Questões de Concurso Sobre interpretação de texto | reading comprehension em inglês

Foram encontradas 9.631 questões

Q3086205 Inglês
Robot Code of Ethics to Prevent Android Abuse and Protect Humans.

The government of South Korea is drawing up a code of ethics to prevent human abuse of robots—and vice versa.


The so-called Robot Ethics Charter will cover standards for robotics users and manufacturers, as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots, South Korea's Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy announced last week.

"The move anticipates the day when robots, particularly intelligent service robots, could become a part of daily life as greater technological advancements are made", the ministry said in a statement.

A five-member task force that includes futurists and a sciencefiction writer began work on the charter last November.

Gianmarco Veruggio of the School of Robotics in Genoa, Italy, is recognized as a leading authority on roboethics. "Robotics is a new science with a manifold of applications that can assist humans and solve many, many problems", he said.

"However, as in every field of science and technology, sensitive areas open up, and it is the specific responsibility of the scientists who work in this field to face this new array of social and ethical problems."

Abusing Robots

South Korea boasts one of the world's most high-tech societies. The country's Ministry of Information and Communication is working on plans to put a robot in every South Korean household by 2020.

The new charter is part of an effort to establish ground rules for human interaction with robots in the future. "Imagine if some people treat androids as if the machines were their wives", Park Hye-Young of the ministry's robot team told the AFP news agency.

(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070316-robot-ethics.html)
Based on the content of TEXT, the most appropriate alternative title would be
Alternativas
Q3086204 Inglês
Robot Code of Ethics to Prevent Android Abuse and Protect Humans.

The government of South Korea is drawing up a code of ethics to prevent human abuse of robots—and vice versa.


The so-called Robot Ethics Charter will cover standards for robotics users and manufacturers, as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots, South Korea's Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy announced last week.

"The move anticipates the day when robots, particularly intelligent service robots, could become a part of daily life as greater technological advancements are made", the ministry said in a statement.

A five-member task force that includes futurists and a sciencefiction writer began work on the charter last November.

Gianmarco Veruggio of the School of Robotics in Genoa, Italy, is recognized as a leading authority on roboethics. "Robotics is a new science with a manifold of applications that can assist humans and solve many, many problems", he said.

"However, as in every field of science and technology, sensitive areas open up, and it is the specific responsibility of the scientists who work in this field to face this new array of social and ethical problems."

Abusing Robots

South Korea boasts one of the world's most high-tech societies. The country's Ministry of Information and Communication is working on plans to put a robot in every South Korean household by 2020.

The new charter is part of an effort to establish ground rules for human interaction with robots in the future. "Imagine if some people treat androids as if the machines were their wives", Park Hye-Young of the ministry's robot team told the AFP news agency.

(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070316-robot-ethics.html)
"However, as in every field of science and technology, sensitive areas open up, and it is the specific responsibility of the scientists who work in this field to face this new array of social and ethical problems."
According to this sentence taken from TEXT, who is the one responsible for ethics?
Alternativas
Q3086203 Inglês
Robot Code of Ethics to Prevent Android Abuse and Protect Humans.

The government of South Korea is drawing up a code of ethics to prevent human abuse of robots—and vice versa.


The so-called Robot Ethics Charter will cover standards for robotics users and manufacturers, as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots, South Korea's Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy announced last week.

"The move anticipates the day when robots, particularly intelligent service robots, could become a part of daily life as greater technological advancements are made", the ministry said in a statement.

A five-member task force that includes futurists and a sciencefiction writer began work on the charter last November.

Gianmarco Veruggio of the School of Robotics in Genoa, Italy, is recognized as a leading authority on roboethics. "Robotics is a new science with a manifold of applications that can assist humans and solve many, many problems", he said.

"However, as in every field of science and technology, sensitive areas open up, and it is the specific responsibility of the scientists who work in this field to face this new array of social and ethical problems."

Abusing Robots

South Korea boasts one of the world's most high-tech societies. The country's Ministry of Information and Communication is working on plans to put a robot in every South Korean household by 2020.

The new charter is part of an effort to establish ground rules for human interaction with robots in the future. "Imagine if some people treat androids as if the machines were their wives", Park Hye-Young of the ministry's robot team told the AFP news agency.

(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070316-robot-ethics.html)
According to the last paragraph of TEXT, this new code is concerned with
Alternativas
Q3086202 Inglês
Robot Code of Ethics to Prevent Android Abuse and Protect Humans.

The government of South Korea is drawing up a code of ethics to prevent human abuse of robots—and vice versa.


The so-called Robot Ethics Charter will cover standards for robotics users and manufacturers, as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots, South Korea's Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy announced last week.

"The move anticipates the day when robots, particularly intelligent service robots, could become a part of daily life as greater technological advancements are made", the ministry said in a statement.

A five-member task force that includes futurists and a sciencefiction writer began work on the charter last November.

Gianmarco Veruggio of the School of Robotics in Genoa, Italy, is recognized as a leading authority on roboethics. "Robotics is a new science with a manifold of applications that can assist humans and solve many, many problems", he said.

"However, as in every field of science and technology, sensitive areas open up, and it is the specific responsibility of the scientists who work in this field to face this new array of social and ethical problems."

Abusing Robots

South Korea boasts one of the world's most high-tech societies. The country's Ministry of Information and Communication is working on plans to put a robot in every South Korean household by 2020.

The new charter is part of an effort to establish ground rules for human interaction with robots in the future. "Imagine if some people treat androids as if the machines were their wives", Park Hye-Young of the ministry's robot team told the AFP news agency.

(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070316-robot-ethics.html)
“South Korea boasts one of the world's most high-tech societies. The country's Ministry of Information and Communication is working on plans to put a robot in every South Korean household by 2020.”
Choose the option that best explains this aim in TEXT.
Alternativas
Q3086201 Inglês
Robot Code of Ethics to Prevent Android Abuse and Protect Humans.

The government of South Korea is drawing up a code of ethics to prevent human abuse of robots—and vice versa.


The so-called Robot Ethics Charter will cover standards for robotics users and manufacturers, as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots, South Korea's Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy announced last week.

"The move anticipates the day when robots, particularly intelligent service robots, could become a part of daily life as greater technological advancements are made", the ministry said in a statement.

A five-member task force that includes futurists and a sciencefiction writer began work on the charter last November.

Gianmarco Veruggio of the School of Robotics in Genoa, Italy, is recognized as a leading authority on roboethics. "Robotics is a new science with a manifold of applications that can assist humans and solve many, many problems", he said.

"However, as in every field of science and technology, sensitive areas open up, and it is the specific responsibility of the scientists who work in this field to face this new array of social and ethical problems."

Abusing Robots

South Korea boasts one of the world's most high-tech societies. The country's Ministry of Information and Communication is working on plans to put a robot in every South Korean household by 2020.

The new charter is part of an effort to establish ground rules for human interaction with robots in the future. "Imagine if some people treat androids as if the machines were their wives", Park Hye-Young of the ministry's robot team told the AFP news agency.

(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070316-robot-ethics.html)
It can be said that there are several people involved in the development of a code of ethics.
How many are there, so far, according to TEXT?
Alternativas
Q3086200 Inglês
Robot Code of Ethics to Prevent Android Abuse and Protect Humans.

The government of South Korea is drawing up a code of ethics to prevent human abuse of robots—and vice versa.


The so-called Robot Ethics Charter will cover standards for robotics users and manufacturers, as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots, South Korea's Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy announced last week.

"The move anticipates the day when robots, particularly intelligent service robots, could become a part of daily life as greater technological advancements are made", the ministry said in a statement.

A five-member task force that includes futurists and a sciencefiction writer began work on the charter last November.

Gianmarco Veruggio of the School of Robotics in Genoa, Italy, is recognized as a leading authority on roboethics. "Robotics is a new science with a manifold of applications that can assist humans and solve many, many problems", he said.

"However, as in every field of science and technology, sensitive areas open up, and it is the specific responsibility of the scientists who work in this field to face this new array of social and ethical problems."

Abusing Robots

South Korea boasts one of the world's most high-tech societies. The country's Ministry of Information and Communication is working on plans to put a robot in every South Korean household by 2020.

The new charter is part of an effort to establish ground rules for human interaction with robots in the future. "Imagine if some people treat androids as if the machines were their wives", Park Hye-Young of the ministry's robot team told the AFP news agency.

(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070316-robot-ethics.html)
Based on the title and the two sentences below it, choose the option that summarizes the author’s main idea in TEXT.
Alternativas
Q3086199 Inglês
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humans

Experts say the rise of artificial intelligence will make most people better off over the next decade, but many have concerns about how advances in AI will affect what it means to be human, to be productive and to exercise free will

By Janna Anderson and Lee Rainie


Digital life is augmenting human capacities and disrupting eons-old human activities. Code-driven systems have spread to more than half of the world’s inhabitants in ambient information and connectivity, offering previously unimagined opportunities and unprecedented threats. As emerging algorithm-driven artificial intelligence (AI) continues to spread, will people be better off than they are today?

The experts predicted networked artificial intelligence will amplify human effectiveness but also threaten human autonomy, agency and capabilities. They spoke of the wide-ranging possibilities; that computers might match or even exceed human intelligence and capabilities on tasks such as complex decision-making, reasoning and learning, sophisticated analytics and pattern recognition, visual acuity, speech recognition and language translation. They said “smart” systems in communities, in vehicles, in buildings and utilities, on farms and in business processes will save time, money and lives and offer opportunities for individuals to enjoy a morecustomized future. 

Many focused their optimistic remarks on health care and the many possible applications of AI in diagnosing and treating patients or helping senior citizens live fuller and healthier lives. They were also enthusiastic about AI’s role in contributing to broad public-health programs built around massive amounts of data that may be captured in the coming years about everything from personal genomes to nutrition. Additionally, a number of these experts predicted that AI would abet long-anticipated changes in formal and informal education systems. 

Yet, most experts, regardless of whether they are optimistic or not, expressed concerns about the long-term impact of these new tools on the essential elements of being human. All respondents in this non-scientific canvassing were asked to elaborate on why they felt AI would leave people better off or not. Many shared deep worries, and many also suggested pathways toward solutions. The main themes they sounded about threats and remedies are outlined in future reports.

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/12/10/artificial-intelligence-and-thefuture-of-humans/
Choose the option that sums up the last paragraph in TEXT.
Alternativas
Q3086195 Inglês
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humans

Experts say the rise of artificial intelligence will make most people better off over the next decade, but many have concerns about how advances in AI will affect what it means to be human, to be productive and to exercise free will

By Janna Anderson and Lee Rainie


Digital life is augmenting human capacities and disrupting eons-old human activities. Code-driven systems have spread to more than half of the world’s inhabitants in ambient information and connectivity, offering previously unimagined opportunities and unprecedented threats. As emerging algorithm-driven artificial intelligence (AI) continues to spread, will people be better off than they are today?

The experts predicted networked artificial intelligence will amplify human effectiveness but also threaten human autonomy, agency and capabilities. They spoke of the wide-ranging possibilities; that computers might match or even exceed human intelligence and capabilities on tasks such as complex decision-making, reasoning and learning, sophisticated analytics and pattern recognition, visual acuity, speech recognition and language translation. They said “smart” systems in communities, in vehicles, in buildings and utilities, on farms and in business processes will save time, money and lives and offer opportunities for individuals to enjoy a morecustomized future. 

Many focused their optimistic remarks on health care and the many possible applications of AI in diagnosing and treating patients or helping senior citizens live fuller and healthier lives. They were also enthusiastic about AI’s role in contributing to broad public-health programs built around massive amounts of data that may be captured in the coming years about everything from personal genomes to nutrition. Additionally, a number of these experts predicted that AI would abet long-anticipated changes in formal and informal education systems. 

Yet, most experts, regardless of whether they are optimistic or not, expressed concerns about the long-term impact of these new tools on the essential elements of being human. All respondents in this non-scientific canvassing were asked to elaborate on why they felt AI would leave people better off or not. Many shared deep worries, and many also suggested pathways toward solutions. The main themes they sounded about threats and remedies are outlined in future reports.

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/12/10/artificial-intelligence-and-thefuture-of-humans/
“Experts say the rise of artificial intelligence will make most people better off over the next decade…”.
Based on the meaning of the idiom "better off" in TEXT, it can be stated that this will make
Alternativas
Q3086194 Inglês
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humans

Experts say the rise of artificial intelligence will make most people better off over the next decade, but many have concerns about how advances in AI will affect what it means to be human, to be productive and to exercise free will

By Janna Anderson and Lee Rainie


Digital life is augmenting human capacities and disrupting eons-old human activities. Code-driven systems have spread to more than half of the world’s inhabitants in ambient information and connectivity, offering previously unimagined opportunities and unprecedented threats. As emerging algorithm-driven artificial intelligence (AI) continues to spread, will people be better off than they are today?

The experts predicted networked artificial intelligence will amplify human effectiveness but also threaten human autonomy, agency and capabilities. They spoke of the wide-ranging possibilities; that computers might match or even exceed human intelligence and capabilities on tasks such as complex decision-making, reasoning and learning, sophisticated analytics and pattern recognition, visual acuity, speech recognition and language translation. They said “smart” systems in communities, in vehicles, in buildings and utilities, on farms and in business processes will save time, money and lives and offer opportunities for individuals to enjoy a morecustomized future. 

Many focused their optimistic remarks on health care and the many possible applications of AI in diagnosing and treating patients or helping senior citizens live fuller and healthier lives. They were also enthusiastic about AI’s role in contributing to broad public-health programs built around massive amounts of data that may be captured in the coming years about everything from personal genomes to nutrition. Additionally, a number of these experts predicted that AI would abet long-anticipated changes in formal and informal education systems. 

Yet, most experts, regardless of whether they are optimistic or not, expressed concerns about the long-term impact of these new tools on the essential elements of being human. All respondents in this non-scientific canvassing were asked to elaborate on why they felt AI would leave people better off or not. Many shared deep worries, and many also suggested pathways toward solutions. The main themes they sounded about threats and remedies are outlined in future reports.

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/12/10/artificial-intelligence-and-thefuture-of-humans/
There are several drawbacks concerning AI (Artificial Intelligence) stated by the author in TEXT.
Choose the option that identifies one mentioned in the passage.
Alternativas
Q3085834 Inglês

Research-Article


How to be a successful app developer: lessons from the simulation of an app ecosystem


Soo Ling Lim, Peter J. Bentley


Abstract


App developers are constantly competing against each other to win more downloads for their apps. With hundreds of thousands of apps in these online stores, what strategy should a developer use to be successful? Should they innovate, make many similar apps, optimize their own apps or just copy the apps of others? Looking more deeply, how does a complex app ecosystem perform when developers choose to use different strategies? This paper investigates these questions using AppEco, the first Artificial Life model of mobile application ecosystems. In AppEco, developer agents build and upload apps to the app store; user agents browse the store and download the apps. A distinguishing feature of AppEco is the explicit modelling of apps as artefacts. In this work we use AppEco to simulate Apple's iOS app ecosystem and investigate common developer strategies, evaluating them in terms of downloads received, app diversity, and adoption rate.


https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2384697.2384698

In the sentences, “With hundreds of thousands of apps in these online stores, what strategy should a developer use to be successful? Should they innovate, make many similar apps, optimize their own apps or just copy the apps of others?”. The modal “should”, used in TEXT, expresses the idea of:
Alternativas
Q3085833 Inglês

Research-Article


How to be a successful app developer: lessons from the simulation of an app ecosystem


Soo Ling Lim, Peter J. Bentley


Abstract


App developers are constantly competing against each other to win more downloads for their apps. With hundreds of thousands of apps in these online stores, what strategy should a developer use to be successful? Should they innovate, make many similar apps, optimize their own apps or just copy the apps of others? Looking more deeply, how does a complex app ecosystem perform when developers choose to use different strategies? This paper investigates these questions using AppEco, the first Artificial Life model of mobile application ecosystems. In AppEco, developer agents build and upload apps to the app store; user agents browse the store and download the apps. A distinguishing feature of AppEco is the explicit modelling of apps as artefacts. In this work we use AppEco to simulate Apple's iOS app ecosystem and investigate common developer strategies, evaluating them in terms of downloads received, app diversity, and adoption rate.


https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2384697.2384698

In the excerpt “In this work we use AppEco to simulate Apple's iOS app ecosystem and investigate common developer strategies, evaluating them in terms of downloads received, app diversity, and adoption rate.
Choose the correct option according to TEXT.
Alternativas
Q3085832 Inglês

Research-Article


How to be a successful app developer: lessons from the simulation of an app ecosystem


Soo Ling Lim, Peter J. Bentley


Abstract


App developers are constantly competing against each other to win more downloads for their apps. With hundreds of thousands of apps in these online stores, what strategy should a developer use to be successful? Should they innovate, make many similar apps, optimize their own apps or just copy the apps of others? Looking more deeply, how does a complex app ecosystem perform when developers choose to use different strategies? This paper investigates these questions using AppEco, the first Artificial Life model of mobile application ecosystems. In AppEco, developer agents build and upload apps to the app store; user agents browse the store and download the apps. A distinguishing feature of AppEco is the explicit modelling of apps as artefacts. In this work we use AppEco to simulate Apple's iOS app ecosystem and investigate common developer strategies, evaluating them in terms of downloads received, app diversity, and adoption rate.


https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2384697.2384698

According to TEXT it can be said that
Alternativas
Q3085829 Inglês

Technology Consultant Fast Track: How to Get Your Dream Job in IT Consulting (IT Consulting Career Guide).


(English Edition) eBook Kindle only.



Jumpstart your IT job search and land your dream job while your peers are still "freshening up" their resumes!

Proven techniques to land your dream job as a high-paid IT consultant—you don’t want to miss these, if you are serious about a career in IT!

Answers to IT consulting career questions most people fail to ask; actionable advice and real-life stories from seasoned IT consultants!

As a fresh graduate looking for your first job, if you just do what almost everybody else is doing…you will land a hellhole job with lousy pay, long hours, nasty coworkers, and exclusively clients from hell (because you thought it was your only option to go forward in your career). If you are serious and can apply simple instructions, this book can help you become a high-paid IT consultant in your dream job by the end of the month!

If you already have your first or second job in the field of IT, or even have 20 years of work experience, this book will tell you what a great option a career in IT consulting can be. With this book, you can find out why your current job is not satisfying your career aspirations and turn your career around for the better!

Containing lessons from a PhD with 12 years of experience and 15,000 billable hours from Accenture and Coala, this is the book movers and shakers in the IT industry are talking about. Recommended by university professors, last-year students, as well as seasoned consultants. Even my mom says you have to read this book, or you have to answer to her!

By reading this book, you will learn:

What your college professor didn't tell you about the consulting business.

The Pro’s and Con’s of a career in technology consulting.

What other options do you have besides working for one of the global consulting giants such as Accenture, Capgemini, Deloitte, Ernst & Young (EY), KPMG, or PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC).

The must-have characteristics to succeed in IT consulting (if you don't have these, you are doomed to FAIL!).

How to find your money-making niche in IT consulting.

How to get the best results with the least possible effort in your job search.

Best ways to prepare for the job interview in 30 minutes or less. What questions to ask in the interview to avoid nasty surprises when you are selected. 

Hear what others are saying:

★★★★★ “The book gives a strong and realistic description of IT consultancy. Thus, every IT student should read the book before they graduate as it will increase their probability of landing a dream job.” Samuli Pekkola, Professor, PhD, in Information Systems Sciences, Tampere University

★★★★★ “The book gives insight into technology consulting and provides great tips for job search. I believe it will be very valuable when I start looking for a position in IT. The section on how to stand out as a candidate for a job was an eyeopener.” Saku Sikiö, Information Systems Student, University of Jyväskylä

★★★★★ “This is the book I would have needed on the verge of graduation!” Teijo Kelander, MSc, Quality Consultant and Agile Coach

★★★★★ “If you are serious about IT consultancy as a profession, this book is a must-read! As a recruiter, I would prefer that applicants would better understand what this is all about.” Petteri Laamanen, MSc, CEO & Founder, Coala

★★★★★ “This book gave me valuable insights into the IT consultant’s working life, making it easier to consider the pros and cons in relation to my own values and goals.” Janita Kingelin, MSc, Marketing Manager, SoulCore

★ If you want great results in your technology consultant job search, get this book right now!


https://www.amazon.com.br/Technology-Consultant-Fast-Track-Consultingebook/dp/B0918JB48D

By the end of TEXT six people assessed the guide. One of them said that he should have had the opportunity to study on the guide on the brick of graduating.
Choose the person who said that.
Alternativas
Q3085825 Inglês

Technology Consultant Fast Track: How to Get Your Dream Job in IT Consulting (IT Consulting Career Guide).


(English Edition) eBook Kindle only.



Jumpstart your IT job search and land your dream job while your peers are still "freshening up" their resumes!

Proven techniques to land your dream job as a high-paid IT consultant—you don’t want to miss these, if you are serious about a career in IT!

Answers to IT consulting career questions most people fail to ask; actionable advice and real-life stories from seasoned IT consultants!

As a fresh graduate looking for your first job, if you just do what almost everybody else is doing…you will land a hellhole job with lousy pay, long hours, nasty coworkers, and exclusively clients from hell (because you thought it was your only option to go forward in your career). If you are serious and can apply simple instructions, this book can help you become a high-paid IT consultant in your dream job by the end of the month!

If you already have your first or second job in the field of IT, or even have 20 years of work experience, this book will tell you what a great option a career in IT consulting can be. With this book, you can find out why your current job is not satisfying your career aspirations and turn your career around for the better!

Containing lessons from a PhD with 12 years of experience and 15,000 billable hours from Accenture and Coala, this is the book movers and shakers in the IT industry are talking about. Recommended by university professors, last-year students, as well as seasoned consultants. Even my mom says you have to read this book, or you have to answer to her!

By reading this book, you will learn:

What your college professor didn't tell you about the consulting business.

The Pro’s and Con’s of a career in technology consulting.

What other options do you have besides working for one of the global consulting giants such as Accenture, Capgemini, Deloitte, Ernst & Young (EY), KPMG, or PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC).

The must-have characteristics to succeed in IT consulting (if you don't have these, you are doomed to FAIL!).

How to find your money-making niche in IT consulting.

How to get the best results with the least possible effort in your job search.

Best ways to prepare for the job interview in 30 minutes or less. What questions to ask in the interview to avoid nasty surprises when you are selected. 

Hear what others are saying:

★★★★★ “The book gives a strong and realistic description of IT consultancy. Thus, every IT student should read the book before they graduate as it will increase their probability of landing a dream job.” Samuli Pekkola, Professor, PhD, in Information Systems Sciences, Tampere University

★★★★★ “The book gives insight into technology consulting and provides great tips for job search. I believe it will be very valuable when I start looking for a position in IT. The section on how to stand out as a candidate for a job was an eyeopener.” Saku Sikiö, Information Systems Student, University of Jyväskylä

★★★★★ “This is the book I would have needed on the verge of graduation!” Teijo Kelander, MSc, Quality Consultant and Agile Coach

★★★★★ “If you are serious about IT consultancy as a profession, this book is a must-read! As a recruiter, I would prefer that applicants would better understand what this is all about.” Petteri Laamanen, MSc, CEO & Founder, Coala

★★★★★ “This book gave me valuable insights into the IT consultant’s working life, making it easier to consider the pros and cons in relation to my own values and goals.” Janita Kingelin, MSc, Marketing Manager, SoulCore

★ If you want great results in your technology consultant job search, get this book right now!


https://www.amazon.com.br/Technology-Consultant-Fast-Track-Consultingebook/dp/B0918JB48D

What information is in TEXT?
Alternativas
Q3083621 Inglês

According to text clues, the compatible answer is:


 Language teaching in a multilingual world


    To discuss the complexity of language teaching, we adopt an ecological perspective. This helps us to appreciate the significant challenges for language teachers and language teacher educators at different contextual levels (macro, meso, and micro) (Chong, Issacs & McKinley, 2022). This perspective enables us to assess a variety of challenges relating to macrocontextual conditions, such as cultural traditions, political ideologies, demographic changes, shifting cultural values, and uncertain socioeconomic conditions. The impact of macro-contextual conditions is usually sifted through the mediation of institutional policies and practices at the meso or micro levels before causing changes in language teachers' practice and/or incurring resistance. The ecological perspective also highlights the roles individual teachers play in developing professional practice in response to the mediation of contextual conditions at different levels (e.g., Tao & Gao, 2017, 2018, 2021). It is also important to note that language teachers’ professional practice evolves over time under changing contextual conditions. 

    Shifting geo-political conditions and the values the public attaches to language learning have been found to profoundly impact language teaching, as they lead to the emergence of new languages, new curricula and the promotion of new pedagogical approaches in educational systems (Gao & Zheng, 2019). For instance, following the government's Belt and Road initiative, universities on the Chinese mainland have launched programs in various languages other than English (LOTE) to provide university graduates with the competences needed to engage with the expanding trade opportunities and frequent sociopolitical exchanges between the People's Republic of China and the countries that speak these LOTEs (e.g., Arabic, Persian).The implementation of these top-down educational initiatives requires language teachers to develop new knowledge and skills, which may enable them to develop new pedagogical practices while engendering a process of ‘deskilling,’ as teachers are told that their well-honed teaching practices are no longer valued. Consequently, the initiatives present new challenges for language teachers, who may not be well-prepared for the task of helping national governments achieve their aspirations. 

    An increasingly deep engagement with multilingualism in second language acquisition research has had a profound impact on language teacher education, as scholars have been critically examining, identifying, and redressing the deeply entrenched influences of monolingualism, especially English monolingualism, in language education (Li Wei, 2018). The vision of sustaining a multilingual, multicultural world means that LOTEs should be promoted in any educational system as “linguistic diversity is both critical in sustaining cultural diversity and instrumental in supporting vibrant exchanges of knowledge and understanding.


(Available in: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0346251X23001495. Adapted.) 

Alternativas
Q3083620 Inglês

Shonto Begay, artist, writer, poet, and filmmaker, was born into the Navajo nation, USA. “In My Mother’s Kitchen”, introduced for reading and exam below, displays some clues of Native American culture that are especifically connected to word choices represented by:


Fragrance of fresh tortillas and corn stew

Fills my mother’s kitchen

Sparsely furnished

Crowded with

warmth

Soot-grayed walls, secretive and blank

She moves gently in and out of light

Like a dream just out of reach

The morning light gives her a

halo 

That plays upon her crown of dark hair

Strong brown hands caress soft mounds of

dough She gazes out into the warming day

Past sagebrush hills, out towards the foot of Black

Mesa How far would she let the goats wander today

Before it rains

Childhood dreams and warmth

Tight in my throat, tears in my eyes

The radio softly tuned to a local AM station

News of ceremonies and chapter meetings

And funerals 

Flows into the peaceful kitchen

Lines upon her face, features carved of hard

times Lines around her eyes, creases of happy

times Bittersweet tears and ringing silvery

laughter

I ache in my heart

My mother’s gentle movements light up dark

corners Her gentle smiles recall childhood dreams still

so alive

My mother moves in and out of

light Like clouds on days of

promising rain 


 (Available in: https://www.coursehero.com. Acess in: August 2024.) 

Alternativas
Q3083614 Inglês
 Read the text thoroughly.

  Oral communication in the form of student talk can be described as focused group conversations or collaborative conversations that are usually facilitated and/or monitored by an instructor. Eliciting student talk encourages the use of oral language to express their understanding of a concept or idea which is more than just knowledgeable peers sharing answers; it is the use of language as a tool to construct meaning. Research suggests that students learn more from giving explanations than receiving explanations (Chi et al, 1994; Sparks, 2013; Webb, 1989); hence the benefit of incorporating student talk into class situations, where interactions are easily fostered, has been shown to be effective across disciplines, from Biology to Language Learning (Karrema, 2014; Tanner, 2009) as well as in small classes to 600-person lecture halls (Tanner, 2009). According to renowned developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) to whom talk is one of the primary tools for communication, in particular, communicaion helps students negotiate meaning and connect prior knowledge, resulting in the development of thought and practice (Vygotsky, 1978). Not only can student talk help them better construct understanding of an idea or concept, it can also signal to the instructor whether a particular activity is supporting student learning and whether they are reaching course learning objectives. Student talk supports learning by: providing opportunities to clarify thoughts, generate conclusions, develop theories and ask new questions; establishing norms which ease students’ inhibitions, motivates sharing and promotes respectful communication; exposing learners to new ideas and perspectives from each other’s examples; connecting what students already know and what they think they know, to what they are being asked to learn; acknowledging the value of student’s ideas and empowering those who take more responsibility for their learning; building an understanding of a collaborative nature of learning; privileging the expression of personally meaningful ideas and the use of everyday language rather than focusing on the correct answers and the use of perfect language. 


(Rebecca L. Chism and LeighAnn Tomaswick, August 2018. Oral Communication as a Learning Tool. Kent State University Center for Teaching and  
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Q3077150 Inglês

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As Starvation Spreads in Sudan, Military Blocks Aid Trucks at Border


A country torn apart by civil war could soon face one of the world’s worst famines in decades, experts said.


As Sudan hurtles toward famine, its military is blocking the United Nations from bringing enormous amounts of food into the country through a vital border crossing, effectively cutting off aid to hundreds of thousands of starving people during the depths of a civil war.


Experts warn that Sudan, barely functioning after 15 months of fighting, could soon face one of the world’s worst famines in decades. But the Sudanese military’s refusal to let U.N. aid convoys through the crossing is thwarting the kind of all-out relief effort that aid groups say is needed to prevent hundreds of thousands of deaths — as many as 2.5 million, according to one estimate — by the end of this year. The risk is greatest in Darfur, the Spain-sized region that suffered a genocide two decades ago. Of the 14 Sudanese districts at immediate risk of famine, eight are in Darfur, right across the border that the United Nations is trying to cross. Time is running out to help them.


The closed border point, a subject of increasingly urgent appeals from American officials, is at Adré, the main crossing from Chad into Sudan. At the border, little more than a concrete bollard in a driedout riverbed, just about everything seems to flow: refugees and traders, four-wheeled motorbikes carrying animal skins, and donkey carts laden with barrels of fuel.


What is forbidden from crossing into Sudan, however, are the U.N. trucks filled with food that are urgently needed in Darfur, where experts say that 440,000 people are already on the brink of starvation. Refugees fleeing Darfur now say that hunger, not conflict, is the main reason they left. [...] The Sudanese military imposed the edict at the crossing five months ago, supposedly to prohibit weapons smuggling. It seems to make little sense. Arms, cash and fighters continue to flow into Sudan elsewhere on the 870-mile border that is mostly controlled by its enemy, a heavily armed paramilitary group known as the Rapid Support Forces, or R.S.F. The military doesn’t even control the crossing at Adré, where R.S.F. fighters stand 100 yards behind the border on the Sudanese side.


Even so, the U.N. says it must respect the order not to cross from the military, which is based in Port Sudan 1,000 miles to the east, because it is Sudan’s sovereign authority. Instead U.N. trucks are forced to make an arduous 200-mile detour north to Tine, at a crossing controlled by a militia allied with Sudan’s army, where they are allowed to enter Darfur.


The diversion is dangerous, expensive and takes up to five times as long as going through Adré. Only a fraction of the required aid is getting through Tine — 320 trucks of food since February, U.N. officials say, instead of the thousands that are needed. The Tine crossing was closed for most of this week after seasonal rains turned the border into a river. 


Between February, when the Adré border crossing was shut, and June, the number of people facing emergency levels of hunger went from 1.7 million to seven million.


As the prospect of mass starvation in Sudan draws closer, the Adré closure has become a central focus of efforts by the United States, by far the largest donor, to ramp up the emergency aid effort. “This obstruction is completely unacceptable,” Linda Thomas-Greenfield, the United States ambassador to the U.N., recently told reporters. [...].



(Fonte: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/26/world/africa/sudan-starvation-militaryborder.html?te=1&nl=the-morning&emc=edit_nn_20240726 Acesso em 26/07/2024 às 9:30)


Between February, when the Adré border crossing was shut, and June, the number of people facing

Quanto tempo os caminhões da ONU levam para percorrer a rota alternativa até Tine, em comparação à rota direta por Adré?
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Q3077149 Inglês

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As Starvation Spreads in Sudan, Military Blocks Aid Trucks at Border


A country torn apart by civil war could soon face one of the world’s worst famines in decades, experts said.


As Sudan hurtles toward famine, its military is blocking the United Nations from bringing enormous amounts of food into the country through a vital border crossing, effectively cutting off aid to hundreds of thousands of starving people during the depths of a civil war.


Experts warn that Sudan, barely functioning after 15 months of fighting, could soon face one of the world’s worst famines in decades. But the Sudanese military’s refusal to let U.N. aid convoys through the crossing is thwarting the kind of all-out relief effort that aid groups say is needed to prevent hundreds of thousands of deaths — as many as 2.5 million, according to one estimate — by the end of this year. The risk is greatest in Darfur, the Spain-sized region that suffered a genocide two decades ago. Of the 14 Sudanese districts at immediate risk of famine, eight are in Darfur, right across the border that the United Nations is trying to cross. Time is running out to help them.


The closed border point, a subject of increasingly urgent appeals from American officials, is at Adré, the main crossing from Chad into Sudan. At the border, little more than a concrete bollard in a driedout riverbed, just about everything seems to flow: refugees and traders, four-wheeled motorbikes carrying animal skins, and donkey carts laden with barrels of fuel.


What is forbidden from crossing into Sudan, however, are the U.N. trucks filled with food that are urgently needed in Darfur, where experts say that 440,000 people are already on the brink of starvation. Refugees fleeing Darfur now say that hunger, not conflict, is the main reason they left. [...] The Sudanese military imposed the edict at the crossing five months ago, supposedly to prohibit weapons smuggling. It seems to make little sense. Arms, cash and fighters continue to flow into Sudan elsewhere on the 870-mile border that is mostly controlled by its enemy, a heavily armed paramilitary group known as the Rapid Support Forces, or R.S.F. The military doesn’t even control the crossing at Adré, where R.S.F. fighters stand 100 yards behind the border on the Sudanese side.


Even so, the U.N. says it must respect the order not to cross from the military, which is based in Port Sudan 1,000 miles to the east, because it is Sudan’s sovereign authority. Instead U.N. trucks are forced to make an arduous 200-mile detour north to Tine, at a crossing controlled by a militia allied with Sudan’s army, where they are allowed to enter Darfur.


The diversion is dangerous, expensive and takes up to five times as long as going through Adré. Only a fraction of the required aid is getting through Tine — 320 trucks of food since February, U.N. officials say, instead of the thousands that are needed. The Tine crossing was closed for most of this week after seasonal rains turned the border into a river. 


Between February, when the Adré border crossing was shut, and June, the number of people facing emergency levels of hunger went from 1.7 million to seven million.


As the prospect of mass starvation in Sudan draws closer, the Adré closure has become a central focus of efforts by the United States, by far the largest donor, to ramp up the emergency aid effort. “This obstruction is completely unacceptable,” Linda Thomas-Greenfield, the United States ambassador to the U.N., recently told reporters. [...].



(Fonte: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/26/world/africa/sudan-starvation-militaryborder.html?te=1&nl=the-morning&emc=edit_nn_20240726 Acesso em 26/07/2024 às 9:30)


Between February, when the Adré border crossing was shut, and June, the number of people facing

O que flui livremente através da fronteira de Adré, exceto ajuda humanitária?
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Q3077148 Inglês

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As Starvation Spreads in Sudan, Military Blocks Aid Trucks at Border


A country torn apart by civil war could soon face one of the world’s worst famines in decades, experts said.


As Sudan hurtles toward famine, its military is blocking the United Nations from bringing enormous amounts of food into the country through a vital border crossing, effectively cutting off aid to hundreds of thousands of starving people during the depths of a civil war.


Experts warn that Sudan, barely functioning after 15 months of fighting, could soon face one of the world’s worst famines in decades. But the Sudanese military’s refusal to let U.N. aid convoys through the crossing is thwarting the kind of all-out relief effort that aid groups say is needed to prevent hundreds of thousands of deaths — as many as 2.5 million, according to one estimate — by the end of this year. The risk is greatest in Darfur, the Spain-sized region that suffered a genocide two decades ago. Of the 14 Sudanese districts at immediate risk of famine, eight are in Darfur, right across the border that the United Nations is trying to cross. Time is running out to help them.


The closed border point, a subject of increasingly urgent appeals from American officials, is at Adré, the main crossing from Chad into Sudan. At the border, little more than a concrete bollard in a driedout riverbed, just about everything seems to flow: refugees and traders, four-wheeled motorbikes carrying animal skins, and donkey carts laden with barrels of fuel.


What is forbidden from crossing into Sudan, however, are the U.N. trucks filled with food that are urgently needed in Darfur, where experts say that 440,000 people are already on the brink of starvation. Refugees fleeing Darfur now say that hunger, not conflict, is the main reason they left. [...] The Sudanese military imposed the edict at the crossing five months ago, supposedly to prohibit weapons smuggling. It seems to make little sense. Arms, cash and fighters continue to flow into Sudan elsewhere on the 870-mile border that is mostly controlled by its enemy, a heavily armed paramilitary group known as the Rapid Support Forces, or R.S.F. The military doesn’t even control the crossing at Adré, where R.S.F. fighters stand 100 yards behind the border on the Sudanese side.


Even so, the U.N. says it must respect the order not to cross from the military, which is based in Port Sudan 1,000 miles to the east, because it is Sudan’s sovereign authority. Instead U.N. trucks are forced to make an arduous 200-mile detour north to Tine, at a crossing controlled by a militia allied with Sudan’s army, where they are allowed to enter Darfur.


The diversion is dangerous, expensive and takes up to five times as long as going through Adré. Only a fraction of the required aid is getting through Tine — 320 trucks of food since February, U.N. officials say, instead of the thousands that are needed. The Tine crossing was closed for most of this week after seasonal rains turned the border into a river. 


Between February, when the Adré border crossing was shut, and June, the number of people facing emergency levels of hunger went from 1.7 million to seven million.


As the prospect of mass starvation in Sudan draws closer, the Adré closure has become a central focus of efforts by the United States, by far the largest donor, to ramp up the emergency aid effort. “This obstruction is completely unacceptable,” Linda Thomas-Greenfield, the United States ambassador to the U.N., recently told reporters. [...].



(Fonte: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/26/world/africa/sudan-starvation-militaryborder.html?te=1&nl=the-morning&emc=edit_nn_20240726 Acesso em 26/07/2024 às 9:30)


Between February, when the Adré border crossing was shut, and June, the number of people facing

Quem são os principais responsáveis pela obstrução da ajuda humanitária na fronteira de Adré, de acordo com o texto?
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Respostas
321: A
322: B
323: B
324: A
325: B
326: E
327: C
328: C
329: D
330: B
331: E
332: B
333: E
334: B
335: C
336: C
337: D
338: B
339: D
340: A