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Sobre assimetria informacional, analise as assertivas abaixo.
I. O primeiro artigo acerca da assimetria da informação foi o “The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”, escrito, na década de 1970, pelo economista George Arthur Akerlof; no artigo, são descritos os problemas que podem ocorrer nos mercados caracterizados pela referida assimetria.
II. Observa-se, no mercado de serviços médicos, a possibilidade de haver informação assimétrica nas seguintes situações: I. pelo lado do médico quando este, apenas visando ao lucro, leva o usuário do serviço a se submeter a procedimentos desnecessários, gastando mais do que o necessário em seu tratamento; II. pelo lado do usuário do serviço, quando este omite doenças preexistentes do plano de saúde que deseja contratar, de modo a “melhorar” a cobertura e o preço que deveria pagar.
III. A situação de assimetria de informação existente no mercado de serviços de saúde gera um enorme contencioso judicial, envolvendo defesa da vida, doenças preexistentes, defesa do consumidor e supervisão funcional do regulador setorial.
IV. A alteração e o desvio de conduta ou de padrões de ética dos usuários de serviços de saúde – chamado de risco moral (moral hazard) – em nada contribuem para o conceito de assimetria informacional para análise e fiscalização da agência reguladora competente.
É correto o que se afirma em
Sobre planejamento estratégico, marque V para verdadeiro ou F para falso e, em seguida, assinale a alternativa que apresenta a sequência correta.
( ) O planejamento estratégico tem por objetivo estabelecer o direcionamento da organização, de forma dialética, restringindo-se aos níveis gerenciais, no curto, médio e longo prazo.
( ) O planejamento estratégico, por si só, é suficiente para que a organização se desenvolva; a eventual implementação de planejamentos operacionais dependerá da cultura de cada organização.
( ) No geral, a concepção do planejamento estratégico é um processo democrático, não se restringindo aos níveis mais elevados da organização quanto ao direcionamento a ser tomado e ações a serem seguidas para a sua implementação.
( ) Ainda que lidando com um ambiente externo
mutável, o planejamento de uma organização deve
ser flexível e dinâmico o suficiente para adaptar a
organização a essa mutabilidade, devendo,
constantemente, ser reavaliado e monitorado.
Acerca dos Modelos de Administração Pública, marque V para verdadeiro ou F para falso e, em seguida, assinale a alternativa que apresenta a sequência correta.
( ) O ditado português “No país, os cargos são para os homens, e não os homens para o cargo” representa, claramente, a situação pós-instalação do Modelo Burocrático de Portugal em suas colônias, tais como o Brasil, independentemente se o ocupante do referido cargo fosse um nobre ou um burguês.
( ) Quando o Supremo Tribunal Federal, em um de seus julgados, determina que a vedação do nepotismo não exige a edição de lei formal para coibir a prática, ele reafirma conceitos advindos da distinção weberiana de res publica dos bens privados.
( ) A Constituição Federal de 1988 foi instituída sob o Modelo Burocrático de Administração Pública, tendo como principal objetivo, desde sua promulgação, o controle da corrupção oriunda dos anos de Governo Militar, imputando racionalidade e regulamentação ao sistema. No entanto, impôs gargalos e lentidão de procedimentos, interferindo na eficiência da ação administrativa.
( ) A Emenda Constitucional nº 19/1998 é a
transfiguração legal da implementação de um Plano
Diretor da Reforma do Estado que, em nível federal,
teve sua implementação executada, primeiramente,
pelo MARE (Ministério da Administração Federal e
Reforma do Governo), cujas funções,
posteriormente, foram incorporadas pelo Ministério
do Planejamento e Gestão.
Acerca dos tipos de Políticas Públicas, marque V para verdadeiro ou F para falso e, em seguida, assinale a alternativa que apresenta a sequência correta.
( ) Entende-se por policy arena as interações das diferentes instituições e grupos tanto do executivo e do legislativo como da sociedade, na gênese e na implementação de uma política.
( ) Quando se afirma que os processos de conflito, de consenso e de coalização podem se modificar conforme a configuração da política regulatória implementada, significa dizer que sua implementação e/ou manutenção podem ser ameaçadas quando atingem interesse de pequeno grupo, em princípio difuso e indeterminado, com boa articulação política e disponibilidade econômica.
( ) As políticas distributivas, apelidadas de pork barrel, são essencialmente clientelistas, sendo seus beneficiários delimitados a pequenos grupos ou indivíduos de diferentes estratos sociais, detendo, no entanto, financiamento difuso, realizado pela sociedade por meio de orçamento público.
( ) A tributação do Imposto de Renda de Pessoa Física, em obedecendo ao princípio da progressividade tributária previsto na Constituição Federal, é exemplo claro da implementação, via legislação, de Política Redistributiva.
Sobre a Análise de Políticas Públicas, analise as assertivas abaixo.
I. Em se utilizando a linguagem de Easton, políticas públicas são oriundas do ativismo político, resultando do processamento de demandas e suporte, por meio do sistema político, dos inputs e outputs originários do meio ambiente e withinputs, originários do interior do próprio sistema político.
II. As políticas públicas (policies) compreendem o conjunto de decisões e ações relativas à alocação de recursos materiais e imateriais, tendo, dentre uma de suas características principais, o revestimento da autoridade oriunda do Poder Público sobre essas decisões e ações.
III. “Estado de coisas” (state of affairs) é algo ou situação que gera insatisfação para vários indivíduos, porém não constitui item de agenda governamental, passando a sê-lo apenas quando se torna um “problema político”.
IV. Conceitualmente, um problema político deve deter dois desses elementos: mobilização de uma ação política, situação de crise e constituir situação de oportunidade.
É correto o que se afirma em
Read the sentence below and choose the alternative that can substitute the underlined words.
“Two medications commonly used to treat high blood pressure can often halt1 or delay the progression of kidney disease in people with diabetes: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Careful control of blood sugar levels also protects the kidneys from further damage2 .”
Kidney Disease, an Underestimated Killer.
Available in: http://well.blogs.nytimes.com
Read the paragraph below and choose the alternative that fills in correctly and respectively the blanks below.
“Ketamine, ________ is also a drug used recreationally to achieve a sort ______ “out of body” high, “is not ______ all ready for prime time”, said Dr. James Murrough, an associate professor of psychiatry at Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai. But it is approved ______ use in anesthesia, so it’s available legally. And years of small and preliminary trials have offered tantalizing evidence of its powerful and fast-acting antidepressant effect ______ patients whose depression has failed to yield to other treatments.”
Ketamine: a potential rescue drug for depression takes a step forward. Available in: http://www.latimes.com
Read the sentences below.
I. The Food and Drug Administration had approved marketing of the weight-loss drug lorcaserin, the first prescription anti-obesity medication to win the FDA’s blessing since the agency approved orlistat in 1999.
II. The U.S. Justice Department’s civil fraud division is investigating claims that CVS Caremark wrongly refilled prescriptions and billed insurers without the knowledge or the approval of its customers.
III. Warning signs of a heart attack often includes discomfort at the center of the chest that last more than a few minutes or comes and goes; also possible are pain or discomfort in the arms, back, neck, jaw or stomach; a cold sweat; and shortness of breath.
According to the context, choose the alternative in which the underlined verb is used correctly.
Read the paragraph below.
“At the Whole Woman’s Health center here, a young woman predicted what others would do if the state’s stringent new abortion bill approved late Friday forces clinics like this one to close: cross the border to Mexico to seek an “abortion pill.”
A Pill Available in Mexico Is a Texas Option for Abortion. Available in: http://www.nytimes.com
It is correct to affirm that the underlined word refers to
Vigilance needed to ensure safe infant food
WHO and FAO alert countries to possible spread of
melamine-contaminated dairy products
WHO and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are urging affected countries to ensure safe feeding of millions of infants following the ongoing melamine-contaminated milk crisis in China. The two agencies also call on countries to be alert to the possible spread of melamine-contaminated dairy products.
“While breastfeeding is the ideal way of providing infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development, it is also critical to ensure that there is an adequate supply of safe powdered infant formula to meet the needs of infants who are not breastfed”, said Dr Jorgen Schlundt, Director of the WHO Food Safety Department.
Replacing powdered infant formula with other products such as condensed milk, honey mixed with milk, or fresh milk is inappropriate as such products would put at risk the safety and nutritional status of this vulnerable population group, the two agencies advised.
“Restoring consumer confidence is critical. Melamine-contaminated products should be removed from the food chain in order to prevent further exposure. The safe supply of dairy products needs to be restored immediately,” said Dr Ezzeddine Boutrif, Director of the FAO Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division.
Safe feeding for infants
WHO recommends that all infants should be fed exclusively with breast milk for the first six months of life. No other liquid or food, not even water, is needed during this period. Thereafter, infants should receive adequate and safe complementary foods while breastfeeding continues up to two years of age and beyond.
Following reports of findings of imported melaminecontaminated products in several countries over the last two weeks, countries should closely monitor their markets. The two agencies highlighted that melamine-contaminated products could reach markets in other countries through both formal and informal trade. Getting information about the origin of the product, up-to-date recall information or in some cases testing for melamine contamination might be considered. If found contaminated, appropriate actions such as product recall and safe disposal should be taken, based on an assessment of the risk to human health.
Safe supply of food critical
Food safety is not the sole responsibility of public authorities. The food industry is also responsible for ensuring a safe supply of food to the consumer. “It is critical that the industry strongly invests in food safety and adopts a food safety culture covering the food chain from raw materials through to the final product,” said Dr Boutrif.
Incidents such as melamine contamination in China not only impact food safety and human health but also put the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of dairy farmers at risk. “There is a need for countries to do major investment in strengthening their food control and food-borne disease surveillance systems as it could minimize the potential occurrence of food safety incidents like this one”, said Dr Schlundt.
The melamine-contaminated dairy products event first came to the attention of the international organizations on 11th September. Both WHO and FAO have used the International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) to inform and update national food safety authorities on this crisis, one of the largest in recent years.
Over 54,000 children have sought medical treatment in China after drinking melamine-contaminated infant formula. Almost 12,900 are currently hospitalized.
Melamine is commonly used in food contact materials (e.g. containers, labels, etc.) and can also be used in agriculture production such as fertilizer. Whether this has a potential for carry-over into food at low concentrations (usually in the range of microgram per kilogram) and further impact on human health may need further evaluation.
Melamine on its own is of low toxicity. But animal studies have suggested that kidney problems occur when melamine is present in combination with cyanuric acid, a potential impurity of melamine. The level of melamine found in the contaminated infant formula has been as high as 2,560 miligram per kilogram of food, while the level of cyanuric acid is unknown.
Available in: http://www.who.int
According to the text, analyze the assertions below, put T for True or F for False and choose the alternative that presents the correct sequence.
( ) After the diagnosis show that children were contaminated, studies had confirmed that cyanuric acid and melamine induce kidney problems.
( ) Public authorities and food industry are responsible for preventing melamine food contamination, exclusively.
( ) According to Dr. Jorgen Schlundt, breast milk is
compounded of indispensable nutrients children
need for the first year of their lives, and none of the
supplies are capable of providing them.
Vigilance needed to ensure safe infant food
WHO and FAO alert countries to possible spread of
melamine-contaminated dairy products
WHO and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are urging affected countries to ensure safe feeding of millions of infants following the ongoing melamine-contaminated milk crisis in China. The two agencies also call on countries to be alert to the possible spread of melamine-contaminated dairy products.
“While breastfeeding is the ideal way of providing infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development, it is also critical to ensure that there is an adequate supply of safe powdered infant formula to meet the needs of infants who are not breastfed”, said Dr Jorgen Schlundt, Director of the WHO Food Safety Department.
Replacing powdered infant formula with other products such as condensed milk, honey mixed with milk, or fresh milk is inappropriate as such products would put at risk the safety and nutritional status of this vulnerable population group, the two agencies advised.
“Restoring consumer confidence is critical. Melamine-contaminated products should be removed from the food chain in order to prevent further exposure. The safe supply of dairy products needs to be restored immediately,” said Dr Ezzeddine Boutrif, Director of the FAO Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division.
Safe feeding for infants
WHO recommends that all infants should be fed exclusively with breast milk for the first six months of life. No other liquid or food, not even water, is needed during this period. Thereafter, infants should receive adequate and safe complementary foods while breastfeeding continues up to two years of age and beyond.
Following reports of findings of imported melaminecontaminated products in several countries over the last two weeks, countries should closely monitor their markets. The two agencies highlighted that melamine-contaminated products could reach markets in other countries through both formal and informal trade. Getting information about the origin of the product, up-to-date recall information or in some cases testing for melamine contamination might be considered. If found contaminated, appropriate actions such as product recall and safe disposal should be taken, based on an assessment of the risk to human health.
Safe supply of food critical
Food safety is not the sole responsibility of public authorities. The food industry is also responsible for ensuring a safe supply of food to the consumer. “It is critical that the industry strongly invests in food safety and adopts a food safety culture covering the food chain from raw materials through to the final product,” said Dr Boutrif.
Incidents such as melamine contamination in China not only impact food safety and human health but also put the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of dairy farmers at risk. “There is a need for countries to do major investment in strengthening their food control and food-borne disease surveillance systems as it could minimize the potential occurrence of food safety incidents like this one”, said Dr Schlundt.
The melamine-contaminated dairy products event first came to the attention of the international organizations on 11th September. Both WHO and FAO have used the International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) to inform and update national food safety authorities on this crisis, one of the largest in recent years.
Over 54,000 children have sought medical treatment in China after drinking melamine-contaminated infant formula. Almost 12,900 are currently hospitalized.
Melamine is commonly used in food contact materials (e.g. containers, labels, etc.) and can also be used in agriculture production such as fertilizer. Whether this has a potential for carry-over into food at low concentrations (usually in the range of microgram per kilogram) and further impact on human health may need further evaluation.
Melamine on its own is of low toxicity. But animal studies have suggested that kidney problems occur when melamine is present in combination with cyanuric acid, a potential impurity of melamine. The level of melamine found in the contaminated infant formula has been as high as 2,560 miligram per kilogram of food, while the level of cyanuric acid is unknown.
Available in: http://www.who.int
Read the sentence below and choose the alternative that presents the synonym to the underlined word.
“Over 54,000 children have sought medical treatment in China after drinking melamine-contaminated infant formula.”
Read the sentence and choose the alternative in which the underlined word does not have the same grammar function as the one in the sentence below.
“Labeling a food as ‘free’ of a certain nutrient, whether salt, sugar, or fat, means it has none, or a ‘physiologically inconsequential’ amount of that nutrient, according to the FDA.”
Available in: http://health.usnews.comnews
Read the text below and choose the alternative that fills in correctly and respectively the blanks.
What Food Labels Really Mean
Walk _______ any supermarket and you’ll find rows of packaged foods boasting how healthy they are. _______ “fat-free” to “natural” _______ “helps your immune system”, front-ofthe-box labels may give the appearance _______ good nutrition, but the reality is a bit more complicated. Unlike the Nutrition Facts panel, which is tightly regulated, front-of-the-package food labels aren’t as closely monitored. ________ addition, food companies tend ________ “stretch the envelope” of what’s permitted, says Marion Nestle, professor of nutrition, food studies, and public health _________ New York University. The result, she says: “Many of the health claims you see are misleading.”
Available in: http://health.usnews.comnews
Anxiety Medication: Over Prescribed and
Causing Overdoses
According to a story on NBC New York, more and more patients are ending up in New York City hospitals having over dosed on Xanax. Xanax is in the benzodiaziepine family of drugs and it’s used to treat anxiety, nervousness, and panic attacks by decreasing brain activity.
Xanax Overdoses Way Up
NBC New York reports:
Between 2004 and 2009, New York City emergency room visits involving Xanax and other anti-anxiety prescription drugs known as benzodiazepines increased more than 50 percent. That’s up from 38 out of 100,000 New Yorkers in 2004 to 59 out of 100,000 New Yorkers.
It’s not the drug by itself that causes the overdoses, but used in combination with other drugs and alcohol, it creates a toxic cocktail which isn’t easily metabolized in the body.
The drug is habit forming and withdrawal symptoms can include sweating, shaking, difficulty falling asleep, difficulty concentrating, depression, and nervousness. Many fear that the drug is being over prescribed.
“I don’t believe they take the time with the patients to figure out what the problems are,” Cali Estes, a drug counselor said to NBC New York. “A doctor who is running short on time and nurses and probably isn’t paid as much as he or she used to be finds it easier to say, ‘OK, this person has a problem, here’s your script, have a nice day. Where’s my next patient?’”
Whitney Houston’s Death Tied to Xanax and Other Drugs
Whitney Houston’s recent death is raising questions as to this and other sedatives. Xanax is most often criticized by those in the psychiatric community because it only lasts 6 to 20 hours.
Forbes reports:
On the face of it, this seems like a great combination – you get a quick hit of anxiety relief and the drug leaves your system within a 24-hour period. But in practice what often happens is that because the drug acts so quickly and dissipates quickly, the patient begins taking more of it to maintain the effect. Two pills a day turns into four, which turns into six and so forth.
According to the CDC, prescription drug overdose is now the leading cause of accidental death in the U.S., topping automobile accidents for the first time in 30 years. Currently, Xanax is the 11th most widely prescribed drug in the nation.
Available in: http://blogs.discovery.com
Read the sentence below taken from the text and analyze the assertions.
“Two pills a day turns into four, which turns into six and so forth.”
I. The phrasal verb “to turn into” can be replaced by “in turn”.
II. “Which” refers to the last quantity of pills mentioned.
III. The expression “so forth” infers that, after having 6 pills, the patient restarts taking four pills.
The correct assertion(s) is(are)
Anxiety Medication: Over Prescribed and
Causing Overdoses
According to a story on NBC New York, more and more patients are ending up in New York City hospitals having over dosed on Xanax. Xanax is in the benzodiaziepine family of drugs and it’s used to treat anxiety, nervousness, and panic attacks by decreasing brain activity.
Xanax Overdoses Way Up
NBC New York reports:
Between 2004 and 2009, New York City emergency room visits involving Xanax and other anti-anxiety prescription drugs known as benzodiazepines increased more than 50 percent. That’s up from 38 out of 100,000 New Yorkers in 2004 to 59 out of 100,000 New Yorkers.
It’s not the drug by itself that causes the overdoses, but used in combination with other drugs and alcohol, it creates a toxic cocktail which isn’t easily metabolized in the body.
The drug is habit forming and withdrawal symptoms can include sweating, shaking, difficulty falling asleep, difficulty concentrating, depression, and nervousness. Many fear that the drug is being over prescribed.
“I don’t believe they take the time with the patients to figure out what the problems are,” Cali Estes, a drug counselor said to NBC New York. “A doctor who is running short on time and nurses and probably isn’t paid as much as he or she used to be finds it easier to say, ‘OK, this person has a problem, here’s your script, have a nice day. Where’s my next patient?’”
Whitney Houston’s Death Tied to Xanax and Other Drugs
Whitney Houston’s recent death is raising questions as to this and other sedatives. Xanax is most often criticized by those in the psychiatric community because it only lasts 6 to 20 hours.
Forbes reports:
On the face of it, this seems like a great combination – you get a quick hit of anxiety relief and the drug leaves your system within a 24-hour period. But in practice what often happens is that because the drug acts so quickly and dissipates quickly, the patient begins taking more of it to maintain the effect. Two pills a day turns into four, which turns into six and so forth.
According to the CDC, prescription drug overdose is now the leading cause of accidental death in the U.S., topping automobile accidents for the first time in 30 years. Currently, Xanax is the 11th most widely prescribed drug in the nation.
Available in: http://blogs.discovery.com
A integralidade como eixo prioritário de uma política de saúde, ou seja, como meio de concretizar a saúde como uma questão de cidadania, significa compreender sua operacionalização a partir de dois movimentos recíprocos a serem desenvolvidos pelos sujeitos implicados nos processos organizativos em saúde: a superação de obstáculos e a implantação de inovações no cotidiano dos serviços de saúde, nas relações entre os níveis de gestão do SUS e nas relações destes com a sociedade.
Esses dois movimentos consistem nos principais nexos constituintes da integralidade como meio de concretizar o direito à saúde da população, do qual emerge um conjunto de questões consideradas relevantes para sua apropriação conceitual e prática no campo da saúde coletiva. E essas questões estão diretamente relacionadas, muitas vezes de forma contraditória, com as políticas econômicas e sociais adotadas no País nas últimas décadas. Políticas excludentes, que concentram riqueza e fragilizam a vida social, aumentando de forma drástica e exponencial a demanda da população brasileira por ações e serviços públicos de saúde.
Se, de um lado, a forma como nosso País se organiza, baseada no capitalismo, tem favorecido inúmeros avanços nas relações de produção, sobretudo no que diz respeito à crescente sofisticação e progresso de tecnologias em diferentes campos, inclusive da saúde, o mesmo não se pode dizer das relações sociais. Estas revelam o sofrimento difuso e crescente das pessoas, as quais são cotidianamente submetidas a padrões de profundas desigualdades, expressos pelo acirramento do individualismo, pelo estímulo à competitividade desenfreada e pela diferenciação negativa de pessoas, com desrespeito às questões de gênero, raça, etnia e idade.
Na contramão desse processo, temos a Constituição Federal, que, ao criar e estabelecer as diretrizes para o SUS, oferece os elementos básicos para o reordenamento da lógica de organização das ações e serviços de saúde brasileiros, de modo a garantir ao conjunto dos cidadãos as ações necessárias à melhoria das condições de vida da população.
Asensi, Felipe (coord.). Direito sanitário [recurso eletrônico]. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2011. Adaptado.
A integralidade como eixo prioritário de uma política de saúde, ou seja, como meio de concretizar a saúde como uma questão de cidadania, significa compreender sua operacionalização a partir de dois movimentos recíprocos a serem desenvolvidos pelos sujeitos implicados nos processos organizativos em saúde: a superação de obstáculos e a implantação de inovações no cotidiano dos serviços de saúde, nas relações entre os níveis de gestão do SUS e nas relações destes com a sociedade.
Esses dois movimentos consistem nos principais nexos constituintes da integralidade como meio de concretizar o direito à saúde da população, do qual emerge um conjunto de questões consideradas relevantes para sua apropriação conceitual e prática no campo da saúde coletiva. E essas questões estão diretamente relacionadas, muitas vezes de forma contraditória, com as políticas econômicas e sociais adotadas no País nas últimas décadas. Políticas excludentes, que concentram riqueza e fragilizam a vida social, aumentando de forma drástica e exponencial a demanda da população brasileira por ações e serviços públicos de saúde.
Se, de um lado, a forma como nosso País se organiza, baseada no capitalismo, tem favorecido inúmeros avanços nas relações de produção, sobretudo no que diz respeito à crescente sofisticação e progresso de tecnologias em diferentes campos, inclusive da saúde, o mesmo não se pode dizer das relações sociais. Estas revelam o sofrimento difuso e crescente das pessoas, as quais são cotidianamente submetidas a padrões de profundas desigualdades, expressos pelo acirramento do individualismo, pelo estímulo à competitividade desenfreada e pela diferenciação negativa de pessoas, com desrespeito às questões de gênero, raça, etnia e idade.
Na contramão desse processo, temos a Constituição Federal, que, ao criar e estabelecer as diretrizes para o SUS, oferece os elementos básicos para o reordenamento da lógica de organização das ações e serviços de saúde brasileiros, de modo a garantir ao conjunto dos cidadãos as ações necessárias à melhoria das condições de vida da população.
Asensi, Felipe (coord.). Direito sanitário [recurso eletrônico]. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2011. Adaptado.
Capacitações, recursos e alinhamento da TI aos negócios são considerados ativos de serviço em uma organização e constituem a base para a criação de valor para o serviço.
Conheça nossos planos