Questões de Inglês - Advérbios e conjunções | Adverbs and conjunctions para Concurso
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English as a Lingua Franca
A number of researchers have studied conversations in English as a Lingua Franca and have noted a number of somewhat surprising characteristics, including:
• Non-use of third person present simple tense -s (She look very sad).
• Interchangeable use of the relative pronouns who and which (a book who, a boy which).
• Omission of articles where they are mandatory in native-speaker English.
• Increasing of redundancy by adding “inexistent” prepositions (We have to study about…, The article treats of…).
• Pluralisation of nouns which are considered uncountable in native-speaker English (informations, staffs).
The evidence suggests that non-native speakers are not conforming to a native English standard. Indeed they seem to get along perfectly well despite the fact that they miss things out and put things in which they ‘should not do’. Not only this, but they are actually better at ‘accommodating’ - that is, negotiating shared meaning through helping each other in a more cooperative way - than, it is suggested, native speakers are when talking to second language speakers (Jenkins 2004). In other words, non-native speakers seem to be better at ELF communication than native speakers are.
(Jeremy Harmer, The practice of English language teaching. Adaptado)
However, we need to think about animals, too ‘…but is now under threat from nature itself.’ ‘Due to exhaustion or stormy weather…’ ‘As a result of all these factors…’
We can infer that the words in bold:
1. They are called discourse markers or linking words, as they help the speaker to manage the conversation and mark when it changes.
2. Discourse markers are words and phrases used in reading to ‘signpost’ discourse.
3. Linking words show us turns, join ideas together, and generally control communication.
4. Discourse markers are referred to more commonly as ‘linking words’ and ‘linking phrases’, or ‘sentence connectors’.
5. They are used more frequently in speech, unless the speech is very formal.
Choose the alternative which contains all the correct affirmatives.
Music Enabling Cognitive Work
(Avaliable in: ASHLEY, R. and TIMMERS, R. (Editors) The Routledge Companion to Music Cognition. New York:
Routledge, 2017 – text adapted specially for this test).
Music Enabling Cognitive Work
(Avaliable in: ASHLEY, R. and TIMMERS, R. (Editors) The Routledge Companion to Music Cognition. New York:
Routledge, 2017 – text adapted specially for this test).
(l. 01-02): I. “Music was sometimes broadcast” is in the simple present, in a passive voice structure.
II. The adverb “sometimes” could be replaced by “rarely” with no changes in meaning.
III. The word “increase” could be translated as “aumentar”.
Which ones are correct?
The words ‘Although’ and ‘though’, in the text mean ‘in spite of something’.
In the text, they are discourse markers that are:
1. The underlined words in the sentence “This long, pointed stick was first used as a weapon…” is an example of active voice in the past tense.
2. The words in bold “they” and “their”, in the text, are being used as a personal pronoun and a possessive adjective, respectively.
3. The negative form of the following sentence: “Do exercises for your arms, legs, back, and neck…” is “Don’t exercise your arms, legs, back, and neck…”.
4. The word ‘properly’ in “it’s important to warm up properly before practicing the javelin.” is an adverb that means correctly or satisfactorily.
Choose the alternative which contains the correct sentences.
I. She past the test, because she study a lot.
II. After you arrive here, we'll go out with our friends.
III. Although he is handsome, he isn't a good person.
Sobre Adverb Clauses, assinale a alternativa correta:
Read the text to answer.
Woman Work
(Maya Angelou.)
I’ve got the children to tend
The clothes to mend
The floor to mop
The food to shop
Then the chicken to fry
The baby to dry
I got company to feed
The garden to weed
I've got shirts to press
The tots to dress
The cane to be cut
I gotta clean up this hut
Then see about the sick
And the cotton to pick.
Shine on me, sunshine
Rain on me, rain
Fall softly, dewdrops
And cool my brow again.
Storm, blow me from here with your fiercest wind
Let me float across the sky ‘til I can rest again, fall gently, snowflakes,
Cover me with white cold icy kisses and let me rest tonight.
Sun, rain, curving sky, mountain, oceans, leaf and stone
You're all that I can call my own.
(Available: http://www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org.)
In “Fall softly, dewdrops” and “Let me float across the sky ‘til I can rest again, fall gently, snowflakes” the words GENTLY and SOFTLY convey the concept of:
Ten critical actions needed to address four major cybersecurity challenges:
Cybersecurity: An overview of cyber challenges facing the nation, and actions needed
Federal agencies and the nation’s critical infrastructure — such as energy, transportation systems, communications, and financial services — depend on Information Technology (IT) systems to carry out operations and process essential data. However, the risks to these IT systems are increasing—including insider threats from witting or unwitting employees, escalating and emerging threats from around the globe, and the emergence of new and more destructive attacks. Rapid developments in new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and ubiquitous Internet and cellular connectivity, can also introduce security issues. Over 28,000 security incidents were reported by federal civilian agencies to the Department of Homeland Security in FY 2019.
Additionally, since many government IT systems contain vast amounts of personally identifiable information (PII), federal agencies must protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of this information—and effectively respond to data breaches and security incidents. Likewise, the trend in the private sector of collecting extensive and detailed information about individuals needs appropriate limits.
To highlight the importance of these issues, Government Accountability Office (GAO) has designated information security as a government-wide high-risk area since 1997. This high-risk area was expanded in 2003 to include the protection of critical cyber infrastructure and, in 2015, to include protecting the privacy of PII.
GAO has made about 3,300 recommendations to federal agencies to address cybersecurity shortcomings—and we reported that more than 750 of these had not been fully implemented as of December 2020. We designated 67 as priority, meaning that we believe they warrant priority attention from heads of key departments and agencies.
Adapted from: https://www.gao.gov/cybersecurity. Available on November 16th, 2022
I. While both allow you to access your money, you may consider it easier to do so with checking accounts (1st paragraph). II. In contrast, savings accounts have a limit on the number of withdrawals you can make each month (1st paragraph). III. Most banks won’t allow people under the age of 18 to open a checking account without a parent or legal guardian as a co-owner of the account (2nd paragraph). IV. When it comes to setting aside money for a long-term need or goal, you should consider a savings account (3rd paragraph). V. There are also dedicated savings accounts for kids, though a parent or guardian is usually required as a joint owner (4th paragraph).
Now, choose the alternative that classifies these terms correctly and matches them with an appropriate synonym.