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Text 3
Benefits of a Bilingual Brain
¹ Language ability is typically measured in two active parts, speaking and writing, and two passive parts, listening and reading. While a balanced bilingual has near equal abilities in two languages, most bilinguals around the world know and use their languages in varying proportions. But recent advances in brain imaging technology have given neurolinguists a glimpse into how specific aspects of language learning affect the bilingual brain.
² It's well known that the brain's left hemisphere is more dominant and analytical in logical processes, while the right hemisphere is more active in emotional and social ones, though this is a matter of degree, not an absolute split. The fact that language involves both types of functions has led to the critical period hypothesis. According to this theory, children learn languages more easily because the plasticity of their developing brains lets them use both hemispheres in language acquisition, while in most adults, language is lateralized to one hemisphere, usually the left. If this is true, learning a language in childhood may give you a more holistic grasp of its social and emotional contexts.
³ Conversely, recent research showed that people who learned a second language in adulthood exhibit less emotional bias and a more rational approach when confronting problems in the second language than in their native one. But regardless of when you acquire additional languages, being multilingual gives your brain some remarkable advantages, such as higher density of the grey matter that contains most of your brain's neurons and synapses, and more activity in certain regions when engaging a second language. The strong workout a bilingual brain receives throughout its life can also help delay the onset of diseases, like Alzheimer's and dementia by as much as five years.
Source: Adapted from “Benefits of a bilingual brain” (Video),
by Mia Nacamuli for TED-ed, 2015. Available on:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMmOLN5zBLY with
subtitles.
I. It is possible to assess an individual's language ability through the use of the four skills mentioned in the text either separately or in conjunction.
II. By saying that language ability is typically measured in two active parts and two passive parts, the author of the text implies there are other forms of evaluating language skills.
Choose the CORRECT answer:
I. In: "My favorite heroes are Superman and Batman.", the plural is correct, since "es" can be added to nouns that end in "o".
II. In: "People with a higher metabolic rate tend to be more attractive to mosquitoes", the plural is correct, since "es" can be added to nouns that end in "o".
III. In: "They left some memoes behind in the office for you", the plural is correct, since "es" can be added to nouns that end in "o".
Choose the CORRECT answer:
I. In: "So you stand by the board /Full of fear and intention", the pronoun ‘you’ probably refers to the pupils.
II. In: "And, if you think that they're listening / Well, you've got to be joking", the pronoun ‘they’ probably refers to the pupils.
III. In: "Say the wrong word to our children / We'll have you, oh yes, we'll have you", the pronouns ‘we/our’ are used to represent the voices of the teachers.
Choose the CORRECT answer:
I. Considering that the scenario described by Morissey in the song focuses on a negative teaching point of view, students do not suffer any psychological setbacks from this educational environment.
II. Considering the scenario in the song, it is possible to deduce that students might be reproducing their social circle's view on education, and this behavior could be changed through interactions in the school environment.
Choose the CORRECT answer:
I. In: "There's too many people / Planning your downfall / When your spirit's on trial / These nights can be frightening", there are no end rhymes.
II. In: "And somebody here / Will not be here next year", there are two rhymes with the first ‘here’ in the next verse.
III. It is fundamental to the song genre that words rhyme, in order to create an effect of harmony and rhythm. This concerns the study of prosody.
Choose the CORRECT answer: