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Germany's oldest student, 102, gets PhD denied by Nazis
Ingeborg Rapoport (then Syllm) finished her medical studies in 1937 and wrote her doctoral thesis on diphtheria – a serious problem in Germany at the time. But because of Nazi oppression she has had to wait almost eight decades before being awarded her PhD. Her mother was a Jewish pianist. So, under Adolf Hitler's anti-Semitic race laws, Ingeborg was refused entry to the final oral exam. She had written confirmation from Hamburg University that she would have received her doctorate “if the applicable laws did not prohibit Ms. Syllm's admission to the doctoral exam due to her ancestry”.
'For the victims'
Now the university has set right that wrong. Three professors from Hamburg University's medical faculty travelled last month to Ingeborg's sitting room in East Berlin to test her on the work she carried out in pre-war Germany. They were impressed and a special ceremony took place at Hamburg University Medical Centre on Tuesday, in which she finally received the PhD that the Nazis stole from her. “It was about the principle”, she said. “I didn't want to defend my thesis for my own sake. After all, at the age of 102 all of this wasn´t exactly easy for me. I did it for the victims [of the Nazis]”. To prepare for last month's exam, Ingeborg enlisted friends to help her research online what developments there had been in the field of diphtheria over the last 80 years.
In 1938, as Germany became an increasingly dangerous place for Jews, Ingeborg fled to the US where she went back to university, finally to qualify as a doctor. Within a few years she met her husband, the biochemist Samuel Mitja Rapoport, who was himself a Jewish refugee from Vienna.
Infant mortality
But, by the 1950s, Ingeborg suddenly found herself once again on the wrong side of the authorities. The McCarthy anticommunist trials meant that Ingeborg and her husband were at risk because of their left-wing views. So they fled again – back to Germany. This time Ingeborg Rapoport went to communist East Berlin, where she worked as a paediatrician. Eventually she became a paediatrics professor, holding Europe's first chair in neonatal medicine, at the renowned Charite Hospital in East Berlin. She was given a national prize for her work in dramatically reducing infant mortality in East Germany. But for all her achievements, winning back at the age of 102 the doctorate stolen from her by the Nazis must rank among her most impressive.
(http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33048927)
Germany's oldest student, 102, gets PhD denied by Nazis
Ingeborg Rapoport (then Syllm) finished her medical studies in 1937 and wrote her doctoral thesis on diphtheria – a serious problem in Germany at the time. But because of Nazi oppression she has had to wait almost eight decades before being awarded her PhD. Her mother was a Jewish pianist. So, under Adolf Hitler's anti-Semitic race laws, Ingeborg was refused entry to the final oral exam. She had written confirmation from Hamburg University that she would have received her doctorate “if the applicable laws did not prohibit Ms. Syllm's admission to the doctoral exam due to her ancestry”.
'For the victims'
Now the university has set right that wrong. Three professors from Hamburg University's medical faculty travelled last month to Ingeborg's sitting room in East Berlin to test her on the work she carried out in pre-war Germany. They were impressed and a special ceremony took place at Hamburg University Medical Centre on Tuesday, in which she finally received the PhD that the Nazis stole from her. “It was about the principle”, she said. “I didn't want to defend my thesis for my own sake. After all, at the age of 102 all of this wasn´t exactly easy for me. I did it for the victims [of the Nazis]”. To prepare for last month's exam, Ingeborg enlisted friends to help her research online what developments there had been in the field of diphtheria over the last 80 years.
In 1938, as Germany became an increasingly dangerous place for Jews, Ingeborg fled to the US where she went back to university, finally to qualify as a doctor. Within a few years she met her husband, the biochemist Samuel Mitja Rapoport, who was himself a Jewish refugee from Vienna.
Infant mortality
But, by the 1950s, Ingeborg suddenly found herself once again on the wrong side of the authorities. The McCarthy anticommunist trials meant that Ingeborg and her husband were at risk because of their left-wing views. So they fled again – back to Germany. This time Ingeborg Rapoport went to communist East Berlin, where she worked as a paediatrician. Eventually she became a paediatrics professor, holding Europe's first chair in neonatal medicine, at the renowned Charite Hospital in East Berlin. She was given a national prize for her work in dramatically reducing infant mortality in East Germany. But for all her achievements, winning back at the age of 102 the doctorate stolen from her by the Nazis must rank among her most impressive.
(http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33048927)
1. Her maiden name was Syllm.
2. She emigrated to the USA without her PhD degree.
3. She wrote her thesis on diphtheria, a disease that needed attention back in the late thirties.
4. She wasn´t allowed to defend her doctoral thesis under the Nazis because she was part-Jewish.
5. She married an Austrian refugee before travelling to the USA.
Mark the correct alternative.
1. A obrigação de dar coisa certa confere ao credor simples direito pessoal, e não real, havendo, contudo, no âmbito do direito, medidas destinadas a persuadir o devedor a cumprir a obrigação.
2. A legislação prevê uma série de limites específicos para a cláusula penal moratória. No entanto, como a cláusula penal é técnica de previsão indenizatória, o credor deve antever a possibilidade de seu prejuízo, em caso de inadimplemento, vir a ser maior que aquele estabelecido em lei. Nesses casos, o credor pode convencionar a possibilidade de indenização suplementar.
3. Para que se pretenda indenização suplementar aos juros moratórios, é necessário, além dos prejuízos excedentes, que não se exerça a cláusula penal.
4. O credor não é obrigado a receber prestação diversa da devida; se o fizer, estaremos diante da transação.
5. Das obrigações solidárias emerge o direito de regresso, o qual se confunde com a sub-rogação, eis que também no direito de regresso há o direito de reembolso do valor pago.
6. De acordo com a legislação brasileira, considera-se mora apenas o pagamento extemporâneo por parte do devedor ou a recusa injustificada do credor de receber o pagamento no prazo devido, caracterizando-se como inadimplemento o descumprimento de outras condições obrigacionais.
Assinale a alternativa correta.
( ) Uma vez tendo ratificado o tratado, o Brasil poderá dele desvincular-se, ainda que seu objetivo seja a manutenção da paz e da segurança internacional.
( ) O Brasil está violando o tratado ao manter relações diplomáticas com Estados que desenvolvem energia nuclear para fins militares, como supostamente o Irã.
( ) Na ordem jurídica internacional, os tratados passam a vigorar a partir do momento da sua ratificação pelos Poderes Legislativos dos Estados-parte.
( ) O TNP é um tratado aberto, e enquanto tal admite reservas.
( ) O TNP está em grau hierárquico superior ao Tratado de Assunção, que deu origem ao Mercosul.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a sequência correta, de cima para baixo.
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