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(Ruy Moreira; in O que é Geografia. 2010. 2ª ed.)
De acordo com Moreira (2010, pág. 8), provavelmente foi Estrabão (64 a.C. – 24 d.C.) o criador da geografia. Porém, se pensarmos apenas na geografia moderna, podemos afirmar que sua origem se deu no século XIX, principalmente com o florescimento das universidades e das sociedades de geografia e os trabalhos de Humboldt e Ratzel. A partir de então diversas correntes de pensamento têm se sucedido como, por exemplo, geografia moderna; tradicional; quantitativa/teórica/nova geografia; crítica/radical; e, humanista. Sobre a corrente de pensamento tradicional, podemos afirmar que oseu fundamento está no(a):
O burburinho e o ruído do mercado... podia ser ouvido até quase uma légua de distância... uma multidão de pessoas e a ordem que prevalecia, assim como uma imensa quantidade de mercadorias... Cada espécie tinha seu lugar particular, que era distinguido por um sinal. Os artigos consistiam em ouro, prata, joias, plumas, mantas, chocolate, peles curtidas ou não, sandálias e outras manufaturas de raízes e fibras de juta, grande número de escravos homens e mulheres, muitos dos quais estavam atados pelo pescoço, com gargalheiras, a longos paus.
(PINSKY, 2007.)
No contexto da apropriação da América pelos europeus, pode-se perceber diferenças, bem como semelhanças circunstanciais, no que diz respeito aos processos nas diversas regiões do continente. Sobre esse assunto, é correto afirmar que:
(QUIJANO, 2005.)
A BNCC (Base Nacional Curricular Comum) traz em vários momentos a discussão sobre a diversidade e preconiza dentre outros aspectos relativos a essa temática:
(CHAVES, 2015.)
Essa então chamada “Operação Condor” estabeleceu-se a partir dos anos 1960, para combater os movimentos que lutavam contra os regimes militares, sendo uma aliança político-militar entre vários governos conservadores da América e esteve relacionada, dentre outros fatores:
(Disponível em: Microsoft Word – Mercantilismo-mercantilismos.doc.uc.pt.)
Sobre esse sistema mercantilista, chamado por alguns historiadores de Capitalismo Mercantil ou Capitalismo Comercial, é correto afirmar que:
(Disponível em: https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/reuters/ 2021/12/17/cupula-do-mercosul-termina-sem-declaracao-presidencial-por-divergencias-com-uruguai. 17/12/2021 18h23. Por Lisandra Paraguassu.)
O Mercosul (Mercado Comum do Sul), que completou trinta anos da sua criação em 2021, preconiza, além da ideia explícita no trecho:
(PRADO, 1994. P. 70.)
Além do ideário burguês liberal, que permeou grande parte dos processos de independência da América Latina e a formação de seus Estados Nacionais, podemos destacar como ponto comum desse contexto:
(Luiz Edmundo. Rio de Janeiro do meu tempo. Rio de Janeiro: Conquista, 1957. In: História Antiga e Medieval: Reforma urbana de Pereira Passos. Disponível em: histantigamedieval.blogspot.com.)
A reforma urbana empreendida pelo então prefeito do Rio de Janeiro, Pereira Passos, no governo de Rodrigues Alves, contextualiza de certa forma:
(Disponível em: http://www.uel.br/eventos/sepech/sumarios/temas/ ensino_e_historia_o_uso_das_fontes_historicas_como_ferramentas_na_p roducao_de_conhecimento_historico.pdf.)
O uso de fontes históricas não é prática totalmente nova na pedagogia das aulas de história. Nos dias atuais, com a tecnologia como elemento facilitador do acesso a essas fontes:
(NETO, 2011. P. 894.)
Ainda que tenha sido tumultuado esse início de governo, JK governou por todo o mandato (1956-1960), num período marcado, dentre outros fatos, pelo(a):
(Imagens do Estado Novo – 1937 a 1945. VEJA – São Paulo. Disponível em: abril.com.br.)
Aproveitando-se do tumultuado Governo Constitucional e do recrudescimento dos movimentos políticos, Getúlio Vargas impôs o Estado Novo. Nesse contexto, a Constituição de 1937:
Read the text to answer.
Dear Madam:
I have been shown in the files of the War Department a statement of the Adjutant-General of Massachusetts that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle. I feel how weak and fruitless must be any words of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering to you the consolation that may be found in the thanks of the Republic they died to save. Hence, I pray that our Heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement, and the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom.
Your very sincerely and respectfully,
Abraham Lincoln.
(Lederer, Richard. The miracle of language. Pocket Books, New York, NY.)
Read the text to answer.
Dear Madam:
I have been shown in the files of the War Department a statement of the Adjutant-General of Massachusetts that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle. I feel how weak and fruitless must be any words of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering to you the consolation that may be found in the thanks of the Republic they died to save. Hence, I pray that our Heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement, and the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom.
Your very sincerely and respectfully,
Abraham Lincoln.
(Lederer, Richard. The miracle of language. Pocket Books, New York, NY.)
Analyse the image to answer.
(Available: https://www.dreamstime.com.)
As we embrace more and more new technology, troublesome
new trends – such as cyberbullying – have emerged that may
have more widespread effects than traditional bullying alone.
Choose the item which describes one sort of cyberbullying
correctly.
Analyse the image to answer.
(Available: https://comics.ha.com. Imaged by Heritage Auctions. HA. Com.)
Analyse the image to answer.
(Available: https://comics.ha.com. Imaged by Heritage Auctions. HA. Com.)
Read the text to answer.
English teaching methods and approaches
Throughout the history of teaching languages a number of
different teaching approaches and methodologies have been
tried and tested with some being more popular and effective
than others. It’s beneficial to be familiar with a few of these.
1 – The Direct Method
The direct method of teaching English is also known as the Natural Method. It’s used to teach a number of different languages not just English, and the main idea of the Direct Method is that it only uses the target language that the students are trying to learn. Its main focus is oral skill and it is taught via repetitive drilling. Grammar is taught using an inductive way and students need to try and guess the rules through the teacher’s oral presentation.
2 – The Grammar Translation Method
This is the traditional or ‘classical’ way of learning a language and it’s still commonly used. Some countries prefer this style of teaching and the main idea behind this method is that the students learn all grammar rules, so they’re able to translate a number of sentences.
3 – The Audio Lingual Method
The Audio Lingual Method otherwise known as the New Key Method or Army Method is based on a behaviourist theory that things are able to be learned by constant reinforcement. This is related to the Direct Method and just like its predecessor it only uses the target language. The biggest difference between the Audio Lingual Method and the Direct Method is its focus of teaching. The Direct Methods focuses on the teaching of vocabulary whereas the Audio Lingual Method focuses on specific grammar teachings.
4 – The Structural Approach
As the name suggests, the method is all about structure. The idea is that any language is made up of complex grammar rules. These rules, according to this approach need to be learnt in a specific order, for example the logical thing would be to teach the verb “to be” prior to teaching the present continuous which requires using the auxiliary form of the verb “to be”.
5 – Suggestopedia
This is a behaviourist theory and related to pseudoscience. This theory is intended to offer learners various choices. It relies a lot on the atmosphere and the physical surroundings of the class. It’s essential that all learners feel equally comfortable and confident. When teachers are training to use the Suggestopedia method, there’s a lot of art and music involved. Each Suggestopedia lesson is divided into three different phases – 1. Deciphering 2. Concert Session 3. Elaboration.
6 – Total Physical Response
Total Physical Response, otherwise known as TPR is an approach that follows the idea of ‘learning by doing’. Beginners will learn English through a series of repetitive actions such as “Stand up”, “Open your book”, “Close the door”, and “Walk to the window and open it.” With TPR, the most important skill is aural comprehension and everything else will follow naturally later. 7 – Communicative Language Teaching CLT The idea behind this approach is to help learners communicate more effectively and correctly in realistic situations that they may find themselves in. This type of teaching involves focusing on important functions like suggesting, thanking, inviting, complaining, and asking for directions to name but a few.
8 – The Silent Way
The main of this way of teaching is for the teacher to say very little, so students can take control of their learning. There’s a big emphasis on pronunciation and a large chunk of the lesson focuses on it. This method of learning English follows a structural syllabus and grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation are constantly drilled and recycled for reinforcement. The teacher evaluates their students through careful observation, and it’s even possible that they may never set a formal test as learners are encouraged to correct their own language errors.
9 – Community Language Learning
This is probably one of the English teaching methods where the student feels the safest as there’s a great emphasis on the relationship and bond between the student and teacher. Unlike a lot of the other methods and approaches of teaching English as a Second Language, a lot of the L1 (mother tongue) is used for translation purposes.
10 – Task Based Language Learning
The main aim of this approach to learning is task completion.
Usually, relevant and interesting tasks are set by the teacher and
students are expected to draw on their pre-existing knowledge
of English to complete the task with as few errors as possible.
11 – The Lexical Approach
The Lexical syllabus or approach is based on computer studies that have previously identified the most commonly used words. This approach in teaching focuses on vocabulary acquisition and teaching lexical chunks in order of their frequency and use. Teachers of the Lexical Approach place a great emphasis on authentic materials.
(Available: http://www.huntesl.com. Adapted.)
Read the text to answer.
English teaching methods and approaches
Throughout the history of teaching languages a number of
different teaching approaches and methodologies have been
tried and tested with some being more popular and effective
than others. It’s beneficial to be familiar with a few of these.
1 – The Direct Method
The direct method of teaching English is also known as the Natural Method. It’s used to teach a number of different languages not just English, and the main idea of the Direct Method is that it only uses the target language that the students are trying to learn. Its main focus is oral skill and it is taught via repetitive drilling. Grammar is taught using an inductive way and students need to try and guess the rules through the teacher’s oral presentation.
2 – The Grammar Translation Method
This is the traditional or ‘classical’ way of learning a language and it’s still commonly used. Some countries prefer this style of teaching and the main idea behind this method is that the students learn all grammar rules, so they’re able to translate a number of sentences.
3 – The Audio Lingual Method
The Audio Lingual Method otherwise known as the New Key Method or Army Method is based on a behaviourist theory that things are able to be learned by constant reinforcement. This is related to the Direct Method and just like its predecessor it only uses the target language. The biggest difference between the Audio Lingual Method and the Direct Method is its focus of teaching. The Direct Methods focuses on the teaching of vocabulary whereas the Audio Lingual Method focuses on specific grammar teachings.
4 – The Structural Approach
As the name suggests, the method is all about structure. The idea is that any language is made up of complex grammar rules. These rules, according to this approach need to be learnt in a specific order, for example the logical thing would be to teach the verb “to be” prior to teaching the present continuous which requires using the auxiliary form of the verb “to be”.
5 – Suggestopedia
This is a behaviourist theory and related to pseudoscience. This theory is intended to offer learners various choices. It relies a lot on the atmosphere and the physical surroundings of the class. It’s essential that all learners feel equally comfortable and confident. When teachers are training to use the Suggestopedia method, there’s a lot of art and music involved. Each Suggestopedia lesson is divided into three different phases – 1. Deciphering 2. Concert Session 3. Elaboration.
6 – Total Physical Response
Total Physical Response, otherwise known as TPR is an approach that follows the idea of ‘learning by doing’. Beginners will learn English through a series of repetitive actions such as “Stand up”, “Open your book”, “Close the door”, and “Walk to the window and open it.” With TPR, the most important skill is aural comprehension and everything else will follow naturally later. 7 – Communicative Language Teaching CLT The idea behind this approach is to help learners communicate more effectively and correctly in realistic situations that they may find themselves in. This type of teaching involves focusing on important functions like suggesting, thanking, inviting, complaining, and asking for directions to name but a few.
8 – The Silent Way
The main of this way of teaching is for the teacher to say very little, so students can take control of their learning. There’s a big emphasis on pronunciation and a large chunk of the lesson focuses on it. This method of learning English follows a structural syllabus and grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation are constantly drilled and recycled for reinforcement. The teacher evaluates their students through careful observation, and it’s even possible that they may never set a formal test as learners are encouraged to correct their own language errors.
9 – Community Language Learning
This is probably one of the English teaching methods where the student feels the safest as there’s a great emphasis on the relationship and bond between the student and teacher. Unlike a lot of the other methods and approaches of teaching English as a Second Language, a lot of the L1 (mother tongue) is used for translation purposes.
10 – Task Based Language Learning
The main aim of this approach to learning is task completion.
Usually, relevant and interesting tasks are set by the teacher and
students are expected to draw on their pre-existing knowledge
of English to complete the task with as few errors as possible.
11 – The Lexical Approach
The Lexical syllabus or approach is based on computer studies that have previously identified the most commonly used words. This approach in teaching focuses on vocabulary acquisition and teaching lexical chunks in order of their frequency and use. Teachers of the Lexical Approach place a great emphasis on authentic materials.
(Available: http://www.huntesl.com. Adapted.)
Read the text to answer.
Woman Work
(Maya Angelou.)
I’ve got the children to tend
The clothes to mend
The floor to mop
The food to shop
Then the chicken to fry
The baby to dry
I got company to feed
The garden to weed
I've got shirts to press
The tots to dress
The cane to be cut
I gotta clean up this hut
Then see about the sick
And the cotton to pick.
Shine on me, sunshine
Rain on me, rain
Fall softly, dewdrops
And cool my brow again.
Storm, blow me from here with your fiercest wind
Let me float across the sky ‘til I can rest again, fall gently, snowflakes,
Cover me with white cold icy kisses and let me rest tonight.
Sun, rain, curving sky, mountain, oceans, leaf and stone
You're all that I can call my own.
(Available: http://www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org.)
In “Fall softly, dewdrops” and “Let me float across the sky ‘til I can rest again, fall gently, snowflakes” the words GENTLY and SOFTLY convey the concept of:
Read the text to answer.
The Story Behind TIME’s ‘Resilience of Ukraine’ Cover
(Artwork by JR; Photograph by Artem Iurchenko. A drone was used to capture the cover image on March 14 in Lviv.)
Since Russia’s invasion began, dozens of Ukraine’s 7.5 million children have been killed and thousands of others have fled in search of safety. Among those thousands is 5-year-old Valeriia from Kryvyi Rih, President Volodymyr Zelensky’s hometown in central Ukraine. Her image – a smiling child – appears on one of this issue’s covers.
If you met Valeriia, you might think she’s shy, her mother Taisiia told TIME, but don’t be fooled; at home, she commands attention. She loves the same things as many little girls – her stuffed bunny; her Elsa doll fromCold Heart(which English speakers know as Frozen); and her pink backpack, which she had to leave behind as she ran off her country. Valeriia also has big dreams: in particular, starting her first year of school on Sept. 1. Now, it’s hard to say when and where Valeriia will be able to do so. On March 9, mother and daughter fled to Poland; for safety, they asked that TIME use only their first names. In an interview, Taisiia explained her decision to leave home to keep her child safe. “She is my sunshine, my joy.”
According to Taisiia they woke up early in the morning of Feb. 24 to learn the occupying army had started bombing military bases. “I thought about my daughter, Valeriia; for her safety, I knew we had to go. We left Ukraine before we were bombarded, so we had a chance.” Even though Valeriia is with her now, husband and son stayed in Ukraine and therefore, it was very hard to leave. The day they left, the lines for buses and trainsstretched 3 km, mostly women and children, she says, “We were packed together and had to stand for 18 hours on the train to Lviv”.
The Russians still haven’t come to their city. The people from Kryvyi Rih have fought them off. But they are closer and closer, and you can see them approaching. In the media, Russia says they aren’t at war in Ukraine. But the war is real. People are dying for real. “And here I am, with my sister, my nephew, and my mother in Poland, in a hotel near Warsaw. They take care of us and even in this difficult situation, it was a warm reception. I cannot find the words to express how grateful I am to everyone who has helped”, ends up a crying Taisiia.
(Available: https://time.com/magazine/europe. Adapted.)
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