Questões de Concurso Para fundepes

De acordo com as caraterísticas e nomenclaturas dos retalhos cutâneos, correlacione a COLUNA I com a COLUNA II. 
COLUNA I  1. Retalho em V-Y  2. Retalho em ilha 3. Retalho romboide  4. Zetaplastia 
COLUNA II  ( ) Retalho de Limberg  ( ) Retalho de interpolação único  ( ) Retalho de transposição  ( ) Retalho de avanço 
Assinale a sequência CORRETA. 

Analise as afirmativas sobre a aba Layout da Página do MS Word 2010.
I. Permite configurar as margens de um documento. II. Permite dividir o texto em duas ou mais colunas. III. Permite incluir quebras de páginas ou de seção.
A partir da análise, conclui-se que estão CORRETAS.

Com relação aos pacientes com Paralisia Cerebral (PC), assinale a alternativa INCORRETA.

TEXTO III 
Corações mais saudáveis do mundo estão em povoado indígena da Bolívia, indica estudo.
Segundo a pesquisa, publicada na revista científica Lancet, praticamente nenhum tsimane tinha sinais de artérias entupidas ─ inclusive aqueles com idade avançada. “É uma população incrível” com dietas e estilos de vida radicalmente diferentes, dizem os pesquisadores. Os tsimanes caçam a própria comida e comem o que plantam. Os responsáveis pelo estudo afirmam que, apesar de o restante do mundo não poder fazer o mesmo, há lições a serem aprendidas.  Atualmente, a população dos tsimanes está estimada em 16 mil. Eles caçam, pescam e cultivam alimentos ao longo do Rio Raniqui, na floresta amazônica da Bolívia. O estilo de vida deles guarda semelhanças com o da civilização humana de milhares de anos atrás. O povoado isolado exigiu esforço dos cientistas, que tiveram de pegar vários voos e até uma canoa para chegar ao local. 
Como é a dieta tsimane – e no que ela difere da nossa? 
• 17% da dieta dos tsimanes é uma combinação de carnes de porco selvagem, anta e capivara.  • 7% é composta de peixes frescos, como piranha e bagre.  • O restante vem da agricultura, como arroz, milho, mandioca e banana da terra.  • Eles também consomem grandes quantidades de frutas silvestres e nozes. 
Ou seja... 
• 72% das calorias diárias dos tsimanes vêm de carboidratos, comparado a 52% nos Estados Unidos.  • 14% vêm de gorduras, comparado com 34% nos Estados Unidos (eles também consomem muito menos gordura saturada).  • Tanto os tsimanes quanto os americanos consomem o mesmo porcentual de proteínas (14%), mas o povo indígena come mais carne magra. Atividade física Os tsimanes também são mais bem mais ativos – os homens dão 17 mil passos por dia, e as mulheres, 16 mil. Até os maiores de 60 anos têm um desempenho bem acima do recomendado: 15 mil. Especialistas aconselham que as pessoas deem pelo menos 10 mil passos diários para manter um estilo de vida saudável. 
Quão saudável é o coração dos tsimanes? 
Para chegar às conclusões, os cientistas observaram o nível de cálcio nas artérias dos tsimanes – que indica o sinal de entupimento dos vasos sanguíneos e o risco de parada cardíaca. Eles examinaram o coração de 705 integrantes do povoado indígena por meio de tomografia computadorizada – e também receberam a ajuda de um grupo de pesquisa com experiência na análise de corpos mumificados. Aos 45 anos, quase nenhum tsimane tinha CAC nas suas artérias, comparado a 25% dos americanos. E quando atingiram a idade de 75 anos, dois terços dos tsimanes não apresentavam nenhuma formação de cálcio no coração, comparado a 80% dos americanos. Os pesquisadores vêm estudando o povo há muito tempo. Dessa forma, eliminaram a possibilidade de que os resultados do estudo pudessem ter sido afetados pela morte precoce de alguns dos integrantes da comunidade.  Um dos pesquisadores, Michael Gurven, professor de antropologia da Universidade da Califórnia em Santa Bárbara, disse à BBC que o nível de cálcio no coração dos tsimanes «é muito menor do que em qualquer outra população do mundo para a qual existem dados». “As mulheres japonesas são as que chegam mais perto (dos tsimanes), mas mesmo assim há um oceano de distância”, acrescentou.  Os tsimanes também fumam menos, mas contraem mais infecções, o que potencialmente aumenta o risco de problemas cardíacos por causa da inflamação no corpo. Os pesquisadores acreditam, contudo, que vermes intestinais – que atenuam as reações do sistema imunológico – podem ser mais comuns nos organismos dos integrantes do povo indígena, ajudando, assim, a proteger seus corações. 
O que os tsimanes podem nos ensinar? 
“Diria que precisamos de uma abordagem mais holística em relação ao exercício físico do que simplesmente praticá-los no fim de semana”, diz Gurven.  Para Gregory Thomas, do centro médico Long Beach Memorial na Califórnia, que também participou do estudo, “para manter a nossa saúde em dia, devemos nos exercitar muito mais do que nos exercitamos”. “O mundo moderno está nos mantendo vivos, mas a urbanização e a especialização da força de trabalho podem ser novos fatores de risco (para o coração)”, acrescentou o especialista. “Os tsimanes também vivem em pequenas comunidades, socializam bastante e mantêm uma perspectiva otimista para a vida”, completou. 
Reações 
Gavin Sandercock, professor de fisiologia clínica na Universidade de Essex, no Reino Unido, que não participou do estudo, elogiou as descobertas da pesquisa. “É uma excelente pesquisa com descobertas únicas”, afirmou. “Os tsinames obtêm 72% de sua energia dos carboidratos. E o fato de eles terem os melhores indicadores de saúde cardiovascular já registrados vai de encontro à suposição de que os carboidratos não são saudáveis.”  Já o professor Naveed Sattar, da Universidade de Glasgow, disse se tratar de “um maravilhoso estudo da vida real que reafirma tudo o que entendemos sobre como prevenir doenças coronarianas”. “Em outras palavras, ter uma dieta saudável pobre em gorduras saturadas e repleta de produtos não processados, não fumar e ser ativo ao longo da vida está associado a um risco menor de entupimento de vasos sanguíneos”, conclui.  As doenças cardiovasculares, como infarto e AVC, são a maior causa de mortes no Brasil – são mais de 700 paradas cardíacas por dia e 300 mil mortes por ano (um terço do total geral). A alta frequência do problema posiciona o Brasil entre os dez países com maior índice de mortes por doenças cardiovasculares.

O texto III é predominantemente um(a):

A Debate on Literature as a Teaching Material in FLT
Ferdows Aghagolzadeh
Department of General Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran,
Iran Farzaneh Tajabadi (Corresponding Author)
Department of General linguistics, Faculty of Humanities,
Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Email: [email protected]
Abstract — Teaching materials play an important role in most foreign language teaching programs. The number of studies on this subject bears ample testimony to the significance given by scholars in this regard. This article is a review on some reasons that scholars propose for the use of literature as a language teaching material in foreign language (FL) classes and compares favors and disfavors ideas in this regard. Among a welter of reasons which have been proffered by a variety of authors and can be considered as the merits of literature in FLT, this study focuses on authenticity, cultural/incultural understanding, critical thinking and language skills and expand them further. This paper argues that teaching literature enhances students’ cultural understanding, facilitates critical thinking and improves language skills and all of these advantages caused by the authentic nature of literature. Index Terms — literature, FLT, authenticity, critical thinking, cultural awareness, language skills
Introduction
Teaching materials play an important role in FL teaching programs. For this reason, teachers rely on a different range of materials to support their teaching and their students’ learning. In this regard, Seniro (2005) says “we need to have a clear pedagogic goal in mind: what precisely we want our students to learn from these materials” (p. 71). It is one of the self-evident things that, as a teacher of a Foreign Language, our main concern is to help learners acquire communicative competence. Savvidou (2004) points that communicative competence is more than acquiring mastery of structure and form, it also involves acquiring the ability to interpret discourse in all its social and cultural contexts. In this direction and in order to reach this lofty goal, Howard & Major (2004) propose ten guidelines for preparing teaching materials. They argue that these materials should: 1 - Be contextualized. 2 - Stimulate interaction and be generative in terms of language. 3 -Encourage learners to develop learning skills and strategies. 4 - Allow for a focus on form as well as function. 5 - Offer opportunities for integrated language use. 6 - Be authentic. 7 - Link to each other to develop a progression of skills, understanding and language items. 8- Be attractive. 9- Have appropriate instruction. 10- Be flexible. According to these different criteria, the main question is that if literature can be used as an appropriate material and if it can satisfy these factors. In this paper we try to show that literature is in agreement with these yardsticks.
Statement of problem
From time to time the need or value of teaching literature in the language class as a teaching material has been questioned. Using literature to teach second/foreign languages can be traced back to over one century ago, but in recent times (the middle of the 1980s) a renewed interest has emerged in the teaching of literature in the language class. This can be confirmed by seeing so many publications heralding the coming back of literature in language classes. Maley (2001) (cited in Khatib et al., 2011) argues that this attitude toward literature is due to a paucity of empirical research confirming the significance of literary input for language class. Notwithstanding the few controversial points regarding whether literature can be used to enhance the efficiency of language learning programs, the relevant literature abounds with the reasons why literary exploration can be beneficial in the language classroom. Researchers who advocate the use of literature to teach SL/FL list several benefits of it. For example, Lazar (1993) proposes six purposes or reasons for using literature in the language classroom as motivating material: access to cultural background, encouraging language acquisition, expanding students’ language awareness, developing students’ interpretative abilities and educating the whole person. Van (2009) also counts some advantages of using literature in the FL classroom as below: 1- It provides meaningful contexts; 2- It involves a profound range of vocabulary, dialogues and prose; 3- It appeals to imagination and enhances creativity; 4- It develops cultural awareness; 5- It encourages critical thinking; 6- It is in line with CLT (Communicative Language Teaching) principles. In sum, motivation, authenticity, cultural/intercultural awareness and globalization, intensive/extensive reading practice, sociolinguistic/pragmatic knowledge, grammar and vocabulary knowledge, language skills, emotional intelligence and critical thinking are the payoffs’ list of using literature in FL/SL classes (Khatib et al., 2011). However, some of these justifications or benefits are the subject of debate among scholars, and some experts have posited the possible potholes literature might cause in language class. However, Savvidou (2004) believes that the reasons why few experts often consider literature inappropriate to the language classroom may be found in the common beliefs held about literature and literary language, and these views reflect the historic separation between the study of language and the study of literature, which has led to the limited role of literature in the language classroom. Since scholars are not unanimous about this subject, the purpose of this paper is to compare the different viewpoints (favors and disfavors), to reach a rational conclusion about using literature as an appropriate teaching material in FL class.
Ideas and discussion
Among a welter of reasons which have been proffered by a variety of authors, this study focuses on authenticity, cultural/incultural understanding, critical thinking and language skills and attempts to expand them further.
A. Authenticity
Authenticity is a criterion considered highly essential in the current literature in FLT (Khatib, et.al., 2011). A brief look at FL textbook topic contents reveals that they are fictions in a variety of ways. In other words, they are often unreal in the sense of relevance to the learners. The artificial nature of the language and structures used makes them very unlike anything that the learner will encounter in the real world and very often they don’t reflect how the language is really used. Berado (2006) states: “one of the main reasons for using authentic materials in the classroom is once outside the safe, controlled language learning environment, the learner will not encounter the artificial language of classroom, but the real world and language how it is really used”. According to Wallace (1992), authentic texts are “real life texts, not written for pedagogic purposes” (p.145). Peacock (1997) says the purpose of producing this material is to fulfill some social purpose in the language community. Berado (2006) writes the sources of authentic materials that can be used in the FL class are infinite and proposes four factors worth taking into consideration when choosing authentic material for the classroom. These factors are: suitability of content, exploitability, readability and presentation. He believes that the main advantages of using authentic materials in the classroom include: 1 - Having a positive effect on student motivation; 2 - Giving authentic cultural information; 3 - Exposing students to real language; 4 - Relating more closely to students’ needs; 5 - Supporting a more creative approach to teaching. Cruz (2010) believes that literature as aesthetic recreation can be considered a much more “authentic” source and can inspire more authority in the use and enrichment of language. He says “literature can be regarded as a rich source of authentic material, because it conveys two features in its written text: one is “language in use‟, that is, the employment of linguistics by those who have mastered it into a fashion intended for native speakers; the second is an aesthetic representation of the spoken language, which is meant to recover or represent language within a certain cultural context”. Literature as the authentic material imparts the diverse forms and functions of written language (Hadaway, 2002). These are what makes us excited and willing to use authentic materials in EFL class, but opponents believe that while using them, it is inevitable that we face some problems. Martinez (2002) (cited in Berardo, 2006) writes the negative aspects of authentic materials are that they can be too culturally biased, often a good knowledge of cultural background is required when reading, as well as that too many structures are mixed, causing lower level problems when decoding the texts. If we summarize the focal points of this discussion, we can say that arguably more important than the provision of authentic texts is authenticity in terms of the tasks which learners are required to perform with them. From what was said we can conclude that the use of literary text as an authentic material, from the language teaching point of view, will be useful because these texts show how language works in contexts. Furthermore, they show how language should be used in which condition and situation.
Available at: <https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu. documents>. Accessed on: February 18th, 2019 (Edited).
The scarce use of literary texts in language classroom is due to the