderada pela burguesia austríaca, a crescente integração econômica dos Estados germânicos isolou a aristocracia junker e deu suporte à estratégia bismarckiana.

      ¡Qué descansada vida la del que huye del mundanal ruido, y sigue la escondida senda, por donde han ido los pocos sabios que en el mundo han sido!      Que no le enturbia el pecho de los soberbios grandes el estado, ni del dorado techo se admira, fabricado del sabio moro, en jaspes sustentado.       No cura si la fama canta con voz su nombre pregonera, ni cura si encarama la lengua lisonjera lo que condena la verdad sincera.      ¿Qué presta a mi contento si soy del vano dedo señalado; si, en busca deste viento, ando desalentado con ansias vivas, con mortal cuidado?        ¡Oh monte, oh fuente, oh río! ¡Oh secreto seguro, deleitoso! , roto casi el navío, a vuestro almo reposo huyo de aqueste mar tempestuoso.         Un no rompido sueño, un día puro, alegre, libre quiero; no quiero ver el ceño vanamente severo de a quien la sangre ensalza, o el dinero.         Despiértenme las aves con su cantar sabroso no aprendido; no los cuidados graves de que es siempre seguido el que al ajeno arbitrio está atenido.          Vivir quiero conmigo; gozar quiero del bien que debo al cielo, a solas, sin testigo, libre de amor, de celo, de odio, de esperanzas, de recelo.           Del monte en la ladera, por mi mano plantado tengo un huerto, que con la primavera, de bella flor cubierto ya muestra en esperanza el fruto cierto.          Y como codiciosa por ver y acrecentar su hermosura, desde la cumbre airosa una fontana pura hasta llegar corriendo se apresura.         Y luego, sosegada, el paso entre los árboles torciendo, el suelo de pasada, de verdura vistiendo y con diversas flores va esparciendo.          El aire del huerto orea y ofrece mil olores al sentido; los árboles menea con un manso ruido, que del oro y del cetro pone olvido.          Téngase su tesoro los que de un falso leño se confían; no es mío ver el lloro de los que desconfían cuando el cierzo y el ábrego porfían.           La combatida antena cruje, y en ciega noche el claro día se torna; al cielo suena confusa vocería, y la mar enriquecen a porfía.            A mí una pobrecilla mesa de amable paz bien abastada, me baste; y la vajilla, de fino oro labrada sea de quien la mar no teme airada.           Y mientras miserable- mente se están los otros abrazando con sed insaciable del peligroso mando, tendido yo a la sombra esté cantando.            A la sombra tendido, de yedra y lauro eterno coronado, puesto el atento oído al son dulce, acordado, del plectro sabiamente meneado.                                                                                      Fray Luis de León. Poesías completas. Clásicos Castalia.                                                                                               Madrid, 2001 (con adaptaciones).
El autor
se deleita con el canto de las aves al despertar.

         Os projetos de Bretton Woods se mostraram irrelevantes perto do objetivo urgente de reconstruir as economias das nações que estiveram em guerra. O pior conflito do mundo foi mais destrutivo para economias e sociedades do que o previsto. No pós-guerra, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita dos aliados europeus — URSS, França, Bélgica, Holanda e outros — correspondia a menos de 4/5 do que valia em 1939; na maioria desses países, os índices de 1946 estavam bem menores que os do início da década de 20. As condições nos países derrotados eram muito piores.          A mudança de posição da Europa ocidental na economia internacional dificultaria a recuperação. Para se reconstruir, o continente precisava importar alimentos, matérias-primas e equipamentos tecnológicos. No entanto, boa parte da capacidade europeia de ganhar dinheiro para financiar as importações havia se esgotado. Com a Guerra Fria, a Europa Ocidental passou a não ter mais acesso aos mercados das partes oriental e central do continente. Enquanto isso, os EUA e o restante do hemisfério ocidental desfrutavam de prosperidade.                                                          Jeffry A. Frieden. Capitalismo global: história econômica e política do século                                                             XX. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 2008, p. 283-4 (com adaptações). Tendo ainda o texto de J.A. Frieden acima como referência, julgue (C ou E) o item subsequente, relativo ao quadro histórico europeu e mundial do pós-Segunda Guerra.
O fato de URSS e EUA terem lutado do mesmo lado na Segunda Guerra Mundial explica que, a despeito de todas as diferenças entre ambos, o programa de ajuda norte-americana para a recuperação europeia — Plano Marshall — contemplou também os países identificados como satélites de Moscou.

Julgue (C ou E) o próximo item, relativo à República Liberal de 1945 a 1964.
A Lei Agamenon Magalhães, de 1945, estabeleceu como condição obrigatória para o registro de qualquer agremiação partidária o seu caráter nacional, normativa que rompeu, de forma definitiva, com a tradição republicana brasileira de estruturar partidos políticos regionais.

No que diz respeito à classificação das constituições, ao controle de constitucionalidade e ao processo legislativo, julgue (C ou E) o item subsecutivo.
No sistema constitucional brasileiro, cabe ao Supremo Tribunal Federal exercer o controle de constitucionalidade concentrado apenas em ações de sua competência originária e por via de ação direta.

No que diz respeito à classificação das constituições, ao controle de constitucionalidade e ao processo legislativo, julgue (C ou E) o item subsecutivo.
Considerando que as constituições classificam-se quanto à origem em históricas ou dogmáticas, deve-se considerar a Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF) uma constituição histórica, uma vez que surgiu no bojo de um processo de reconquista democrática e de retomada dos ideais da Constituição de 1946.

Diplomacy, the conduct of inter-state relations, is an old business, and has remained surprisingly constant across three millennia and five continents. Despite vast changes in its social and economic context, its goals and methods have remained strikingly similar over time, so as the shape of the character of the people active in it.   Perpetually, it has the same core activities: representation, negotiation, observation, reporting, analysis and policy advice. Its meat and drink is politics, trade promotion, economic relations, and consular protection. But nowadays, its scope has widened to cover the whole range of government business in a global society.   The diplomat operates in a field of tensions, between war and peace, depending on the relations between the sending and receiving state. He must be adaptable to both. Psychologically, he is always located somewhere along this spectrum, part man of peace, seeking a productive balance of interests, part man of power, seeking national advantage in the global struggle.   He is by nature ambiguous: a voyager between two worlds, an interpreter between alien cultures, a man who can see both points of view and find common ground. He is a front-line officer who risks being shot in the chest or in the back.
<http://www.diplomat21.com/diplomacy/necessity.htm> (with adaptations).
Based on textI, judge the following items.
The diplomat sometimes has to face contradictory situations. 

Diplomacy, the conduct of inter-state relations, is an old business, and has remained surprisingly constant across three millennia and five continents. Despite vast changes in its social and economic context, its goals and methods have remained strikingly similar over time, so as the shape of the character of the people active in it.   Perpetually, it has the same core activities: representation, negotiation, observation, reporting, analysis and policy advice. Its meat and drink is politics, trade promotion, economic relations, and consular protection. But nowadays, its scope has widened to cover the whole range of government business in a global society.   The diplomat operates in a field of tensions, between war and peace, depending on the relations between the sending and receiving state. He must be adaptable to both. Psychologically, he is always located somewhere along this spectrum, part man of peace, seeking a productive balance of interests, part man of power, seeking national advantage in the global struggle.   He is by nature ambiguous: a voyager between two worlds, an interpreter between alien cultures, a man who can see both points of view and find common ground. He is a front-line officer who risks being shot in the chest or in the back.
<http://www.diplomat21.com/diplomacy/necessity.htm> (with adaptations).
diplomacy has never experienced any kind of changes in its activities. 

Diplomacy, the conduct of inter-state relations, is an old business, and has remained surprisingly constant across three millennia and five continents. Despite vast changes in its social and economic context, its goals and methods have remained strikingly similar over time, so as the shape of the character of the people active in it.   Perpetually, it has the same core activities: representation, negotiation, observation, reporting, analysis and policy advice. Its meat and drink is politics, trade promotion, economic relations, and consular protection. But nowadays, its scope has widened to cover the whole range of government business in a global society.   The diplomat operates in a field of tensions, between war and peace, depending on the relations between the sending and receiving state. He must be adaptable to both. Psychologically, he is always located somewhere along this spectrum, part man of peace, seeking a productive balance of interests, part man of power, seeking national advantage in the global struggle.   He is by nature ambiguous: a voyager between two worlds, an interpreter between alien cultures, a man who can see both points of view and find common ground. He is a front-line officer who risks being shot in the chest or in the back.
<http://www.diplomat21.com/diplomacy/necessity.htm> (with adaptations).
 diplomatic activity includes political advice. 

It has become clear that preventive diplomacy is only one of a class of actions that can be taken to prevent disputes from turning into armed conflict. Others in this class are preventive deployment of military and(or) police personnel; preventive humanitarian action, for example, to manage and resolve a refugee situation in a sensitive frontier area; and preventive peace-building, which itself comprises an extensive menu of possible actions in the political, economic and social fields, applicable especially to possible internal conflicts.   All these preventive actions share the following characteristics: they all depend on early warning that the risk of conflict exists; they require information about the causes and likely nature of the potential conflict so that the appropriate preventive action can be identified; and they require the consent of the party or parties within whose jurisdiction the preventive action is to take place.   The element of timing is crucial. The potential conflict should be ripe for the preventive action proposed. Timing is also an important consideration in peace-making and peace-keeping. The prevention, control and resolution of a conflict is like the prevention, control and cure of a disease. If treatment is prescribed at the wrong moment in the evolution of a disease, the patient does not improve, and the credibility of both the treatment and the physician who prescribed it is compromised. Internet:                   <http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/SG-Rpt/ch4b.htm> (with adaptations)
From text, it can be deduced that
 preventive peace-building demands several types of action. 

It has become clear that preventive diplomacy is only one of a class of actions that can be taken to prevent disputes from turning into armed conflict. Others in this class are preventive deployment of military and(or) police personnel; preventive humanitarian action, for example, to manage and resolve a refugee situation in a sensitive frontier area; and preventive peace-building, which itself comprises an extensive menu of possible actions in the political, economic and social fields, applicable especially to possible internal conflicts.   All these preventive actions share the following characteristics: they all depend on early warning that the risk of conflict exists; they require information about the causes and likely nature of the potential conflict so that the appropriate preventive action can be identified; and they require the consent of the party or parties within whose jurisdiction the preventive action is to take place.   The element of timing is crucial. The potential conflict should be ripe for the preventive action proposed. Timing is also an important consideration in peace-making and peace-keeping. The prevention, control and resolution of a conflict is like the prevention, control and cure of a disease. If treatment is prescribed at the wrong moment in the evolution of a disease, the patient does not improve, and the credibility of both the treatment and the physician who prescribed it is compromised. Internet:                   <http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/SG-Rpt/ch4b.htm> (with adaptations)
From text, it can be deduced that
military actions will necessarily lead to armed conflict. 

Diplomacy, the conduct of inter-state relations, is an old business, and has remained surprisingly constant across three millennia and five continents. Despite vast changes in its social and economic context, its goals and methods have remained strikingly similar over time, so as the shape of the character of the people active in it.   Perpetually, it has the same core activities: representation, negotiation, observation, reporting, analysis and policy advice. Its meat and drink is politics, trade promotion, economic relations, and consular protection. But nowadays, its scope has widened to cover the whole range of government business in a global society.   The diplomat operates in a field of tensions, between war and peace, depending on the relations between the sending and receiving state. He must be adaptable to both. Psychologically, he is always located somewhere along this spectrum, part man of peace, seeking a productive balance of interests, part man of power, seeking national advantage in the global struggle.   He is by nature ambiguous: a voyager between two worlds, an interpreter between alien cultures, a man who can see both points of view and find common ground. He is a front-line officer who risks being shot in the chest or in the back.
<http://www.diplomat21.com/diplomacy/necessity.htm> (with adaptations).
It can be inferred from the text I that

Diplomacy, the conduct of inter-state relations, is an old business, and has remained surprisingly constant across three millennia and five continents. Despite vast changes in its social and economic context, its goals and methods have remained strikingly similar over time, so as the shape of the character of the people active in it.   Perpetually, it has the same core activities: representation, negotiation, observation, reporting, analysis and policy advice. Its meat and drink is politics, trade promotion, economic relations, and consular protection. But nowadays, its scope has widened to cover the whole range of government business in a global society.   The diplomat operates in a field of tensions, between war and peace, depending on the relations between the sending and receiving state. He must be adaptable to both. Psychologically, he is always located somewhere along this spectrum, part man of peace, seeking a productive balance of interests, part man of power, seeking national advantage in the global struggle.   He is by nature ambiguous: a voyager between two worlds, an interpreter between alien cultures, a man who can see both points of view and find common ground. He is a front-line officer who risks being shot in the chest or in the back.
<http://www.diplomat21.com/diplomacy/necessity.htm> (with adaptations).
Based on textI, judge the following items.
Diplomacy can be a risky activity.

Diplomacy, the conduct of inter-state relations, is an old business, and has remained surprisingly constant across three millennia and five continents. Despite vast changes in its social and economic context, its goals and methods have remained strikingly similar over time, so as the shape of the character of the people active in it.   Perpetually, it has the same core activities: representation, negotiation, observation, reporting, analysis and policy advice. Its meat and drink is politics, trade promotion, economic relations, and consular protection. But nowadays, its scope has widened to cover the whole range of government business in a global society.   The diplomat operates in a field of tensions, between war and peace, depending on the relations between the sending and receiving state. He must be adaptable to both. Psychologically, he is always located somewhere along this spectrum, part man of peace, seeking a productive balance of interests, part man of power, seeking national advantage in the global struggle.   He is by nature ambiguous: a voyager between two worlds, an interpreter between alien cultures, a man who can see both points of view and find common ground. He is a front-line officer who risks being shot in the chest or in the back.
<http://www.diplomat21.com/diplomacy/necessity.htm> (with adaptations).
Based on textI, judge the following items.
Both as man of peace and as a man of power the diplomat has the same goals.

It has become clear that preventive diplomacy is only one of a class of actions that can be taken to prevent disputes from turning into armed conflict. Others in this class are preventive deployment of military and(or) police personnel; preventive humanitarian action, for example, to manage and resolve a refugee situation in a sensitive frontier area; and preventive peace-building, which itself comprises an extensive menu of possible actions in the political, economic and social fields, applicable especially to possible internal conflicts.   All these preventive actions share the following characteristics: they all depend on early warning that the risk of conflict exists; they require information about the causes and likely nature of the potential conflict so that the appropriate preventive action can be identified; and they require the consent of the party or parties within whose jurisdiction the preventive action is to take place.   The element of timing is crucial. The potential conflict should be ripe for the preventive action proposed. Timing is also an important consideration in peace-making and peace-keeping. The prevention, control and resolution of a conflict is like the prevention, control and cure of a disease. If treatment is prescribed at the wrong moment in the evolution of a disease, the patient does not improve, and the credibility of both the treatment and the physician who prescribed it is compromised. Internet:                   <http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/SG-Rpt/ch4b.htm> (with adaptations)
Based on text, it can be concluded that
in any case, the sooner preventive actions are implemented the better

It has become clear that preventive diplomacy is only one of a class of actions that can be taken to prevent disputes from turning into armed conflict. Others in this class are preventive deployment of military and(or) police personnel; preventive humanitarian action, for example, to manage and resolve a refugee situation in a sensitive frontier area; and preventive peace-building, which itself comprises an extensive menu of possible actions in the political, economic and social fields, applicable especially to possible internal conflicts.   All these preventive actions share the following characteristics: they all depend on early warning that the risk of conflict exists; they require information about the causes and likely nature of the potential conflict so that the appropriate preventive action can be identified; and they require the consent of the party or parties within whose jurisdiction the preventive action is to take place.   The element of timing is crucial. The potential conflict should be ripe for the preventive action proposed. Timing is also an important consideration in peace-making and peace-keeping. The prevention, control and resolution of a conflict is like the prevention, control and cure of a disease. If treatment is prescribed at the wrong moment in the evolution of a disease, the patient does not improve, and the credibility of both the treatment and the physician who prescribed it is compromised. Internet:                   <http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/SG-Rpt/ch4b.htm> (with adaptations)
Based on text, it can be concluded that
preventive diplomacy demands just two conditions to succeed. 

      ¡Qué descansada vida la del que huye del mundanal ruido, y sigue la escondida senda, por donde han ido los pocos sabios que en el mundo han sido!      Que no le enturbia el pecho de los soberbios grandes el estado, ni del dorado techo se admira, fabricado del sabio moro, en jaspes sustentado.       No cura si la fama canta con voz su nombre pregonera, ni cura si encarama la lengua lisonjera lo que condena la verdad sincera.      ¿Qué presta a mi contento si soy del vano dedo señalado; si, en busca deste viento, ando desalentado con ansias vivas, con mortal cuidado?        ¡Oh monte, oh fuente, oh río! ¡Oh secreto seguro, deleitoso! , roto casi el navío, a vuestro almo reposo huyo de aqueste mar tempestuoso.         Un no rompido sueño, un día puro, alegre, libre quiero; no quiero ver el ceño vanamente severo de a quien la sangre ensalza, o el dinero.         Despiértenme las aves con su cantar sabroso no aprendido; no los cuidados graves de que es siempre seguido el que al ajeno arbitrio está atenido.          Vivir quiero conmigo; gozar quiero del bien que debo al cielo, a solas, sin testigo, libre de amor, de celo, de odio, de esperanzas, de recelo.           Del monte en la ladera, por mi mano plantado tengo un huerto, que con la primavera, de bella flor cubierto ya muestra en esperanza el fruto cierto.          Y como codiciosa por ver y acrecentar su hermosura, desde la cumbre airosa una fontana pura hasta llegar corriendo se apresura.         Y luego, sosegada, el paso entre los árboles torciendo, el suelo de pasada, de verdura vistiendo y con diversas flores va esparciendo.          El aire del huerto orea y ofrece mil olores al sentido; los árboles menea con un manso ruido, que del oro y del cetro pone olvido.          Téngase su tesoro los que de un falso leño se confían; no es mío ver el lloro de los que desconfían cuando el cierzo y el ábrego porfían.           La combatida antena cruje, y en ciega noche el claro día se torna; al cielo suena confusa vocería, y la mar enriquecen a porfía.            A mí una pobrecilla mesa de amable paz bien abastada, me baste; y la vajilla, de fino oro labrada sea de quien la mar no teme airada.           Y mientras miserable- mente se están los otros abrazando con sed insaciable del peligroso mando, tendido yo a la sombra esté cantando.            A la sombra tendido, de yedra y lauro eterno coronado, puesto el atento oído al son dulce, acordado, del plectro sabiamente meneado.                                                                                      Fray Luis de León. Poesías completas. Clásicos Castalia.                                                                                               Madrid, 2001 (con adaptaciones). En el texto, la Sabina del poeta
está en la falda de un cerro.

Com relação à Era Vargas (1930-1945), julgue (C ou E) o seguinte item.

Francisco Campos, um dos principais ideólogos do Estado Novo, defendia que esse novo Estado promovesse uma “consciência nacional” capaz de unificar uma nação dividida, por meio de transformações estimuladas pela mentalidade das multidões e de seus líderes.

Turistas, funcionários e gestores de empresas circulam pelo mundo, mas a maior parte dos que se deslocam por um tempo mais longo é constituída de migrantes internacionais. A pobreza é a principal causa da mobilidade, mas as defasagens entre sociedades jovens e em processo de envelhecimento, os conflitos, a difusão da informação, a redução dos custos de transporte e as demandas de mão de obra nos países do Norte alimentam os desejos de partida.
M-F Durand et al. Atlas da mundialização. Compreender o espaço mundial contemporâneo. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2009, p. 28.
Acerca das migrações internacionais na atualidade, julgue (C ou E) o item subsequente.
Um aspecto significativo das migrações atuais é o predomínio numérico de europeus, nos fluxos internacionais, em substituição ao predomínio de africanos, asiáticos e latino-americanos.