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honest-to-goodness android, so lifelike that it seems like
a real person. It has moist lips, glossy hair and vivid
eyes that blink slowly. Seated on a stool with hands
5 folded primly on its lap at the 2005 World Exposition in
Japan's Aichi prefecture, it wore a bright pink blazer and
gray slacks. For a mesmerizing few seconds from several
meters away, Repliee was virtually indistinguishable from
an ordinary woman in her 30s. In fact, it was a copy of
10 one.
Japan is proud of the most advanced humanoids in
the world, which are expected to eventually be used as
the workforce diminishes among the decreasing and aging
population. But why build a robot with pigmented silicone
15 skin, smooth gestures and even makeup? To Repliee's
creator, Hiroshi Ishiguro, Director of Osaka University's
Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, the answer is simple:
"Android science."
Besides the justification for making robots
20 anthropomorphic and bipedal so they can work in human
environments with architectural features such as stairs,
Ishiguro believes that people respond better to very
humanlike automatons. Androids can thus elicit the most
natural communication. "Appearance is very important
25 to have better interpersonal relationships with a robot,"
says the 42-year-old Ishiguro. "Robots are information
media, especially humanoid robots. Their main role in
our future is to interact naturally with people."
Mild colorblindness forced Ishiguro to abandon his
30 aspirations of a career as an oil painter. Drawn to
computer and robot vision instead, he built a guide robot
for the blind as an undergraduate at the University of
Yamanashi. A fan of the android character Data from the
Star Trek franchise, he sees robots as the ideal vehicle
35 to understand more about ourselves.
To imitate human looks and behavior successfully,
Ishiguro combines robotics with cognitive science. In turn,
cognitive science research can use the robot to study
human perception, communication and other faculties.
40 This novel cross-fertilization is what Ishiguro describes
as android science. In a 2005 paper, he and his
collaborators explained it thus: "To make the android
humanlike, we must investigate human activity from the
standpoint of cognitive science, behavioral science and
45 neuroscience, and to evaluate human activity, we need
to implement processes that support it in the android."
One key strategy in Ishiguro's approach is to model
his artificial creations on real people. He began research
four years ago with his then four-year-old daughter,
50 casting a rudimentary android from her body, but its
mechanisms resulted in strange, unnatural motion.
Humanlike robots run the risk of compromising
people's comfort zones. Because the android's
appearance is very similar to that of a human, any subtle
55 differences in motion and responses will make it seem
strange. Repliee, though, is so lifelike that it has
overcome the creepiness factor, partly because of the
natural way it moves.
Ishiguro wants his next android, a male, to be as
60 authentic as possible. The model? Himself. The scientist
thinks having a robot clone could ease his busy schedule:
he could dispatch it to classes and meetings and then
teleconference through it. "My question has always been,
Why are we living, and what is human?" he says. An
65 Ishiguro made of circuitry and silicone might soon be
answering his own questions.
adapted from www.scientificamerican.com - May 2006
on many factors - how the energy is being used, where
it is being used, what energy sources are available,
which sources are most convenient and reliable, which
5 are easiest to use, what each costs, and the effects on
public safety, health, and the environment. Making smart
energy choices means understanding resources and their
relative costs and benefits.
Some energy sources have advantages for specific
10 uses or locations. For example, fuels from petroleum
are well suited for transportation because they pack a
lot of energy in a small space and are easily transported
and stored. Small hydroelectric installations are a good
solution for supplying power or mechanical energy close
15 to where it is used. Coal is widely used for power
generation in many fast-developing countries - including
China, India, and many others - because domestic
supplies are readily available.
Efficiency is an important factor in energy costs.
20 How efficiently can the energy be produced, delivered,
and used? How much energy value is lost in that process,
and how much ends up being transformed into useful
work? Industries that produce or use energy continually
look for ways to improve efficiency, since this is a key to
25 making their products more competitive.
The ideal energy source - cheap, plentiful, and
pollution-free - may prove unattainable in our lifetime,
but that is the ultimate goal. The energy industry is
continuing to improve its technologies and practices, to
30 produce and use energy more efficiently and cleanly.
Energy resources are often categorized as
renewable or nonrenewable.
Renewable energy resources are those that can be
replenished quickly - examples are solar power,
35 biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric, wind power, and
fast-reaction nuclear power. They supply about seven
percent of energy needs in the United States; the other
93 percent comes from nonrenewables. The two largest
categories of renewable energy now in use in the U.S.
40 are biomass - primarily wood wastes that are used by
the forest products industry to generate electricity and
heat - and hydroelectricity.
Nonrenewable energy resources include coal, oil,
natural gas, and uranium-235, which is used to fuel
45 slow-reaction nuclear power. Projections of how long a
nonrenewable energy resource will last depend on many
changeable factors. These include the growth rate of
consumption, and estimates of how much of the remaining
resources can be economically recovered. New exploration
50 and production technologies often increase the ability of
producers to locate and recover resources. World
reserves of fossil energy are projected to last for many
more decades - and, in the case of coal, for centuries.
In: http://www.classroom-energy.org/teachers/energy_tour/pg5.html
on many factors - how the energy is being used, where
it is being used, what energy sources are available,
which sources are most convenient and reliable, which
5 are easiest to use, what each costs, and the effects on
public safety, health, and the environment. Making smart
energy choices means understanding resources and their
relative costs and benefits.
Some energy sources have advantages for specific
10 uses or locations. For example, fuels from petroleum
are well suited for transportation because they pack a
lot of energy in a small space and are easily transported
and stored. Small hydroelectric installations are a good
solution for supplying power or mechanical energy close
15 to where it is used. Coal is widely used for power
generation in many fast-developing countries - including
China, India, and many others - because domestic
supplies are readily available.
Efficiency is an important factor in energy costs.
20 How efficiently can the energy be produced, delivered,
and used? How much energy value is lost in that process,
and how much ends up being transformed into useful
work? Industries that produce or use energy continually
look for ways to improve efficiency, since this is a key to
25 making their products more competitive.
The ideal energy source - cheap, plentiful, and
pollution-free - may prove unattainable in our lifetime,
but that is the ultimate goal. The energy industry is
continuing to improve its technologies and practices, to
30 produce and use energy more efficiently and cleanly.
Energy resources are often categorized as
renewable or nonrenewable.
Renewable energy resources are those that can be
replenished quickly - examples are solar power,
35 biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric, wind power, and
fast-reaction nuclear power. They supply about seven
percent of energy needs in the United States; the other
93 percent comes from nonrenewables. The two largest
categories of renewable energy now in use in the U.S.
40 are biomass - primarily wood wastes that are used by
the forest products industry to generate electricity and
heat - and hydroelectricity.
Nonrenewable energy resources include coal, oil,
natural gas, and uranium-235, which is used to fuel
45 slow-reaction nuclear power. Projections of how long a
nonrenewable energy resource will last depend on many
changeable factors. These include the growth rate of
consumption, and estimates of how much of the remaining
resources can be economically recovered. New exploration
50 and production technologies often increase the ability of
producers to locate and recover resources. World
reserves of fossil energy are projected to last for many
more decades - and, in the case of coal, for centuries.
In: http://www.classroom-energy.org/teachers/energy_tour/pg5.html
is having an impact on the way people think about
datacenters. Companies around the world are
announcing ways to save energy and reduce costs by
5 buying new hardware and services. Yet, there is little
guidance on how you can take action to control energy
costs. In the past, electricity has been treated as an
overhead expense, like the cost of space. But with rising
power costs and issues regarding reliability, supply, and
10 capacity, electricity requires its own specific strategy.
Projects regarding performance optimization and
cost reduction are a part of everyday best practices in
nearly every area of business. So why not treat energy
cost in the same way?
15 As Information Technologies (IT) pros, many of us
make decisions about the configuration and setup of
servers, the specifications on the equipment our
organizations purchase, and the requirements for
datacenter upgrades and construction. We even provide
20 early design input during application development. When
it comes to these projects, we obviously have a golden
opportunity to be green and influence the energy
efficiency of any datacenter.
The first part of any strategy is to know your current
25 energy usage. You need to know where your energy is
used and by what specific equipment, as well as what
usage is efficient and what is wasteful in the datacenter.
Unfortunately, it's rare to find power-consumption
metering in place that can break down usage to a level
30 where people can see the results of their actions. Most
organizations typically only see a monthly power bill
that rolls up consumption into an overall bottom line.
This offers little incentive for saving energy since
individuals never see the impact of their decisions, and
35 there is no way for them to prove that their changes
have actually saved energy.
One of the first issues people confront when
considering a green datacenter initiative is whether they
have executive support. For the purpose of the article, I
40 am going to assume the answer is "not yet." Executive
support requires a serious commitment that provides
resources and budget for your initiative. And while there
is a lot of talk about green datacenters, the reality is
that there is still often a lack of serious support at the
45 executive level. If you did already have such executive
support, you would probably be running a green
datacenter right now.
Still, even assuming you are not getting the support
you need, there is a great deal you can do to push your
50 green datacenter initiative forward. So how do you
determine effective actions to take in achieving your
goals? Fortunately, energy efficiency is not a new
concept and there is a lot that IT pros can learn from
other industries. [.]
55 Anyway, for whichever direction you choose,
planning an energy efficiency program for your datacenter
will require collaboration across groups in IT. Until
recently, the typical approach to planning IT solutions
has been to ignore power costs early on during the design
60 phase, focusing on the hardware and software being
purchased, along with the labor and hosting costs of
the solution. When power is buried in the overhead cost
of running solutions in a datacenter, energy efficiency
is a low priority. Exposing the actual power being
65 consumed by solutions is the first critical step in changing
the behavior of your organization.
By Dave Ohara
TechNet Magazine, October 2007
1 Japan and Korea are outstanding markets in terms
of the world's advances in cellular telephony, where
multimedia applications have surged into feverish
4 popularity. Users in these countries have demanded
velocity and high quality data transmission - such as
images, videos and sounds - as the principal distinctive
7 features for the cellular telephone. Although the industry in
Brazil is not yet experiencing the same phase as in the
Asian countries, innovative third generation services,
10 aligned with world-class technology, are already present,
with data transmission speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps.
In fact, in some cases, Brazil has held multimedia
13 application launches simultaneously with the United States,
tremendously increasing the economic and digital inclusion
that cellular telephony has fomented in recent years. The
16 heavy impact of mobile communication on Brazilian
society can be measured by the expansion of the customer
base, which has been growing at historic rates of 30% a
19 year and now serves over 50 million customers. In other
words, four out of every ten Brazilians have a cellular
telephone.
22 The importance of mobile telephony has already
surpassed that of the traditional fixed telephone system,
because the cell phone actually fulfills the function of
25 taking communication to all levels of the population. Its
widespread network has opened gateways to regions that
formerly had not been benefited by the implementation of
28 a fixed telephone system, such as, for example, many rural
areas that are now mobile telephone customers.
The responsibility that cellular telephony carries
31 as an instrument for transforming people's lives tends to
increase enormously in the short term. In Brazil, third
generation CDMA 3G EVDO service is already offered and
34 is able to provide handheld resources, similar to CD, DVD
and TV, anywhere and at any time, based on Qualcomm's
cutting edge CDMA technology.
Internet: (with adaptations).
Based on the text above, judge the following items.